Sophie: howto-text-el-2006-5mdv2010.0 noarch

howto-text-el-2006-5mdv2010.0.noarch.rpm

ÅËËÇÍÉÊÏ Linux FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions with Answers)
Georgatos Photis <gef@hellug.gr>
¸êäïóç 0.7p1 , 10-1-1997

Áõôü ôï êåßìåíï (Linux-Hellenic-FAQ) åßíáé ç åëëçíéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç ôçò
ëßóôáò ìå ôéò ðéï óõ÷íÝò åñùôÞóåéò (Frequently Asked Questions - FAQ)
ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï Linux, Ýíá ôýðïõ Unix ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ãéá
386/486/586/686, Pentium xxx, K5, K6, Alpha, MIPS, 680x0 êáé Üëëïõò
åðåîåñãáóôÝò. ÓÇÌÅÉÙÓÇ: ÐáñÜëëçëá ìå áõôü ôï êåßìåíï õðÜñ÷åé ôï Hel-
lenic-HOWTO ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôçí ñýèìéóç ôïõ Linux, åéäéêÜ
ãéá õðïóôÞñéîç ôçò åëëçíéêÞò ãëþóóáò êáé õðïóôÞñéîçò ôùí ÅëëÞíùí.
WARNING: This document contains greek (ISO-8859-7). URL: <http://stu-
dents.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/linux/docs/FAQ/>
______________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents

1. ÅéóáãùãÞ êáé ãåíéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò

1.1 Ôé åßíáé ôï Linux
1.2 Ôé ëïãéóìéêü (software) õðïóôçñßæåé;
1.3 ÔñÝ÷åé óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ìïõ; Ôé õëéêü (hardware) õðïóôçñßæåé;
1.4 Ôé åßäïõò ìåôáöïñÝò (ports) ãéá Üëëïõò åðåîåñãáóôÝò õðÜñ÷ïõí;
1.5 Ðüóï ÷þñï èÝëåé óôïí óêëçñü ìïõ äßóêï;
1.6 ¸÷åé ôï Linux ðíåõìáôéêÜ äéêáéþìáôá (Copyright); ÅðéôñÝðåôáé ç áíôéãñáöÞ;

2. ÐçãÝò êáé ðüñïé åíçìÝñùóçò óôï äßêôõï (êáé ìç).

2.1 Ôé êåßìåíá õðÜñ÷ïõí ãéá åíçìÝñùóç;
2.2 Áðü ðïõ ìðïñþ íá ðÜñù ôá HOWTO êáé ëïéðÞ ôåêìçñßùóç
2.3 Ðïý èá ðñÝðåé íá øÜîù óôï World Wide Web ãéá èÝìáôá ôïõ Linux;
2.4 Ôé newsgroups õðÜñ÷ïõí ãéá ôï Linux;
2.5 Ðþò èá åãêáôáóôÞóù ôï Linux
2.6 Ðïõ èá âñù õëéêü ôïõ Linux ìå FTP;
2.7 Äåí Ý÷ù ðñüóâáóç óå FTP. Ðþò íá ðÜñù ôï Linux
2.8 Äåí Ý÷ù ðñüóâáóç óôéò ïìÜäåò óõæçôÞóåùí ôïõ Usenet. Ðþò åíçìåñþíïìáé;
2.9 Ôé ëßóôåò õðÜñ÷ïõí;
2.10 Áñ÷åéïèåôïýíôáé ïé ïìÜäåò óõæçôÞóåùí ôïõ Usenet;

3. Óõìâáôüôçôá ìå Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ

3.1 Ìðïñåß ôï Linux íá ìïéñáóôåß ôïí äßóêï ìå DOS; OS/2; 386BSD; Win95; WinÍÔ; Solaris;
3.2 Ðþò ðñïóðåëáýíù ôá áñ÷åßá ìïõ óå ìßá êáôÜôìçóç ôïõ DOS;
3.3 Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ôï óõìðéåóìÝíï ìïõ DOS drive;
3.4 Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ôï partition ôïõ OS/2 (HPFS);
3.5 ***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?
3.6 Ìðïñþ íá ôñÝîù åöáñìïãÝò ôùí Windows êÜôù áðü Linux
3.7 Ðþò ìðïñþ íá åêêéíþ ôï Linux áðü ôïí Boot Manager ôïõ OS/2;
3.8 Ðùò ìðïñþ íá ìïéñáóôþ ôïí ßäéï ÷þñï ìåôáîý ôïõ Linux êáé ôùí Windows ãéá swap;

4. ×åéñéóìüò ôùí óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò, óêëçñþí äßóêùí êáé äéóêåôþí áðü ôï Linux

4.1 Ðþò ìðïñþ íá êÜíù ôï Linux íá äïõëÝøåé óôï ìåãÜëïõ ìåãÝèïõò óêëçñü äßóêï ìïõ;
4.2 Ðþò ìðïñþ íá åðáíáöÝñù áñ÷åßá ðïõ Ý÷ù äéáãñÜøåé;
4.3 ÕðÜñ÷åé áíáóõãêñïôçôÞò (defragmenter) ãéá ôï ext2fs êëð;
4.4 Ðþò äéáìïñöþíù êáé äçìéïõñãþ Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò óå äéóêÝôá;
4.5 ËáìâÜíù ðåñßåñãá ìçíýìáôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå inodes, blocks, êáé äéÜöïñá ôÝôïéá.
4.6 Ç ðåñéï÷Þ ðñïóùñéíÞò áðïèÞêåõóçò (swap area) äåí ëåéôïõñãåß.
4.7 Ðþò äéáãñÜöù ôï LILO Ýôóé, þóôå ôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ íá îåêéíÜ êáé ðÜëé ìå DOS;
4.8 Ãéáôß äåí ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ôçí åíôïëÞ fdformat ðáñÜ ìüíï ùò äéá÷åéñéóôÞò óõóôÞìáôïò (root);
4.9 ÕðÜñ÷åé êÜôé óáí ôï Stacker Þ ôï Doublespace ãéá ôï Linux;
4.10 Ïé äéáéñÝóåéò ôïõ óêëçñïý ìïõ äßóêïõ ôýðïõ ext2fs åëÝã÷ïíôáé êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ åðáíåêêéíþ ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ìïõ
4.11 Ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò ôïõ äéá÷åéñéóôÞ äéêôýïõ (root) åßíáé ìüíï áíáãíþóéìï!
4.12 ¸÷ù Ýíá ôåñÜóôéï áñ÷åßï /proc/kcore! Ìðïñþ íá ôï äéáãñÜøù;
4.13 Ç AHA1542C ìïõ äåí ëåéôïõñãåß ìå ôï Linux.

5. ÌåôáöïñÜ êáé ìåôáãëþôôéóç ðñïãñáììÜôùí

5.1 Ðþò ìðïñþ íá ìåôáöