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<h2>8. Example</h2>
In this chapter you'll find a short but complete example that shows how Pyro must be used
and how it works. However, much more interesting examples can be found in the <code>examples</code> directory.
For the real impatient people, I recommend the "quickstart" example, because you'll see that you
can eliminate very much of the (already little!) extra work you have to do to make a Pyro application.
<p>For the really impatient, first two minimalist Pyro examples.</p>
<h3>Minimalist's Pyro - not using a Name Server</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Server:</dt>
<dd>
<pre>
import Pyro.core
class JokeGen(Pyro.core.ObjBase):
def __init__(self):
Pyro.core.ObjBase.__init__(self)
def joke(self, name):
return "Sorry "+name+", I don't know any jokes."
Pyro.core.initServer()
daemon=Pyro.core.Daemon()
uri=daemon.connect(JokeGen(),"jokegen")
print "The daemon runs on port:",daemon.port
print "The object's uri is:",uri
daemon.requestLoop()
</pre>
</dd>
<dt>Client:</dt>
<dd>
<pre>
import Pyro.core
# you have to change the URI below to match your own host/port.
jokes = Pyro.core.getProxyForURI("PYROLOC://localhost:7766/jokegen")
print jokes.joke("Irmen")
</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3>Minimalist's Pyro - using a Name Server</h3>
<dl>
<dt>Server:</dt>
<dd>
<pre>
import Pyro.core
import Pyro.naming
class JokeGen(Pyro.core.ObjBase):
def __init__(self):
Pyro.core.ObjBase.__init__(self)
def joke(self, name):
return "Sorry "+name+", I don't know any jokes."
Pyro.core.initServer()
ns=Pyro.naming.NameServerLocator().getNS()
daemon=Pyro.core.Daemon()
daemon.useNameServer(ns)
uri=daemon.connect(JokeGen(),"jokegen")
daemon.requestLoop()
</pre>
</dd>
<dt>Client:</dt>
<dd>
<pre>
import Pyro.core
# finds object automatically if you're running the Name Server.
jokes = Pyro.core.getProxyForURI("PYRONAME://jokegen")
print jokes.joke("Irmen")
</pre>
</dd>
</dl>
<h3>There we go with the complete example:</h3>
<ol>
<li>Write a module 'testmod.py' containing a class 'testclass', which will be accessed remotely.
<pre>
class testclass:
def mul(s, arg1, arg2): return arg1*arg2
def add(s, arg1, arg2): return arg1+arg2
def sub(s, arg1, arg2): return arg1-arg2
def div(s, arg1, arg2): return arg1/arg2
</pre>
</li>
<li>Write a server, testserver.py, that creates one or more instances of the 'testclass', and registers them with
the Pyro Name Server.
<pre>
import Pyro.naming
import Pyro.core
from Pyro.errors import PyroError,NamingError
import testmod
###### testclass Pyro object
class testclass(Pyro.core.ObjBase, testmod.testclass):
pass
###### main server program
def main():
Pyro.core.initServer()
daemon = Pyro.core.Daemon()
# locate the NS
locator = Pyro.naming.NameServerLocator()
print 'searching for Name Server...'
ns = locator.getNS()
daemon.useNameServer(ns)
# connect a new object implementation (first unregister previous one)
try:
# 'test' is the name by which our object will be known to the outside world
ns.unregister('test')
except NamingError:
pass
# connect new object implementation
daemon.connect(testclass(),'test')
# enter the server loop.
print 'Server object "test" ready.'
daemon.requestLoop()
if __name__=="__main__":
main()
</pre>
</li>
<li>To make it interesting, the shortest client possible looks someting like:
<pre>
import Pyro.core
o=Pyro.core.getProxyForURI('PYRONAME://:Default.test')
print o.mul(5,33)
</pre>... But for educational purposes, we use the long way around. Read on.
</li>
<li>Write a client, testclient.py, that will find the Name Server.
<pre>
import Pyro.naming, Pyro.core
from Pyro.errors import NamingError
# locate the NS
locator = Pyro.naming.NameServerLocator()
print 'Searching Name Server...',
ns = locator.getNS()
</pre>(... continued ...)
</li>
<li>Let the client query the NS for the object's URI. Then create a proxy for the remote object. Because the proxy
appears the same as the real 'testclass', the client can now invoke methods on the remote objects.
<p>(...continued from above...)</p>
<pre>
# resolve the Pyro object
print 'finding object'
try:
URI=ns.resolve('test')
print 'URI:',URI
except NamingError,x:
print 'Couldn\'t find object, nameserver says:',x
raise SystemExit
# create a proxy for the Pyro object, and return that
test = Pyro.core.getProxyForURI(URI)
print test.mul(111,9)
print test.add(100,222)
print test.sub(222,100)
print test.div(2.0,9.0)
print test.mul('*',10)
print test.add('String1','String2')
</pre>
</li>
<li>Run the application in the network. First, start the Name Server on one computer.
