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%W  radiroot.tex          Radiroot documentation          Andreas Distler
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%H  $Id: radiroot.tex,v 1.6 2008/01/22 11:57:43 gap Exp $
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%Y  2005
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\Chapter{Functionality of the Package}


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This chapter describes the methods available in the {\Radiroot}
package.
 
\Section{Methods for Rational Polynomials}

\> IsSeparablePolynomial( <f> )

returns `true' if the rational polynomial <f> has simple roots only
and `false' otherwise.

\> IsSolvable( <f> )
\> IsSolvablePolynomial( <f> )

returns `true' if the rational polynomial <f> has a solvable Galois group and
`false' otherwise. It signals an error if there exists an irreducible factor
with degree greater than 15.

\> SplittingField( <f> )
\> IsomorphicMatrixField( <F> )
\> RootsAsMatrices( <f> )
\> IsomorphismMatrixField( <F> )

For a normed, rational polynomial <f>, `SplittingField(<f>)' returns the
smallest algebraic extension field <L> of the rationals containing all
roots of <f>. The field is constructed with `FieldByPolynomial' (see
Creation of number fields in \Alnuth). The primitive element of <L> is
denoted by `a'. A matrix field <K> isomorphic to <L> is known after
the computation and can be accessed using `IsomorphicMatrixField(<L>'.
The matrices, one for each distinct root of <f>, in the list produced
by `RootsOfMatrices(<f>)' lie in <K>. `IsomorphismMatrixField( <L> )'
returns an isomorphism of <L> onto <K>.

\beginexample
gap> x := Indeterminate( Rationals, "x" );;
gap> f := UnivariatePolynomial( Rationals, [1,3,4,1] );
x^3+4*x^2+3*x+1
gap> L := SplittingField( f );
<algebraic extension over the Rationals of degree 6>
gap> y := Indeterminate( L, "y" );;
gap> FactorsPolynomialAlgExt( L, f );
[ y+((-168/47-535/94*a-253/94*a^2-24/47*a^3-3/94*a^4)),
  y+((20/47-441/94*a-253/94*a^2-24/47*a^3-3/94*a^4)),
  y+((336/47+488/47*a+253/47*a^2+48/47*a^3+3/47*a^4)) ]
gap> IsomorphicMatrixField( L );
<rational matrix field of degree 6>
gap> Display(RootsAsMatrices(f)[1]);
[ [   0,   1,   0,   0,   0,   0 ],
  [   0,   0,   1,   0,   0,   0 ],
  [  -1,  -3,  -4,   0,   0,   0 ],
  [   0,   0,   0,   0,   1,   0 ],
  [   0,   0,   0,   0,   0,   1 ],
  [   0,   0,   0,  -1,  -3,  -4 ] ]
gap> MinimalPolynomial( Rationals, RootsAsMatrices(f)[1]);
x^3+4*x^2+3*x+1
gap> iso := IsomorphismMatrixField( L );
MappingByFunction( <algebraic extension over the Rationals of degree
6>, <rational matrix field of degree
6>, function( x ) ... end, function( mat ) ... end )
gap> PreImages( iso, RootsAsMatrices( f ) );
[ (-336/47-488/47*a-253/47*a^2-48/47*a^3-3/47*a^4),
  (-20/47+441/94*a+253/94*a^2+24/47*a^3+3/94*a^4),
  (168/47+535/94*a+253/94*a^2+24/47*a^3+3/94*a^4) ]
\endexample
To factorise a polynomial over its splitting field one has to use
`FactorsPolynomialAlgExt' (see \Alnuth) instead of `Factors'.

\> GaloisGroupOnRoots( <f> )

calculates the Galois group <G> of the rational polynomial <f>, which
has to be separable, as a permutation group with respect to the
ordering of the roots of <f> given as matrices by `RootsAsMatrices'.

\beginexample
gap> GaloisGroupOnRoots(f);
Group([ (2,3), (1,2) ])
\endexample

If you only want to get the Galois group abstractly, and if $f$ is
irreducible of degree at most 15, it is often better to use the
function `GaloisType' (see Chapter~"ref:Polynomials over the
Rationals" in the {\GAP} reference manual).


