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<div class="section" id="module-xmlrpclib">
<h1>20.23. <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></tt> — XML-RPC client access<a class="headerlink" href="#module-xmlrpclib" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></tt> module has been renamed to <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpc.client</span></tt> in
Python 3.0. The <a class="reference external" href="../glossary.html#term-to3"><em class="xref">2to3</em></a> tool will automatically adapt imports when
converting your sources to 3.0.</p>
</div>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.2.</span></p>
<p>XML-RPC is a Remote Procedure Call method that uses XML passed via HTTP as a
transport. With it, a client can call methods with parameters on a remote
server (the server is named by a URI) and get back structured data. This module
supports writing XML-RPC client code; it handles all the details of translating
between conformable Python objects and XML on the wire.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">xmlrpclib.</tt><tt class="descname">ServerProxy</tt><big>(</big><em>uri</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>transport</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>verbose</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_none</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>use_datetime</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A <a title="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy" class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ServerProxy</span></tt></a> instance is an object that manages communication with a
remote XML-RPC server. The required first argument is a URI (Uniform Resource
Indicator), and will normally be the URL of the server. The optional second
argument is a transport factory instance; by default it is an internal
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">SafeTransport</span></tt> instance for https: URLs and an internal HTTP
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Transport</span></tt> instance otherwise. The optional third argument is an
encoding, by default UTF-8. The optional fourth argument is a debugging flag.
If <em>allow_none</em> is true, the Python constant <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> will be translated into
XML; the default behaviour is for <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> to raise a <a title="exceptions.TypeError" class="reference external" href="exceptions.html#exceptions.TypeError"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">TypeError</span></tt></a>. This is
a commonly-used extension to the XML-RPC specification, but isn’t supported by
all clients and servers; see <a class="reference external" href="http://ontosys.com/xml-rpc/extensions.php">http://ontosys.com/xml-rpc/extensions.php</a> for a
description. The <em>use_datetime</em> flag can be used to cause date/time values to
be presented as <a title="datetime.datetime" class="reference external" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt></a> objects; this is false by default.
<a title="datetime.datetime" class="reference external" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt></a> objects may be passed to calls.</p>
<p>Both the HTTP and HTTPS transports support the URL syntax extension for HTTP
Basic Authentication: <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http://user:pass@host:port/path</span></tt>. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">user:pass</span></tt>
portion will be base64-encoded as an HTTP ‘Authorization’ header, and sent to
the remote server as part of the connection process when invoking an XML-RPC
method. You only need to use this if the remote server requires a Basic
Authentication user and password.</p>
<p>The returned instance is a proxy object with methods that can be used to invoke
corresponding RPC calls on the remote server. If the remote server supports the
introspection API, the proxy can also be used to query the remote server for the
methods it supports (service discovery) and fetch other server-associated
metadata.</p>
<p><a title="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy" class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ServerProxy</span></tt></a> instance methods take Python basic types and objects as
arguments and return Python basic types and classes. Types that are conformable
(e.g. that can be marshalled through XML), include the following (and except
where noted, they are unmarshalled as the same Python type):</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="42%" />
<col width="58%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr><th class="head">Name</th>
<th class="head">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr><td><a title="xmlrpclib.boolean" class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpclib.boolean"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">boolean</span></tt></a></td>
<td>The <a title="True" class="reference external" href="constants.html#True"><tt class="xref xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt></a> and <a title="False" class="reference external" href="constants.html#False"><tt class="xref xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></a>
constants</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">integers</span></tt></td>
<td>Pass in directly</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">floating-point</span> <span class="pre">numbers</span></tt></td>
<td>Pass in directly</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">strings</span></tt></td>
<td>Pass in directly</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">arrays</span></tt></td>
<td>Any Python sequence type containing
conformable elements. Arrays are returned
as lists</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">structures</span></tt></td>
<td>A Python dictionary. Keys must be strings,
values may be any conformable type. Objects
of user-defined classes can be passed in;
only their <em>__dict__</em> attribute is
transmitted.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">dates</span></tt></td>
<td>in seconds since the epoch (pass in an
instance of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">DateTime</span></tt> class) or
a <a title="datetime.datetime" class="reference external" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt></a> instance.</td>
</tr>
<tr><td><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">binary</span> <span class="pre">data</span></tt></td>
<td>pass in an instance of the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Binary</span></tt>
wrapper class</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>This is the full set of data types supported by XML-RPC. Method calls may also
raise a special <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Fault</span></tt> instance, used to signal XML-RPC server errors, or
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ProtocolError</span></tt> used to signal an error in the HTTP/HTTPS transport layer.
