<html><head><title>[Radiroot] 1 Introduction</title></head> <body text="#000000" bgcolor="#ffffff"> [<a href = "chapters.htm">Up</a>] [<a href ="CHAP002.htm">Next</a>] [<a href = "theindex.htm">Index</a>] <h1>1 Introduction</h1><p> <P> <H3>Sections</H3> <oL> <li> <A HREF="CHAP001.htm#SECT001">License</a> </ol><p> <p> This package provides functionality to deal with one of the fundamental problems in algebra. The roots of a rational polynomial shall be expressed by radicals. This means one is only allowed to use the four basic operations (+, −, · ,÷) and to extract roots. For example, a radical expression for the roots of the polynomial <i>x</i><sup>4</sup> − <i>x</i><sup>3</sup> − <i>x</i><sup>2</sup> + <i>x</i> + 1 is <br clear="all" /><table border="0" width="100%"><tr><td><table align="center" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"><tr><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"> </td><td nowrap="nowrap"><table border="0" align="left" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"><table><tr><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center" colspan="1"> </td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">1<div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div>4<br /></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">+ </td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">1<div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div>4<br /></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"></td><td align="left" class="cl"><br /><font size="+2">√</font><br /><div class="comb"> </div></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"><div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div><div class="norm">−3<br /></div><div class="comb"> </div></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"> + </td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">1<div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div>2<br /></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"></td><td align="left" class="cl"><font size="+2"> <br />√<br /></font></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"><div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div><div class="norm"><table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tr><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">7<div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div>2<br /></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">+ </td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">1<div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div>2<br /></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"></td><td align="left" class="cl"><br /><font size="+2">√</font><br /><div class="comb"> </div></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center"><div class="hrcomp"><hr noshade="noshade" size="1"/></div><div class="norm">−3<br /></div><div class="comb"> </div></td></tr></table></div><div class="comb"> </div></td><td nowrap="nowrap" align="center">·</td></tr></table></td></tr></table></td><td nowrap="nowrap"> </td></tr></table></td></tr></table> <p> There are formulas to solve the general equation <i>x</i><sup><i>n</i></sup>+ <i>a</i><sub><i>n</i>−1</sub><i>x</i><sup><i>n</i>−1</sup>+ ... + <i>a</i><sub>1</sub><i>x</i>+<i>a</i><sub>0</sub> = 0 up to degree 4. For higher degrees such formulae do not exist (<a href="biblio.htm#Abel26"><cite>Abel26</cite></a>). It was Évariste Galois (1811 -- 1832) who discovered that there exists a radical expression for the roots if and only if the Galois group of the polynomial - initially a permutation group on the roots - is solvable <a href="biblio.htm#Galois97"><cite>Galois97</cite></a>. But the task itself was impractical in his days. This package is the first public tool which provides a practical method for solving a polynomial algebraically. The implementation is based on Galois' ideas and the algorithm is described in <a href="biblio.htm#Distler05"><cite>Distler05</cite></a>. <p> The package can provide the result in various forms. As a default an expression is given in a similar way as in the example above. Alternatively, a file containing the roots might be created which is readable by Maple <a href="biblio.htm#Maple10"><cite>Maple10</cite></a>. In <font face="Gill Sans,Helvetica,Arial">GAP</font> itself some information deduced during the computation is available. <p> The user should be aware that radical expressions can get very complicated even for polynomials of small degree. Especially because the algorithm will find an irreducible radical expression. That means one gets a root of the given polynomial for every choice of a value of the radicals in the expression. Moreover it is not the aim of this package to give a simplest expression, in any sense. <p> In Chapter 2 the methods provided by this package are listed and explained. <p> Chapter 3 gives details about the info class of this package. See Section <a href="badlink:ref:Info Functions">Info Functions</a> in the <font face="Gill Sans,Helvetica,Arial">GAP</font> reference manual for general information about info classes. <p> While the installation of the package follows standard <font face="Gill Sans,Helvetica,Arial">GAP</font> rules the Chapter 4 contains information about external programs required by <font face="Gill Sans,Helvetica,Arial">Radiroot</font> in its default setup. <p> This package uses the interface to KANT <a href="biblio.htm#KANT"><cite>KANT</cite></a>, in the package <font face="Gill Sans,Helvetica,Arial">Alnuth</font>, to factorise polynomials over algebraic number fields. This functionality must be available to use the functions in <font face="Gill Sans,Helvetica,Arial">Radiroot</font>. <p> <p> <h2><a name="SECT001">1.1 License</a></h2> <p><p> This package is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; version 2 of the License. <p> This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details. <p> <p> [<a href = "chapters.htm">Up</a>] [<a href ="CHAP002.htm">Next</a>] [<a href = "theindex.htm">Index</a>] <P> <address>Radiroot manual<br>January 2008 </address></body></html>
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