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<div class="document" id="twill-language-reference">
<h1 class="title">twill language reference</h1>
<p>The following commands are built into twill. Note that all text after
a '#' is ignored as a comment, unless it's in a quoted string.</p>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="browsing" name="browsing">Browsing</a></h1>
<p><strong>go</strong> <em><url></em> -- visit the given URL. The Python function returns the
final URL visited, after all redirects.</p>
<p><strong>back</strong> -- return to the previous URL. The Python function returns that
URL, if any.</p>
<p><strong>reload</strong> -- reload the current URL. The Python function returns that URL,
if any.</p>
<p><strong>follow</strong> <em><link name></em> -- follow the given link. The Python function
returns the final URL visited, after all redirects.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="assertions" name="assertions">Assertions</a></h1>
<p><strong>code</strong> <em><code></em> -- assert that the last page loaded had this HTTP status,
e.g. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">code</span> <span class="pre">200</span></tt> asserts that the page loaded fine.</p>
<p><strong>find</strong> <em><regexp></em> -- assert that the page contains this regular expression. The variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__match__</span></tt> is set to the first matching subgroup (or the entire matching string, if no subgroups are specified). When called from Python,
the matching string is returned.</p>
<p><strong>notfind</strong> <em><regexp></em> -- assert that the page <em>does not</em> contain this
regular expression.</p>
<p><strong>url</strong> <em><regexp></em> -- assert that the current URL matches the given regexp. The variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__match__</span></tt> is set to the first matching subgroup (or the entire matching string, if no subgroups are specified). When called from Python, the matching string is returned.</p>
<p><strong>title</strong> <em><regexp></em> -- assert that the title of this page matches this regular expression. The variable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__match__</span></tt> is set to the first matching subgroup (or the entire matching string, if no subgroups are specified). When called from Python, the matching string is returned.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="display" name="display">Display</a></h1>
<p><strong>echo</strong> <em><string></em> -- echo the string to the screen.</p>
<p><strong>info</strong> -- display information about the current page.</p>
<p><strong>redirect_output</strong> <em><filename></em> -- append all twill output to the given file.</p>
<p><strong>reset_output</strong> -- display all output to the screen.</p>
<p><strong>save_html</strong> <em>[<filename>]</em> -- save the current page's HTML into a file. If
no filename is given, derive the filename from the URL.</p>
<p><strong>show</strong> -- show the current page's HTML. When called from Python, this function will also return a string containing the HTML.</p>
<p><strong>showlinks</strong> -- show all of the links on the current page. When called from Python, this function returns a list of the link objects.</p>
<p><strong>showforms</strong> -- show all of the forms on the current page. When called from Python, this function returns a list of the forms.</p>
<p><strong>showhistory</strong> -- show the browser history. When called from Python, this function returns the history.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="forms" name="forms">Forms</a></h1>
<p><strong>submit</strong> <em>[<n>]</em> -- click the n'th submit button, if given;
otherwise submit via the last submission button clicked; if nothing
clicked, use the first submit button on the form. See <a class="reference" href="#id1">details on
form handling</a> for more information.</p>
<p><strong>formvalue</strong> <em><formnum> <fieldname> <value></em> --- set the given field in the
given form to the given value. For read-only form widgets/controls, the
click may be recorded for use by <strong>submit</strong>, but the value is not changed
unless the 'config' command has changed the default behavior.
See 'config' and <a class="reference" href="#id1">details on form handling</a> for more information on
the 'formvalue' command.</p>
<p>For list widgets, you can use 'formvalue <formnum> <fieldname> +value' or
'formvalue <formnum> <fieldname> -value' to select or deselect a particular
value.</p>
<p><strong>fv</strong> -- abbreviation for 'formvalue'.</p>
<p><strong>formaction</strong> <em><formnum> <action></em> -- change the form action URL to the given URL.</p>
<p><strong>fa</strong> -- abbreviation for 'fa'.</p>
<p><strong>formclear</strong> -- clear all values in the form.</p>
<p><strong>formfile</strong> <em><formspec> <fieldspec> <filename> [ <content_type> ]</em> -- attach a file to a file upload button by filename.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="cookies" name="cookies">Cookies</a></h1>
<p><strong>save_cookies</strong> <em><filename></em> -- save current cookie jar into a file.</p>
<p><strong>load_cookies</strong> <em><filename></em> -- replace current cookie jar with file contents.</p>
<p><strong>clear_cookies</strong> -- clear all of the current cookies.</p>
<p><strong>show_cookies</strong> -- show all of the current cookies.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="debugging" name="debugging">Debugging</a></h1>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt><strong>debug</strong> <em><what></em> <em><level></em> -- turn on or off debugging/tracing for</dt>
<dd>various functions. The first argument is either 'http' to show HTTP
headers, 'equiv-refresh' to test HTTP EQUIV-REFRESH headers, or
'commands' to show twill commands. The second argument is '0' for off,
'1' for on.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="variable-handling" name="variable-handling">Variable handling</a></h1>
<p><strong>setglobal</strong> <em><name> <value></em> -- set variable <name> to value <value> in