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\Section{Solving a Polynomial by Radicals}

\> RootsOfPolynomialAsRadicals( <f> [, <mode> [, <file> ] ] )

computes a solution by radicals for the irreducible, rational polynomial <f>
up to degree 15 if the Galois group of <f> is
solvable, and returns `fail' otherwise. If it succeeds and <mode> is
not `off', the function returns the path to a file containing the
description of the roots of <f> and generators of cyclic radical
extensions to produce its splitting field.

The user has several options to specify what happens with the results
of the computation. Therefore the optional second argument <mode>, a
string, can be set to one of the following values:

\beginexample
"dvi"
\endexample
Provided `latex' and the dvi viewer `xdvi' are available, this option
will display the irreducible radical expression for the roots and
cyclic extension generators in a new window. The package uses this
option as the default.

\beginexample
"latex"
\endexample
A LaTeX file is generated which contains the encoding for the
expression by radicals. This gives the user the opportunity to adjust
the layout of the individual example before displaying the expression.

\beginexample
"maple"
\endexample
The generated file can be read into Maple \cite{Maple10} which makes a root
of <f> available as variable `a'.

\beginexample
"off"
\endexample
In this mode the function does not actually compute a radical
expression but is only called for its side effects. Namely, the
attributes `SplittingField', `RootsAsMatrices' and
`GaloisGroupOnRoots' are known for <f> afterwards. This is slightly
more effective than calling the corresponding operations one by one.

With the optional third argument <file> the user can specify a
file name under which the description files will be stored in the 
directory from which \GAP\ was called. Depending on the option for
<mode> an extension like `.tex' might be added automatically. 
If <file> is not given, the function places description files in a new
directory `/tmp/tmp.'<string> with names such as `Nst' and `Nst.tex';
the temporary directory is removed at the end of the {\sf GAP}
session.
%Note that it is not possible to have <file> as the second argument.

The computation may take a very long time and can get unfeasible if the
degree of <f> is greater than 7.
\beginexample
\endexample

\> RootsOfPolynomialAsRadicalsNC( <f> [, <mode> [, <file> ] ] )

does essentially the same as `RootsOfPolynomialAsRadicals' except
that it runs no test on the input before starting the actual
computation. Therefore it can be used for polynomials with arbitrary
degree, but it may run for a very long time until a
non-solvable polynomial is recognized as such.

Detailed examples for these two functions can be found in the next section.

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\Section{Examples}

The function `RootsOfPolynomialAsRadicals' does not generate output
inside \GAP. Depending on the chosen mode, various kinds
of files can be created. As an example the polynomial from the
introduction will be considered.

\beginexample
gap> g := UnivariatePolynomial( Rationals, [1,1,-1,-1,1] );
x^4-x^3-x^2+x+1
gap> RootsOfPolynomialAsRadicals(g);
"/tmp/tmp.8zkw5B/Nst.tex"
\endexample

will cause a dvi file to appear in a new window:

An expression by radicals for the roots of the polynomial
$x^{4}-x^{3}-x^{2} + x + 1$ with the $n$-th root of unity $\zeta_n$ and

$\omega_1 = \sqrt{ - 3}$,

$\omega_2 = \sqrt{\frac{7}{2} - \frac{1}{2}\omega_1}$,

$\omega_3 = \sqrt{\frac{7}{2} + \frac{1}{2}\omega_1}$,

is:

$\frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{4}\omega_1 + \frac{1}{2}\omega_2$

If one wants to work with the roots, it might be helpful to use Maple
\cite{Maple10}, in which an expression like $2^{(1/2)}$ is valid.

\beginexample
gap> RootsOfPolynomialAsRadicals(g, "maple");
"/tmp/tmp.k9aTCz/Nst"
\endexample

will create a file with the following content:

\beginexample
w1 := (-3)^(1/2);
w2 := ((7/2) + (-1/2)*w1)^(1/2);
w3 := ((7/2) + (1/2)*w1)^(1/2);

a := (1/4) + (1/4)*w1 + (1/2)*w3;
\endexample

After those computations several attributes are known for the
polynomial in \GAP. 

\beginexample
gap> RootsOfPolynomialAsRadicalsNC( g, "off" );
gap> time;
0
gap> SplittingField( g );
<algebraic extension over the Rationals of degree 8>
gap> time;
0
gap> GaloisGroupOnRoots( g );
Group([ (2,4), (1,2)(3,4) ])
gap> time;
0
\endexample

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