Both <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Fault</span></tt> and <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ProtocolError</span></tt> derive from a base class called
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Error</span></tt>. Note that even though starting with Python 2.2 you can subclass
built-in types, the xmlrpclib module currently does not marshal instances of such
subclasses.</p>
<p>When passing strings, characters special to XML such as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">></span></tt>, and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">&</span></tt>
will be automatically escaped. However, it’s the caller’s responsibility to
ensure that the string is free of characters that aren’t allowed in XML, such as
the control characters with ASCII values between 0 and 31 (except, of course,
tab, newline and carriage return); failing to do this will result in an XML-RPC
request that isn’t well-formed XML. If you have to pass arbitrary strings via
XML-RPC, use the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Binary</span></tt> wrapper class described below.</p>
<p><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Server</span></tt> is retained as an alias for <a title="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy" class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ServerProxy</span></tt></a> for backwards
compatibility. New code should use <a title="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy" class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ServerProxy</span></tt></a>.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>The <em>use_datetime</em> flag was added.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.6: </span>Instances of <a class="reference external" href="../glossary.html#term-new-style-class"><em class="xref">new-style class</em></a>es can be passed in if they have an
<em>__dict__</em> attribute and don’t have a base class that is marshalled in a
special way.</p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="admonition-see-also admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/XML-RPC-HOWTO/index.html">XML-RPC HOWTO</a></dt>
<dd>A good description of XML-RPC operation and client software in several languages.
Contains pretty much everything an XML-RPC client developer needs to know.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://xmlrpc-c.sourceforge.net/introspection.html">XML-RPC Introspection</a></dt>
<dd>Describes the XML-RPC protocol extension for introspection.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://www.xmlrpc.com/spec">XML-RPC Specification</a></dt>
<dd>The official specification.</dd>
<dt><a class="reference external" href="http://effbot.org/zone/xmlrpc-errata.htm">Unofficial XML-RPC Errata</a></dt>
<dd>Fredrik Lundh’s “unofficial errata, intended to clarify certain
details in the XML-RPC specification, as well as hint at
‘best practices’ to use when designing your own XML-RPC
implementations.”</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="serverproxy-objects">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#serverproxy-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A <a title="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy" class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ServerProxy</span></tt></a> instance has a method corresponding to each remote
procedure call accepted by the XML-RPC server. Calling the method performs an
RPC, dispatched by both name and argument signature (e.g. the same method name
can be overloaded with multiple argument signatures). The RPC finishes by
returning a value, which may be either returned data in a conformant type or a
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Fault</span></tt> or <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ProtocolError</span></tt> object indicating an error.</p>
<p>Servers that support the XML introspection API support some common methods
grouped under the reserved <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">system</span></tt> member:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.system.listMethods">
<tt class="descclassname">ServerProxy.system.</tt><tt class="descname">listMethods</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.system.listMethods" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method returns a list of strings, one for each (non-system) method
supported by the XML-RPC server.</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.system.methodSignature">
<tt class="descclassname">ServerProxy.system.</tt><tt class="descname">methodSignature</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.system.methodSignature" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This method takes one parameter, the name of a method implemented by the XML-RPC
server. It returns an array of possible signatures for this method. A signature
is an array of types. The first of these types is the return type of the method,
the rest are parameters.</p>
<p>Because multiple signatures (ie. overloading) is permitted, this method returns
a list of signatures rather than a singleton.</p>
<p>Signatures themselves are restricted to the top level parameters expected by a
method. For instance if a method expects one array of structs as a parameter,
and it returns a string, its signature is simply “string, array”. If it expects
three integers and returns a string, its signature is “string, int, int, int”.</p>
<p>If no signature is defined for the method, a non-array value is returned. In
Python this means that the type of the returned value will be something other
than list.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.system.methodHelp">
<tt class="descclassname">ServerProxy.system.</tt><tt class="descname">methodHelp</tt><big>(</big><em>name</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ServerProxy.system.methodHelp" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>This method takes one parameter, the name of a method implemented by the XML-RPC
server. It returns a documentation string describing the use of that method. If
no such string is available, an empty string is returned. The documentation
string may contain HTML markup.</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="boolean-objects">
<span id="id2"></span><h2>20.23.2. Boolean Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#boolean-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This class may be initialized from any Python value; the instance returned
depends only on its truth value. It supports various Python operators through
<a title="object.__cmp__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__cmp__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__()</span></tt></a>, <a title="object.__repr__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__repr__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__repr__()</span></tt></a>, <a title="object.__int__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__int__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__int__()</span></tt></a>, and <a title="object.__nonzero__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__nonzero__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__nonzero__()</span></tt></a>
methods, all implemented in the obvious ways.</p>
<p>It also has the following method, supported mainly for internal use by the
unmarshalling code:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.Boolean.encode">
<tt class="descclassname">Boolean.</tt><tt class="descname">encode</tt><big>(</big><em>out</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.Boolean.encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Write the XML-RPC encoding of this Boolean item to the out stream object.</dd></dl>
<p>A working example follows. The server code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">is_even</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">n</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">n</span><span class="o">%</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8000</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Listening on port 8000..."</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">is_even</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"is_even"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The client code for the preceding server:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://localhost:8000/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"3 is even: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proxy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_even</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"100 is even: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proxy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">is_even</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="datetime-objects">
