<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> <head> <title>Class: ActionController::Base</title> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <meta http-equiv="Content-Script-Type" content="text/javascript" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../.././rdoc-style.css" type="text/css" media="screen" /> <script type="text/javascript"> // <![CDATA[ function popupCode( url ) { window.open(url, "Code", "resizable=yes,scrollbars=yes,toolbar=no,status=no,height=150,width=400") } function toggleCode( id ) { if ( document.getElementById ) elem = document.getElementById( id ); else if ( document.all ) elem = eval( "document.all." + id ); else return false; elemStyle = elem.style; if ( elemStyle.display != "block" ) { elemStyle.display = "block" } else { elemStyle.display = "none" } return true; } // Make codeblocks hidden by default document.writeln( "<style type=\"text/css\">div.method-source-code { display: none }</style>" ) // ]]> </script> </head> <body> <div id="classHeader"> <table class="header-table"> <tr class="top-aligned-row"> <td><strong>Class</strong></td> <td class="class-name-in-header">ActionController::Base</td> </tr> <tr class="top-aligned-row"> <td><strong>In:</strong></td> <td> <a href="../../files/lib/action_controller/base_rb.html"> lib/action_controller/base.rb </a> <br /> </td> </tr> <tr class="top-aligned-row"> <td><strong>Parent:</strong></td> <td> <a href="../Object.html"> Object </a> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <!-- banner header --> <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="contextContent"> <div id="description"> <p> Action Controllers are the core of a web request in Rails. They are made up of one or more actions that are executed on request and then either <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> a template or redirect to another action. An action is defined as a public method on the controller, which will automatically be made accessible to the web-server through Rails Routes. </p> <p> A sample controller could look like this: </p> <pre> class GuestBookController < ActionController::Base def index @entries = Entry.find(:all) end def sign Entry.create(params[:entry]) redirect_to :action => "index" end end </pre> <p> Actions, by default, <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> a template in the <tt>app/views</tt> directory corresponding to the name of the controller and action after executing code in the action. For example, the <tt>index</tt> action of the GuestBookController would <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> the template <tt>app/views/guestbook/index.erb</tt> by default after populating the <tt>@entries</tt> instance variable. </p> <p> Unlike index, the sign action will not <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> a template. After performing its main purpose (creating a new entry in the guest book), it initiates a redirect instead. This redirect works by returning an external "302 Moved" HTTP response that takes the user to the index action. </p> <p> The index and sign represent the two basic action archetypes used in Action Controllers. Get-and-show and do-and-redirect. Most actions are variations of these themes. </p> <h2>Requests</h2> <p> Requests are processed by the Action Controller framework by extracting the value of the "action" key in the request parameters. This value should hold the name of the action to be performed. Once the action has been identified, the remaining request parameters, the session (if one is available), and the full request with all the HTTP headers are made available to the action through instance variables. Then the action is performed. </p> <p> The full request object is available with the request accessor and is primarily used to query for HTTP headers. These queries are made by accessing the environment hash, like this: </p> <pre> def server_ip location = request.env["SERVER_ADDR"] render :text => "This server hosted at #{location}" end </pre> <h2>Parameters</h2> <p> All request parameters, whether they come from a GET or POST request, or from the URL, are available through the params method which returns a hash. For example, an action that was performed through <tt>/weblog/list?category=All&limit=5</tt> will include <tt>{ "category" => "All", "limit" => 5 }</tt> in params. </p> <p> It‘s also possible to construct multi-dimensional parameter hashes by specifying keys using brackets, such as: </p> <pre> <input type="text" name="post[name]" value="david"> <input type="text" name="post[address]" value="hyacintvej"> </pre> <p> A request stemming from a form holding these inputs will include <tt>{ "post" => { "name" => "david", "address" => "hyacintvej" } }</tt>. If the address input had been named "post[address][street]", the params would have included <tt>{ "post" => { "address" => { "street" => "hyacintvej" } } }</tt>. There‘s no limit to the depth of the nesting. </p> <h2>Sessions</h2> <p> Sessions allows you to store objects in between requests. This is useful for objects that are not yet ready to be persisted, such as a Signup object constructed in a multi-paged process, or objects that don‘t change much and are needed all the time, such as a User object for a system that requires login. The session should not be used, however, as a cache for objects where it‘s likely they could be changed unknowingly. It‘s usually too much work to keep it all synchronized — something databases already excel at. </p> <p> You can place objects in the session by using the <tt>session</tt> method, which accesses a hash: </p> <pre> session[:person] = Person.authenticate(user_name, password) </pre> <p> And retrieved again through the same hash: </p> <pre> Hello #{session[:person]} </pre> <p> For removing objects from the session, you can either assign a single key to <tt>nil</tt>: </p> <pre> # removes :person from session session[:person] = nil </pre> <p> or you can remove the entire session with <tt><a href="Base.html#M000313">reset_session</a></tt>. </p> <p> Sessions are stored by default in a browser cookie that‘s cryptographically signed, but unencrypted. This prevents the user from tampering with the session