global dictionary. The value can be retrieved with '$value'.</p>
<p><strong>setlocal</strong> <em><name> <value></em> -- set variable <name> to value <value> in
local dictionary. The value can be retrieved with '$value'.</p>
<p>The local dictionary is file-specific, while the global module is general
to all the commands. Local variables will override global variables if
they exist.</p>
<p>Note that you can do variable interpolation in strings with ${var}, e.g.</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
setglobal a 1
setglobal b 2
fv thisform thatfield "${a}${b}"
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="other-commands" name="other-commands">Other commands</a></h1>
<p><strong>tidy_ok</strong> -- check to see if 'tidy' runs on this page without any errors or warnings. (<cite>tidy</cite> is very stringent -- you've been warned!)</p>
<p><strong>exit</strong> <em>[<code>]</em> -- exit with the given integer code, if specified. 'code' defaults to 0.</p>
<p><strong>run</strong> <em><command></em> -- execute the given Python command.</p>
<p><strong>runfile</strong> <em><file1> [ <file2> ... ]</em> -- execute the given files.</p>
<p><strong>agent</strong> -- set the browser's "User-agent" string.</p>
<p><strong>sleep</strong> <em>[<seconds>]</em> -- sleep the given number of seconds. Defaults to 1 second.</p>
<p><strong>reset_browser</strong> -- reset the browser.</p>
<p><strong>extend_with</strong> <em><module></em> -- import commands from Python module. This acts
like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre"><module></span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></tt> does in Python, so e.g. a function
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fn</span></tt> in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">extmodule</span></tt> would be available as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fn</span></tt>. See <em>examples/extend_example.py</em> for an example.</p>
<p><strong>getinput</strong> <em><prompt></em> -- get keyboard input and store it in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__input__</span></tt>. When called from Python, this function returns the input value.</p>
<p><strong>getpassword</strong> <em><prompt></em> -- get <em>silent</em> keyboard input and store
it in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">__password__</span></tt>. When called from Python, this function returns the input value.</p>
<p><strong>add_auth</strong> <em><realm> <uri> <user> <password></em> -- add HTTP Basic Authentication information for the given realm/URI combination. For example,</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
add_auth IdyllStuff http://www.idyll.org/ titus test
</pre>
<p>tells twill that a request from the authentication realm
"IdyllStuff" under <a class="reference" href="http://www.idyll.org/">http://www.idyll.org/</a> should be answered with
username 'titus', password 'test'. If the 'with_default_realm' option
is set to True, ignore 'realm'.</p>
<p><strong>config</strong> [<em><key></em> [<em><value></em>]] -- show/set configuration options.</p>
<p><strong>add_extra_headers</strong> <em><name></em> <em><value></em> -- add an extra HTTP header to
each HTTP request.</p>
<p><strong>show_extra_headers</strong> -- show the headers being added to each HTTP request.</p>
<p><strong>clear_extra_headers</strong> -- clear the headers being added to each HTTP request.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="special-variables" name="special-variables">Special variables</a></h1>
<p><strong>__input__</strong> -- result of last <strong>getinput</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>__match__</strong> -- matched text from last <strong>find</strong>, <strong>title</strong>, or <strong>url</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>__password__</strong> -- result of last <strong>getpassword</strong>.</p>
<p><strong>__url__</strong> -- current URL.</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1><a id="details-on-form-handling" name="details-on-form-handling">Details on form handling</a></h1>
<p id="id1">Both the <cite>formvalue</cite> (or <cite>fv</cite>) and <cite>submit</cite> commands rely on a certain
amount of implicit cleverness to do their work. In odd situations, it
can be annoying to determine exactly what form field <cite>formvalue</cite> is
going to pick based on your field name, or what form & field <cite>submit</cite>
is going to "click" on.</p>
<p>Here is the pseudocode for how <cite>formvalue</cite> and <cite>submit</cite> figure out
what form to use (function <cite>twill.commands.browser.get_form</cite>):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
for each form on page:
if supplied regexp pattern matches the form name, select
if no form name, try converting to an integer N & using N-1 as
an index into the list or forms on the page (i.e. form 1 is the
first form on the page).
</pre>
<p>Here is the pseudocode for how <cite>formvalue</cite> and <cite>submit</cite> figure out
what form field to use (function <cite>twill.commands.browser.get_form_field</cite>):</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
search current form for control name with exact match to fieldname;
if single (unique) match, select.
if no match, convert fieldname into a number and use as an index, if
possible.
if no match, search current form for control name with regexp match to fieldname;
if single (unique) match, select.
if *still* no match, look for exact matches to submit-button values.
if single (unique) match, select.
</pre>
<p>Here is the pseudocode for <cite>submit</cite>:</p>
<pre class="literal-block">
if a form was _not_ previously selected by formvalue:
if there's only one form on the page, select it.
otherwise, fail.
if a field is not explicitly named:
if a submit button was "clicked" with formvalue, use it.
otherwise, use the first submit button on the form, if any.
otherwise:
find the field using the same rules as formvalue
finally, if a button has been picked, submit using it;
otherwise, submit without using a button
</pre>
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