<span id="id3"></span><h2>20.23.3. DateTime Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#datetime-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This class may be initialized with seconds since the epoch, a time
tuple, an ISO 8601 time/date string, or a <a title="datetime.datetime" class="reference external" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt></a>
instance. It has the following methods, supported mainly for internal
use by the marshalling/unmarshalling code:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.DateTime.decode">
<tt class="descclassname">DateTime.</tt><tt class="descname">decode</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.DateTime.decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Accept a string as the instance’s new time value.</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.DateTime.encode">
<tt class="descclassname">DateTime.</tt><tt class="descname">encode</tt><big>(</big><em>out</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.DateTime.encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Write the XML-RPC encoding of this <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">DateTime</span></tt> item to the <em>out</em> stream
object.</dd></dl>
<p>It also supports certain of Python’s built-in operators through <a title="object.__cmp__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__cmp__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__()</span></tt></a>
and <a title="object.__repr__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__repr__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__repr__()</span></tt></a> methods.</p>
<p>A working example follows. The server code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">today</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">today</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DateTime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8000</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Listening on port 8000..."</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"today"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The client code for the preceding server:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">datetime</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://localhost:8000/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">today</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="c"># convert the ISO8601 string to a datetime object</span>
<span class="n">converted</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">datetime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strptime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">today</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">value</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"%Y%m</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">T%H:%M:%S"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Today: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">converted</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">strftime</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">.%m.%Y, %H:%M"</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="binary-objects">
<span id="id4"></span><h2>20.23.4. Binary Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#binary-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This class may be initialized from string data (which may include NULs). The
primary access to the content of a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Binary</span></tt> object is provided by an
attribute:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.Binary.data">
<tt class="descclassname">Binary.</tt><tt class="descname">data</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.Binary.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The binary data encapsulated by the <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Binary</span></tt> instance. The data is
provided as an 8-bit string.</dd></dl>
<p><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Binary</span></tt> objects have the following methods, supported mainly for
internal use by the marshalling/unmarshalling code:</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.Binary.decode">
<tt class="descclassname">Binary.</tt><tt class="descname">decode</tt><big>(</big><em>string</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.Binary.decode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Accept a base64 string and decode it as the instance’s new data.</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.Binary.encode">
<tt class="descclassname">Binary.</tt><tt class="descname">encode</tt><big>(</big><em>out</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.Binary.encode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Write the XML-RPC base 64 encoding of this binary item to the out stream object.</p>
<p>The encoded data will have newlines every 76 characters as per
<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045#section-6.8">RFC 2045 section 6.8</a>,
which was the de facto standard base64 specification when the
XML-RPC spec was written.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>It also supports certain of Python’s built-in operators through a
<a title="object.__cmp__" class="reference external" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__cmp__"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">__cmp__()</span></tt></a> method.</p>
<p>Example usage of the binary objects. We’re going to transfer an image over
XMLRPC:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">python_logo</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"python_logo.jpg"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"rb"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Binary</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">handle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">read</span><span class="p">())</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8000</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Listening on port 8000..."</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">python_logo</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'python_logo'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The client gets the image and saves it to a file:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://localhost:8000/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"fetched_python_logo.jpg"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">"wb"</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">handle</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">handle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">write</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proxy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">python_logo</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="fault-objects">
<span id="id5"></span><h2>20.23.5. Fault Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#fault-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Fault</span></tt> object encapsulates the content of an XML-RPC fault tag. Fault
objects have the following members:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.Fault.faultCode">
<tt class="descclassname">Fault.</tt><tt class="descname">faultCode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.Fault.faultCode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string indicating the fault type.</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.Fault.faultString">
<tt class="descclassname">Fault.</tt><tt class="descname">faultString</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.Fault.faultString" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string containing a diagnostic message associated with the fault.</dd></dl>
<p>In the following example we’re going to intentionally cause a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Fault</span></tt> by
returning a complex type object. The server code:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span>
<span class="c"># A marshalling error is going to occur because we're returning a</span>
<span class="c"># complex number</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="n">j</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8000</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Listening on port 8000..."</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'add'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The client code for the preceding server:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://localhost:8000/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Fault</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"A fault occurred"</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Fault code: </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">faultCode</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Fault string: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">faultString</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="protocolerror-objects">