but also allows him to see its contents. </p> <p> Do not put secret information in cookie-based sessions! </p> <p> Other options for session storage are: </p> <ul> <li>ActiveRecord::SessionStore - Sessions are stored in your database, which works better than PStore with multiple app servers and, unlike CookieStore, hides your session contents from the user. To use ActiveRecord::SessionStore, set <pre> config.action_controller.session_store = :active_record_store </pre> <p> in your <tt>config/environment.rb</tt> and run <tt>rake db:sessions:create</tt>. </p> </li> <li>MemCacheStore - Sessions are stored as entries in your memcached cache. Set the session store type in <tt>config/environment.rb</tt>: <pre> config.action_controller.session_store = :mem_cache_store </pre> <p> This assumes that memcached has been installed and configured properly. See the MemCacheStore docs for more information. </p> </li> </ul> <h2>Responses</h2> <p> Each action results in a response, which holds the headers and document to be sent to the user‘s browser. The actual response object is generated automatically through the use of renders and redirects and requires no user intervention. </p> <h2>Renders</h2> <p> Action Controller sends content to the user by using one of five rendering methods. The most versatile and common is the rendering of a template. Included in the Action Pack is the Action View, which enables rendering of ERb templates. It‘s automatically configured. The controller passes objects to the view by assigning instance variables: </p> <pre> def show @post = Post.find(params[:id]) end </pre> <p> Which are then automatically available to the view: </p> <pre> Title: <%= @post.title %> </pre> <p> You don‘t have to rely on the automated rendering. Especially actions that could result in the rendering of different templates will use the manual rendering methods: </p> <pre> def search @results = Search.find(params[:query]) case @results when 0 then render :action => "no_results" when 1 then render :action => "show" when 2..10 then render :action => "show_many" end end </pre> <p> Read more about writing ERb and Builder templates in <a href="../ActionView/Base.html">classes/ActionView/Base.html</a>. </p> <h2>Redirects</h2> <p> Redirects are used to move from one action to another. For example, after a <tt>create</tt> action, which stores a blog entry to a database, we might like to show the user the new entry. Because we‘re following good DRY principles (Don‘t Repeat Yourself), we‘re going to reuse (and redirect to) a <tt>show</tt> action that we‘ll assume has already been created. The code might look like this: </p> <pre> def create @entry = Entry.new(params[:entry]) if @entry.save # The entry was saved correctly, redirect to show redirect_to :action => 'show', :id => @entry.id else # things didn't go so well, do something else end end </pre> <p> In this case, after saving our new entry to the database, the user is redirected to the <tt>show</tt> method which is then executed. </p> <h2>Calling multiple redirects or renders</h2> <p> An action may contain only a single <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> or a single redirect. Attempting to try to do either again will result in a DoubleRenderError: </p> <pre> def do_something redirect_to :action => "elsewhere" render :action => "overthere" # raises DoubleRenderError end </pre> <p> If you need to redirect on the condition of something, then be sure to add "and return" to halt execution. </p> <pre> def do_something redirect_to(:action => "elsewhere") and return if monkeys.nil? render :action => "overthere" # won't be called if monkeys is nil end </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-list"> <h3 class="section-bar">Methods</h3> <div class="name-list"> <a href="#M000291">append_view_path</a> <a href="#M000302">append_view_path</a> <a href="#M000282">call</a> <a href="#M000295">controller_class_name</a> <a href="#M000283">controller_class_name</a> <a href="#M000284">controller_name</a> <a href="#M000296">controller_name</a> <a href="#M000285">controller_path</a> <a href="#M000297">controller_path</a> <a href="#M000306">default_url_options</a> <a href="#M000311">expires_in</a> <a href="#M000312">expires_now</a> <a href="#M000292">filter_parameter_logging</a> <a href="#M000310">fresh_when</a> <a href="#M000305">head</a> <a href="#M000286">hidden_actions</a> <a href="#M000287">hide_action</a> <a href="#M000290">prepend_view_path</a> <a href="#M000301">prepend_view_path</a> <a href="#M000307">redirect_to</a> <a href="#M000308">redirect_to_full_url</a> <a href="#M000303">render</a> <a href="#M000304">render_to_string</a> <a href="#M000313">reset_session</a> <a href="#M000293">send_response</a> <a href="#M000298">session_enabled?</a> <a href="#M000309">stale?</a> <a href="#M000294">url_for</a> <a href="#M000299">view_paths</a> <a href="#M000288">view_paths</a> <a href="#M000289">view_paths=</a> <a href="#M000300">view_paths=</a> </div> </div> </div> <!-- if includes --> <div id="includes"> <h3 class="section-bar">Included Modules</h3> <div id="includes-list"> <span class="include-name">StatusCodes</span> </div> </div> <div id="section"> <div id="constants-list"> <h3 class="section-bar">Constants</h3> <div class="name-list"> <table summary="Constants"> <tr class="top-aligned-row context-row"> <td class="context-item-name">DEFAULT_RENDER_STATUS_CODE</td> <td>=</td> <td class="context-item-value">"200 OK"</td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div id="attribute-list"> <h3 class="section-bar">Attributes</h3> <div class="name-list"> <table> <tr class="top-aligned-row context-row"> <td class="context-item-name">action_name</td> <td class="context-item-value"> [RW] </td> <td class="context-item-desc"> Returns the name of the action this controller is processing. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <!-- if method_list --> <div id="methods"> <h3 class="section-bar">Public Class methods</h3> <div id="method-M000291" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000291"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000291.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000291.