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<title>4.3 Overview of a Filter Handler</title>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION006300000000000000000"></A><A NAME="pyapi-filter"></A>
<BR>
4.3 Overview of a Filter Handler
</H1>
<a id='l2h-27' xml:id='l2h-27'></a>
<P>
A <i class="dfn">filter handler</i> is a function that can alter the input or the
output of the server. There are two kinds of filters - <i class="dfn">input</i> and
<i class="dfn">output</i> that apply to input from the client and output to the
client respectively.

<P>
At this time mod_python supports only request-level filters, meaning
that only the body of HTTP request or response can be filtered. Apache
provides support for connection-level filters, which will be supported
in the future.

<P>
A filter handler receives a <em>filter</em> object as its argument. The
request object is available as well via <code>filter.req</code>, but all
writing and reading should be done via the filter's object read and
write methods.

<P>
Filters need to be closed when a read operation returns None 
(indicating End-Of-Stream).

<P>
The return value of a filter is ignored. Filters cannot decline
processing like handlers, but the same effect can be achieved
by using the <tt class="method">filter.pass_on()</tt> method.

<P>
Filters must first be registered using <code>PythonInputFilter</code> or
<code>PythonOutputFilter</code>, then added using the Apache
<code>Add/SetInputFilter</code> or <code>Add/SetOutputFilter</code> directives. 

<P>
Here is an example of how to specify an output filter, it tells the
server that all .py files should processed by CAPITALIZE filter:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
  PythonOutputFilter capitalize CAPITALIZE
  AddOutputFilter CAPITALIZE .py
</pre></div>

<P>
And here is what the code for the <span class="file">capitalize.py</span> might look
like:

<P>
<div class="verbatim"><pre>
from mod_python import apache
  
def outputfilter(filter):

    s = filter.read()
    while s:
        filter.write(s.upper())
        s = filter.read()

    if s is None:
        filter.close()
</pre></div>

<P>
When writing filters, keep in mind that a filter will be called any
time anything upstream requests an IO operation, and the filter has no
control over the amount of data passed through it and no notion of
where in the request processing it is called. For example, within a
single request, a filter may be called once or five times, and there
is no way for the filter to know beforehand that the request is over
and which of calls is last or first for this request, thought
encounter of an EOS (None returned from a read operation) is a fairly
strong indication of an end of a request.

<P>
Also note that filters may end up being called recursively in
subrequests. To avoid the data being altered more than once, always
make sure you are not in a subrequest by examining the <code>req.main</code>
value.

<P>
For more information on filters, see
<em class="citetitle"><a
 href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/developer/filters.html"
 title="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/developer/filters.html"
 >http://httpd.apache.org/docs-2.0/developer/filters.html</a></em>.

<P>

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<span class="release-info">Release 3.3.1, documentation updated on January 29, 2007.</span>
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