<span id="protocol-error-objects"></span><h2>20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#protocolerror-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>A <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ProtocolError</span></tt> object describes a protocol error in the underlying
transport layer (such as a 404 ‘not found’ error if the server named by the URI
does not exist). It has the following members:</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.url">
<tt class="descclassname">ProtocolError.</tt><tt class="descname">url</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.url" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The URI or URL that triggered the error.</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.errcode">
<tt class="descclassname">ProtocolError.</tt><tt class="descname">errcode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.errcode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The error code.</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.errmsg">
<tt class="descclassname">ProtocolError.</tt><tt class="descname">errmsg</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.errmsg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>The error message or diagnostic string.</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.headers">
<tt class="descclassname">ProtocolError.</tt><tt class="descname">headers</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.ProtocolError.headers" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>A string containing the headers of the HTTP/HTTPS request that triggered the
error.</dd></dl>
<p>In the following example we’re going to intentionally cause a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">ProtocolError</span></tt>
by providing an URI that doesn’t point to an XMLRPC server:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="c"># create a ServerProxy with an URI that doesn't respond to XMLRPC requests</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://www.google.com/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">some_method</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ProtocolError</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"A protocol error occurred"</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"URL: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">url</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"HTTP/HTTPS headers: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">headers</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Error code: </span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errcode</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Error message: </span><span class="si">%s</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="n">err</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">errmsg</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="multicall-objects">
<h2>20.23.7. MultiCall Objects<a class="headerlink" href="#multicall-objects" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p class="versionadded">
<span class="versionmodified">New in version 2.4.</span></p>
<p>In <a class="reference external" href="http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader%241208">http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader%241208</a>, an approach is presented to
encapsulate multiple calls to a remote server into a single request.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.MultiCall">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">xmlrpclib.</tt><tt class="descname">MultiCall</tt><big>(</big><em>server</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.MultiCall" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Create an object used to boxcar method calls. <em>server</em> is the eventual target of
the call. Calls can be made to the result object, but they will immediately
return <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, and only store the call name and parameters in the
<a title="xmlrpclib.MultiCall" class="reference internal" href="#xmlrpclib.MultiCall"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">MultiCall</span></tt></a> object. Calling the object itself causes all stored calls to
be transmitted as a single <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">system.multicall</span></tt> request. The result of this call
is a <a class="reference external" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><em class="xref">generator</em></a>; iterating over this generator yields the individual
results.</dd></dl>
<p>A usage example of this class follows. The server code</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">+</span><span class="n">y</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">subtract</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">y</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">multiply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">y</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">divide</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">x</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">y</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">x</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">y</span>
<span class="c"># A simple server with simple arithmetic functions</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SimpleXMLRPCServer</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">"localhost"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8000</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"Listening on port 8000..."</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_multicall_functions</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'add'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">subtract</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'subtract'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">multiply</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'multiply'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">divide</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'divide'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The client code for the preceding server:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span>
<span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://localhost:8000/"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">multicall</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">MultiCall</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">multicall</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">add</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">multicall</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">subtract</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">multicall</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">multiply</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">multicall</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">divide</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">multicall</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"7+3=</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">, 7-3=</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">, 7*3=</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">, 7/3=</span><span class="si">%d</span><span class="s">"</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="nb">tuple</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="convenience-functions">
<h2>20.23.8. Convenience Functions<a class="headerlink" href="#convenience-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.boolean">
<tt class="descclassname">xmlrpclib.</tt><tt class="descname">boolean</tt><big>(</big><em>value</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.boolean" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert any Python value to one of the XML-RPC Boolean constants, <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> or
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.dumps">
<tt class="descclassname">xmlrpclib.</tt><tt class="descname">dumps</tt><big>(</big><em>params</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>methodname</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>methodresponse</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>encoding</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>allow_none</em><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.dumps" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd>Convert <em>params</em> into an XML-RPC request. or into a response if <em>methodresponse</em>
is true. <em>params</em> can be either a tuple of arguments or an instance of the
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Fault</span></tt> exception class. If <em>methodresponse</em> is true, only a single value
can be returned, meaning that <em>params</em> must be of length 1. <em>encoding</em>, if
supplied, is the encoding to use in the generated XML; the default is UTF-8.