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">append_view_path</span><span class="method-args">(path)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Adds a view_path to the end of the <a href="Base.html#M000288">view_paths</a> array. If the current class has no view paths, copy them from the superclass. This change will be visible for all future requests. </p> <pre> ArticleController.append_view_path("views/default") ArticleController.append_view_path(["views/default", "views/custom"]) </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000282" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000282"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000282.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000282.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">call</span><span class="method-args">(env)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000283" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000283"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000283.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000283.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">controller_class_name</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "NeatController". </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000284" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000284"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000284.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000284.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">controller_name</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "neat". </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000285" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000285"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000285.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000285.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">controller_path</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "one_module/two_module/neat". </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000292" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000292"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000292.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000292.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">filter_parameter_logging</span><span class="method-args">(*filter_words) {|key, value| ...}</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Replace sensitive parameter data from the request log. Filters parameters that have any of the arguments as a substring. Looks in all subhashes of the param hash for keys to filter. If a block is given, each key and value of the parameter hash and all subhashes is passed to it, the value or key can be replaced using String#replace or similar method. </p> <p> Examples: </p> <pre> filter_parameter_logging => Does nothing, just slows the logging process down filter_parameter_logging :password => replaces the value to all keys matching /password/i with "[FILTERED]" filter_parameter_logging :foo, "bar" => replaces the value to all keys matching /foo|bar/i with "[FILTERED]" filter_parameter_logging { |k,v| v.reverse! if k =~ /secret/i } => reverses the value to all keys matching /secret/i filter_parameter_logging(:foo, "bar") { |k,v| v.reverse! if k =~ /secret/i } => reverses the value to all keys matching /secret/i, and replaces the value to all keys matching /foo|bar/i with "[FILTERED]" </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000286" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000286"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000286.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000286.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">hidden_actions</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Return an array containing the names of public methods that have been marked hidden from the action processor. By default, all methods defined in <a href="Base.html">ActionController::Base</a> and included modules are hidden. More methods can be hidden using <tt>hide_actions</tt>. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000287" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000287"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000287.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000287.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">hide_action</span><span class="method-args">(*names)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Hide each of the given methods from being callable as actions. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000290" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000290"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000290.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000290.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">prepend_view_path</span><span class="method-args">(path)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Adds a view_path to the front of the <a href="Base.html#M000288">view_paths</a> array. If the current class has no view paths, copy them from the superclass. This change will be visible for all future requests. </p> <pre> ArticleController.prepend_view_path("views/default") ArticleController.prepend_view_path(["views/default", "views/custom"]) </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000288" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000288"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000288.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000288.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">view_paths</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> View load paths determine the bases from which template references can be made. So a <a href="Base.html#M000282">call</a> to <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a>("test/template") will be looked up in the view load paths array and the closest match will be returned. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000289" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000289"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000289.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000289.