<pre>
irmen@atlantis:~ > pyro-ns
*** Pyro Name Server ***
Pyro Server Initialized. Using Pyro V3.7
URI is: PYRO://10.0.0.150:9090/0a00009604005c6282a8a516d79917fd
URI written to: e:\Pyro_NS_URI
Name Server started.
</pre>
</li>
<li>Start the server on another computer (or in a different shell).
<pre>
irmen@atlantis:~/ex > python testserver.py
Pyro Server Initialized. Using Pyro V3.5
searching for Name Server...
Server object "test" ready.
</pre>
</li>
<li>Finally, run the client on a third computer (or in a different shell).
<pre>
irmen@atlantis:~/ex > python testclient.py
Pyro Client Initialized. Using Pyro V3.5
Searching Name Server... finding object
URI: PYRO://10.0.0.150:7766/0a0000960c545c62a91e3021bceb7f26
999
322
122
0.222222222222
**********
String1String2
</pre>
</li>
<li>You might want to peek in the Name Server:
<pre>
irmen@atlantis:~/ex > pyro-nsc listall
Locator: searching Pyro Name Server...
NS is at 10.0.0.150 (isengard.lan) port 9090
-------------- START DATABASE
:Default.test --> PYRO://10.0.0.150:7766/0a0000960c545c62a91e3021bceb7f26
:Pyro.NameServer --> PYRO://10.0.0.150:9090/0a00009604005c6282a8a516d79917fd
-------------- END
</pre>
</li>
<li>And if you're interested you may want to try the logging facility of Pyro. First, set the tracelevel to
something other than the default, 0. See the chapter on configuration how to do that. Usually you'll set the
environment variable <code>PYRO_TRACELEVEL</code> to 3 (=maximum logging). Then, when you start Pyro programs (like
the nameserver), they will write something like this to the logfile:
<pre>
------------------------------------------------------------ NEW SESSION
2005-03-13 13:23:40 Pyro Initializing, version 3.7
This is initServer.
Configuration settings are as follows:
PYROSSL_CA_CERT = ca.pem
PYROSSL_CERTDIR = E:\temp\certs
PYROSSL_CLIENT_CERT = client.pem
PYROSSL_SERVER_CERT = server.pem
PYRO_BC_RETRIES = 2
PYRO_BC_TIMEOUT = 2
PYRO_CHECKSUM = 0
PYRO_COMPRESSION = 0
PYRO_CONFIG_FILE =
PYRO_DETAILED_TRACEBACK = 0
PYRO_DNS_URI = 0
PYRO_ES_BLOCKQUEUE = 1
PYRO_ES_QUEUESIZE = 1000
PYRO_LOGFILE = E:\temp\Pyro_log
PYRO_MAXCONNECTIONS = 200
PYRO_MOBILE_CODE = 0
PYRO_MULTITHREADED = 1
PYRO_NS2_BC_PORT = 9091
PYRO_NS2_HOSTNAME = None
PYRO_NS2_PORT = 9091
PYRO_NS_BC_PORT = 9090
PYRO_NS_DEFAULTGROUP = :Default
PYRO_NS_HOSTNAME = None
PYRO_NS_PORT = 9090
PYRO_NS_URIFILE = E:\temp\Pyro_NS_URI
PYRO_PICKLE_FORMAT = 2
PYRO_PORT = 7766
PYRO_PORT_RANGE = 100
PYRO_PRINT_REMOTE_TRACEBACK = 0
PYRO_SOCK_KEEPALIVE = 1
PYRO_STDLOGGING = 0
PYRO_STDLOGGING_CFGFILE = logging.cfg
PYRO_STORAGE = E:\temp
PYRO_TCP_LISTEN_BACKLOG = 200
PYRO_TRACELEVEL = 3
PYRO_USER_LOGFILE = E:\temp\Pyro_userlog
PYRO_USER_TRACELEVEL = 0
PYRO_XML_PICKLE = None
Init done.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
2005-03-13 13:23:44 [1084:MainThread] ** NOTE ** NameServer ** created group :Pyro
2005-03-13 13:23:44 [1084:MainThread] ** NOTE ** NameServer ** created group :Default
2005-03-13 13:23:44 [1084:MainThread] ** NOTE ** NameServer ** Running in single mode
2005-03-13 13:23:44 [1084:MainThread] ** NOTE ** NameServer ** registered NameServer with URI PYRO://10.0.0.150:9090/0a000096043c5c63117eead5b89ea267
2005-03-13 13:23:44 [1084:MainThread] ** NOTE ** NameServer ** URI written to E:\temp\Pyro_NS_URI
2005-03-13 13:23:44 [1084:MainThread] ** NOTE ** NS daemon ** This is the Pyro Name Server.
2005-03-13 13:23:44 [1084:MainThread] ** NOTE ** NS daemon ** Starting on isengard port 9090 broadcast server on port 9090
</pre>
</li>
</ol>
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