Python’s <a title="None" class="reference external" href="constants.html#None"><tt class="xref xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></a> value cannot be used in standard XML-RPC; to allow using
it via an extension, provide a true value for <em>allow_none</em>.</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="xmlrpclib.loads">
<tt class="descclassname">xmlrpclib.</tt><tt class="descname">loads</tt><big>(</big><em>data</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>use_datetime</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#xmlrpclib.loads" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Convert an XML-RPC request or response into Python objects, a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(params,</span>
<span class="pre">methodname)</span></tt>. <em>params</em> is a tuple of argument; <em>methodname</em> is a string, or
<tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt> if no method name is present in the packet. If the XML-RPC packet
represents a fault condition, this function will raise a <tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">Fault</span></tt> exception.
The <em>use_datetime</em> flag can be used to cause date/time values to be presented as
<a title="datetime.datetime" class="reference external" href="datetime.html#datetime.datetime"><tt class="xref docutils literal"><span class="pre">datetime.datetime</span></tt></a> objects; this is false by default.</p>
<p class="versionchanged">
<span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 2.5: </span>The <em>use_datetime</em> flag was added.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example-of-client-usage">
<span id="xmlrpc-client-example"></span><h2>20.23.9. Example of Client Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#example-of-client-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c"># simple test program (from the XML-RPC specification)</span>
<span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Error</span>
<span class="c"># server = ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000") # local server</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ServerProxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"http://betty.userland.com"</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">server</span>
<span class="k">try</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">examples</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getStateName</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">41</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">except</span> <span class="n">Error</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="s">"ERROR"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">v</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>To access an XML-RPC server through a proxy, you need to define a custom
transport. The following example shows how:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">httplib</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">ProxiedTransport</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Transport</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">set_proxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">proxy</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">make_connection</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">realhost</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">host</span>
<span class="n">h</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">httplib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">h</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">send_request</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">handler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">request_body</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">putrequest</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">"POST"</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'http://</span><span class="si">%s%s</span><span class="s">'</span> <span class="o">%</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">realhost</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">handler</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">send_host</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">connection</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">putheader</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'Host'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">realhost</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">p</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ProxiedTransport</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">p</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">set_proxy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'proxy-server:8080'</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">xmlrpclib</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Server</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'http://time.xmlrpc.com/RPC2'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">transport</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">p</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">currentTime</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getCurrentTime</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="example-of-client-and-server-usage">
<h2>20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage<a class="headerlink" href="#example-of-client-and-server-usage" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>See <a class="reference external" href="simplexmlrpcserver.html#simplexmlrpcserver-example"><em>SimpleXMLRPCServer Example</em></a>.</p>
</div>
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<ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#">20.23. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">xmlrpclib</span></tt> — XML-RPC client access</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#serverproxy-objects">20.23.1. ServerProxy Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#boolean-objects">20.23.2. Boolean Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#datetime-objects">20.23.3. DateTime Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#binary-objects">20.23.4. Binary Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#fault-objects">20.23.5. Fault Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#protocolerror-objects">20.23.6. ProtocolError Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#multicall-objects">20.23.7. MultiCall Objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#convenience-functions">20.23.8. Convenience Functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#example-of-client-usage">20.23.9. Example of Client Usage</a></li>
<li><a class="reference external" href="#example-of-client-and-server-usage">20.23.10. Example of Client and Server Usage</a></li>
</ul>
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