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">view_paths=</span><span class="method-args">(value)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> </div> </div> <h3 class="section-bar">Public Instance methods</h3> <div id="method-M000302" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000302"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000302.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000302.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">append_view_path</span><span class="method-args">(path)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Adds a view_path to the end of the <a href="Base.html#M000288">view_paths</a> array. This change affects the current request only. </p> <pre> self.append_view_path("views/default") self.append_view_path(["views/default", "views/custom"]) </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000295" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000295"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000295.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000295.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">controller_class_name</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "NeatController". </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000296" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000296"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000296.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000296.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">controller_name</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "neat". </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000297" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000297"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000297.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000297.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">controller_path</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Converts the class name from something like "OneModule::TwoModule::NeatController" to "one_module/two_module/neat". </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000301" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000301"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000301.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000301.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">prepend_view_path</span><span class="method-args">(path)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Adds a view_path to the front of the <a href="Base.html#M000288">view_paths</a> array. This change affects the current request only. </p> <pre> self.prepend_view_path("views/default") self.prepend_view_path(["views/default", "views/custom"]) </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000293" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000293"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000293.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000293.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">send_response</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000298" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000298"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000298.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000298.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">session_enabled?</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000294" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000294"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000294.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000294.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">url_for</span><span class="method-args">(options = {})</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Returns a URL that has been rewritten according to the options hash and the defined routes. (For doing a complete redirect, use <tt><a href="Base.html#M000307">redirect_to</a></tt>). </p> <p> <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a></tt> is used to: </p> <p> All keys given to <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a></tt> are forwarded to the Route module, save for the following: </p> <ul> <li><tt>:anchor</tt> - Specifies the anchor name to be appended to the path. For example, <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> :controller => ‘posts’, :action => ‘show’, :id => 10, :anchor => ‘comments‘</tt> will produce "/posts/show/10#comments". </li> <li><tt>:only_path</tt> - If true, returns the relative URL (omitting the protocol, host name, and port) (<tt>false</tt> by default). </li> <li><tt>:trailing_slash</tt> - If true, adds a trailing slash, as in "/archive/2005/". Note that this is currently not recommended since it breaks caching. </li> <li><tt>:host</tt> - Overrides the default (current) host if provided. </li> <li><tt>:protocol</tt> - Overrides the default (current) protocol if provided. </li> <li><tt>:port</tt> - Optionally specify the port to connect to. </li> <li><tt>:user</tt> - Inline HTTP authentication (only plucked out if <tt>:password</tt> is also present). </li> <li><tt>:password</tt> - Inline HTTP authentication (only plucked out if <tt>:user</tt> is also present). </li> <li><tt>:skip_relative_url_root</tt> - If true, the url is not constructed using the <tt>relative_url_root</tt> of the request so the path will include the web server relative installation directory. </li> </ul> <p> The URL is generated from the remaining keys in the hash. A URL contains two key parts: the <base> and a query string. Routes composes a query string as the key/value pairs not included in the <base>. </p> <p> The default Routes setup supports a typical Rails path of "controller/action/id" where action and id are optional, with action defaulting to ‘index’ when not given. Here are some typical <a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> statements and their corresponding URLs: </p> <pre> url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'recent' # => 'proto://host.com/posts/recent' url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index' # => 'proto://host.com/posts' url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'index', :port=>'8033' # => 'proto://host.com:8033/posts' url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => 'show', :id => 10 # => 'proto://host.com/posts/show/10' url_for :controller => 'posts', :user => 'd', :password => '123' # => 'proto://d:123@host.com/posts' </pre> <p> When generating a new URL, missing values may be filled in from the current request‘s parameters. For example, <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> :action => ‘some_action‘</tt> will retain the current controller, as expected. This behavior extends to other parameters, including <tt>:controller</tt>, <tt>:id</tt>, and any other parameters that are placed into a Route‘s path. The URL helpers such as <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a></tt> have a limited form of memory: when generating a new URL, they can look for missing values in the current request‘s parameters. Routes attempts to guess when a value should and should not be taken from the defaults. There are a few simple rules on how this is performed: </p> <ul> <li>If the controller name begins with a slash no defaults are used: <pre> url_for :controller => '/home' </pre> <p> In particular, a leading slash ensures no namespace is assumed. Thus, while <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> :controller => ‘users‘</tt> may resolve to <tt>Admin::UsersController</tt> if the current controller lives under that module, <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> :controller => ’/users‘</tt> ensures you link to <tt>::UsersController</tt> no matter what. </p> </li> <li>If the controller changes, the action will default to index unless provided </li> </ul> <p> The final rule is applied while the URL is being generated and is best illustrated by an example. Let us consider the route given by <tt>map.connect ‘people/:last/:first/:action’, :action => ‘bio’, :controller => ‘people‘</tt>. </p> <p> Suppose that the current URL is "people/hh/david/contacts". Let‘s consider a few different cases of URLs which are generated from this page. </p> <ul> <li><tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> :action => ‘bio‘</tt> — During the generation of this URL, default values will be used for the first and </li> </ul> <p> last components, and the action shall change. The generated URL will be, "people/hh/david/bio". </p> <ul> <li><tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> :first => ‘davids-little-brother‘</tt> This generates the URL ‘people/hh/davids-little-brother’ — note that this URL leaves out the assumed action of ‘bio’. </li> </ul> <p> However, you might ask why the action from the current request, ‘contacts’, isn‘t carried over into the new URL. The answer has to do with the order in which the parameters appear in the generated path. In a nutshell, since the value that appears in the slot for <tt>:first</tt> is not equal to default value for <tt>:first</tt> we stop using defaults. On its own, this rule can account for much of the typical Rails URL behavior. Although a convenience, defaults can occasionally get in your way. In some cases a default persists longer than desired. The default may be cleared by adding <tt>:name => nil</tt> to <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a></tt>‘s options. This is often required when writing form helpers, since the defaults in play may vary greatly depending upon where the helper is used from. The following line will redirect to PostController‘s default action, regardless of the page it is displayed on: </p> <pre> url_for :controller => 'posts', :action => nil </pre> <p> If you explicitly want to create a URL that‘s almost the same as the current URL, you can do so using the <tt>:overwrite_params</tt> options. Say for your posts you have different views for showing and printing them. Then, in the show view, you get the URL for the print view like this </p> <pre> url_for :overwrite_params => { :action => 'print' } </pre> <p> This takes the current URL as is and only exchanges the action. In contrast, <tt><a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> :action => ‘print‘</tt> would have slashed-off the path components after the changed action. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000299" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000299"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000299.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000299.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">view_paths</span><span class="method-args">()</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> View load paths for controller. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000300" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000300"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000300.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000300.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">view_paths=</span><span class="method-args">(value)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> </div> </div> <h3 class="section-bar">Protected Instance methods</h3> <div id="method-M000306" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000306"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000306.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000306.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">default_url_options</span><span class="method-args">(options = nil)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Overwrite to implement a number of default options that all <a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a>-based methods will use. The default options should come in the form of a hash, just like the one you would use for <a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> directly. Example: </p> <pre> def default_url_options(options) { :project => @project.active? ? @project.url_name : "unknown" } end </pre> <p> As you can infer from the example, this is mostly useful for situations where you want to centralize dynamic decisions about the urls as they stem from the business domain. Please note that any individual <a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> <a href="Base.html#M000282">call</a> can always override the defaults set by this method. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000311" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000311"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000311.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000311.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">expires_in</span><span class="method-args">(seconds, options = {})</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Sets a HTTP 1.1 Cache-Control header. Defaults to issuing a "private" instruction, so that intermediate caches shouldn‘t cache the response. </p> <p> Examples: </p> <pre> expires_in 20.minutes expires_in 3.hours, :public => true expires in 3.hours, 'max-stale' => 5.hours, :public => true </pre> <p> This method will overwrite an existing Cache-Control header. See <a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html">www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html</a> for more possibilities. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000312" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000312"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000312.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000312.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">expires_now</span><span class="method-args">(</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Sets a HTTP 1.1 Cache-Control header of "no-cache" so no caching should occur by the browser or intermediate caches (like caching proxy servers). </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000310" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000310"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000310.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000310.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">fresh_when</span><span class="method-args">(options)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Sets the etag, last_modified, or both on the response and renders a "304 Not Modified" response if the request is already fresh. </p> <p> Parameters: </p> <ul> <li><tt>:etag</tt> </li> <li><tt>:last_modified</tt> </li> <li><tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to true if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches). </li> </ul> <p> Example: </p> <pre> def show @article = Article.find(params[:id]) fresh_when(:etag => @article, :last_modified => @article.created_at.utc, :public => true) end </pre> <p> This will <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> the show template if the request isn‘t sending a matching etag or If-Modified-Since header and just a "304 Not Modified" response if there‘s a match. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000305" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000305"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000305.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000305.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">head</span><span class="method-args">(*args)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Return a response that has no content (merely headers). The options argument is interpreted to be a hash of header names and values. This allows you to easily return a response that consists only of significant headers: </p> <pre> head :created, :location => person_path(@person) </pre> <p> It can also be used to return exceptional conditions: </p> <pre> return head(:method_not_allowed) unless request.post? return head(:bad_request) unless valid_request? render </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000307" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000307"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000307.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000307.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">redirect_to</span><span class="method-args">(options = {}, response_status = {})</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Redirects the browser to the target specified in <tt>options</tt>. This parameter can take one of three forms: </p> <ul> <li><tt>Hash</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling <a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> with the <tt>options</tt>. </li> <li><tt>Record</tt> - The URL will be generated by calling <a href="Base.html#M000294">url_for</a> with the <tt>options</tt>, which will reference a named URL for that record. </li> <li><tt>String</tt> starting with <tt>protocol://</tt> (like <tt>http://</tt>) - Is passed straight through as the target for redirection. </li> <li><tt>String</tt> not containing a protocol - The current protocol and host is prepended to the string. </li> <li><tt>:back</tt> - Back to the page that issued the request. Useful for forms that are triggered from multiple places. Short-hand for <tt><a href="Base.html#M000307">redirect_to</a>(request.env["HTTP_REFERER"])</tt> </li> </ul> <p> Examples: </p> <pre> redirect_to :action => "show", :id => 5 redirect_to post redirect_to "http://www.rubyonrails.org" redirect_to "/images/screenshot.jpg" redirect_to articles_url redirect_to :back </pre> <p> The redirection happens as a "302 Moved" header unless otherwise specified. </p> <p> Examples: </p> <pre> redirect_to post_url(@post), :status=>:found redirect_to :action=>'atom', :status=>:moved_permanently redirect_to post_url(@post), :status=>301 redirect_to :action=>'atom', :status=>302 </pre> <p> When using <tt><a href="Base.html#M000307">redirect_to</a> :back</tt>, if there is no referrer, RedirectBackError will be raised. You may specify some fallback behavior for this case by rescuing RedirectBackError. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000308" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000308"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000308.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000308.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">redirect_to_full_url</span><span class="method-args">(url, status)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000303" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000303"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000303.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000303.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">render</span><span class="method-args">(options = nil, extra_options = {}, &block)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Renders the content that will be returned to the browser as the response body. </p> <h3>Rendering an action</h3> <p> Action rendering is the most common form and the type used automatically by Action Controller when nothing else is specified. By default, actions are rendered within the current layout (if one exists). </p> <pre> # Renders the template for the action "goal" within the current controller render :action => "goal" # Renders the template for the action "short_goal" within the current controller, # but without the current active layout render :action => "short_goal", :layout => false # Renders the template for the action "long_goal" within the current controller, # but with a custom layout render :action => "long_goal", :layout => "spectacular" </pre> <h3>Rendering partials</h3> <p> Partial rendering in a controller is most commonly used together with Ajax calls that only update one or a few elements on a page without reloading. Rendering of partials from the controller makes it possible to use the same partial template in both the full-page rendering (by calling it from within the template) and when sub-page updates happen (from the controller action responding to Ajax calls). By default, the current layout is not used. </p> <pre> # Renders the same partial with a local variable. render :partial => "person", :locals => { :name => "david" } # Renders the partial, making @new_person available through # the local variable 'person' render :partial => "person", :object => @new_person # Renders a collection of the same partial by making each element # of @winners available through the local variable "person" as it # builds the complete response. render :partial => "person", :collection => @winners # Renders a collection of partials but with a custom local variable name render :partial => "admin_person", :collection => @winners, :as => :person # Renders the same collection of partials, but also renders the # person_divider partial between each person partial. render :partial => "person", :collection => @winners, :spacer_template => "person_divider" # Renders a collection of partials located in a view subfolder # outside of our current controller. In this example we will be # rendering app/views/shared/_note.r(html|xml) Inside the partial # each element of @new_notes is available as the local var "note". render :partial => "shared/note", :collection => @new_notes # Renders the partial with a status code of 500 (internal error). render :partial => "broken", :status => 500 </pre> <p> Note that the partial filename must also be a valid Ruby variable name, so e.g. 2005 and register-user are invalid. </p> <h2>Automatic etagging</h2> <p> Rendering will automatically insert the etag header on 200 OK responses. The etag is calculated using MD5 of the response body. If a request comes in that has a matching etag, the response will be changed to a 304 Not Modified and the response body will be set to an empty string. No etag header will be inserted if it‘s already set. </p> <h3>Rendering a template</h3> <p> Template rendering works just like action rendering except that it takes a path relative to the template root. The current layout is automatically applied. </p> <pre> # Renders the template located in [TEMPLATE_ROOT]/weblog/show.r(html|xml) (in Rails, app/views/weblog/show.erb) render :template => "weblog/show" # Renders the template with a local variable render :template => "weblog/show", :locals => {:customer => Customer.new} </pre> <h3>Rendering a file</h3> <p> File rendering works just like action rendering except that it takes a filesystem path. By default, the path is assumed to be absolute, and the current layout is not applied. </p> <pre> # Renders the template located at the absolute filesystem path render :file => "/path/to/some/template.erb" render :file => "c:/path/to/some/template.erb" # Renders a template within the current layout, and with a 404 status code render :file => "/path/to/some/template.erb", :layout => true, :status => 404 render :file => "c:/path/to/some/template.erb", :layout => true, :status => 404 </pre> <h3>Rendering text</h3> <p> Rendering of text is usually used for tests or for rendering prepared content, such as a cache. By default, text rendering is not done within the active layout. </p> <pre> # Renders the clear text "hello world" with status code 200 render :text => "hello world!" # Renders the clear text "Explosion!" with status code 500 render :text => "Explosion!", :status => 500 # Renders the clear text "Hi there!" within the current active layout (if one exists) render :text => "Hi there!", :layout => true # Renders the clear text "Hi there!" within the layout # placed in "app/views/layouts/special.r(html|xml)" render :text => "Hi there!", :layout => "special" </pre> <h3><a href="Streaming.html">Streaming</a> data and/or controlling the page generation</h3> <p> The <tt>:text</tt> option can also accept a Proc object, which can be used to: </p> <ol> <li>stream on-the-fly generated data to the browser. Note that you should use the methods provided by ActionController::Steaming instead if you want to stream a buffer or a file. </li> <li>manually control the page generation. This should generally be avoided, as it violates the separation between code and content, and because almost everything that can be done with this method can also be done more cleanly using one of the other rendering methods, most notably templates. </li> </ol> <p> Two arguments are passed to the proc, a <tt>response</tt> object and an <tt>output</tt> object. The response object is equivalent to the return value of the ActionController::Base#response method, and can be used to control various things in the HTTP response, such as setting the Content-Type header. The output object is an writable <tt>IO</tt>-like object, so one can <a href="Base.html#M000282">call</a> <tt>write</tt> and <tt>flush</tt> on it. </p> <p> The following example demonstrates how one can stream a large amount of on-the-fly generated data to the browser: </p> <pre> # Streams about 180 MB of generated data to the browser. render :text => proc { |response, output| 10_000_000.times do |i| output.write("This is line #{i}\n") end } </pre> <p> Another example: </p> <pre> # Renders "Hello from code!" render :text => proc { |response, output| output.write("Hello from code!") } </pre> <h3>Rendering XML</h3> <p> Rendering XML sets the content type to application/xml. </p> <pre> # Renders '<name>David</name>' render :xml => {:name => "David"}.to_xml </pre> <p> It‘s not necessary to <a href="Base.html#M000282">call</a> <tt>to_xml</tt> on the object you want to <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a>, since <tt><a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a></tt> will automatically do that for you: </p> <pre> # Also renders '<name>David</name>' render :xml => {:name => "David"} </pre> <h3>Rendering JSON</h3> <p> Rendering JSON sets the content type to application/json and optionally wraps the JSON in a callback. It is expected that the response will be parsed (or eval‘d) for use as a data structure. </p> <pre> # Renders '{"name": "David"}' render :json => {:name => "David"}.to_json </pre> <p> It‘s not necessary to <a href="Base.html#M000282">call</a> <tt>to_json</tt> on the object you want to <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a>, since <tt><a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a></tt> will automatically do that for you: </p> <pre> # Also renders '{"name": "David"}' render :json => {:name => "David"} </pre> <p> Sometimes the result isn‘t handled directly by a script (such as when the request comes from a SCRIPT tag), so the <tt>:callback</tt> option is provided for these cases. </p> <pre> # Renders 'show({"name": "David"})' render :json => {:name => "David"}.to_json, :callback => 'show' </pre> <h3>Rendering an inline template</h3> <p> Rendering of an inline template works as a cross between text and action rendering where the source for the template is supplied inline, like text, but its interpreted with ERb or Builder, like action. By default, ERb is used for rendering and the current layout is not used. </p> <pre> # Renders "hello, hello, hello, again" render :inline => "<%= 'hello, ' * 3 + 'again' %>" # Renders "<p>Good seeing you!</p>" using Builder render :inline => "xml.p { 'Good seeing you!' }", :type => :builder # Renders "hello david" render :inline => "<%= 'hello ' + name %>", :locals => { :name => "david" } </pre> <h3>Rendering inline JavaScriptGenerator page updates</h3> <p> In addition to rendering JavaScriptGenerator page updates with Ajax in RJS templates (see <a href="../ActionView/Base.html">ActionView::Base</a> for details), you can also pass the <tt>:update</tt> parameter to <tt><a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a></tt>, along with a block, to <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> page updates inline. </p> <pre> render :update do |page| page.replace_html 'user_list', :partial => 'user', :collection => @users page.visual_effect :highlight, 'user_list' end </pre> <h3>Rendering vanilla JavaScript</h3> <p> In addition to using RJS with <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> :update, you can also just <a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a> vanilla JavaScript with :js. </p> <pre> # Renders "alert('hello')" and sets the mime type to text/javascript render :js => "alert('hello')" </pre> <h3>Rendering with status and location headers</h3> <p> All renders take the <tt>:status</tt> and <tt>:location</tt> options and turn them into headers. They can even be used together: </p> <pre> render :xml => post.to_xml, :status => :created, :location => post_url(post) </pre> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000304" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000304"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000304.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000304.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">render_to_string</span><span class="method-args">(options = nil, &block)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Renders according to the same rules as <tt><a href="Base.html#M000303">render</a></tt>, but returns the result in a string instead of sending it as the response body to the browser. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000313" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000313"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000313.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000313.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">reset_session</span><span class="method-args">(</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Resets the session by clearing out all the objects stored within and initializing a new session object. </p> </div> </div> <div id="method-M000309" class="method-detail"> <a name="M000309"></a> <div class="method-heading"> <a href="Base.src/M000309.html" target="Code" class="method-signature" onclick="popupCode('Base.src/M000309.html');return false;"> <span class="method-name">stale?</span><span class="method-args">(options)</span> </a> </div> <div class="method-description"> <p> Sets the etag and/or last_modified on the response and checks it against the client request. If the request doesn‘t match the options provided, the request is considered stale and should be generated from scratch. Otherwise, it‘s fresh and we don‘t need to generate anything and a reply of "304 Not Modified" is sent. </p> <p> Parameters: </p> <ul> <li><tt>:etag</tt> </li> <li><tt>:last_modified</tt> </li> <li><tt>:public</tt> By default the Cache-Control header is private, set this to true if you want your application to be cachable by other devices (proxy caches). </li> </ul> <p> Example: </p> <pre> def show @article = Article.find(params[:id]) if stale?(:etag => @article, :last_modified => @article.created_at.utc) @statistics = @article.really_expensive_call respond_to do |format| # all the supported formats end end end </pre> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="validator-badges"> <p><small><a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer">[Validate]</a></small></p> </div> </body> </html>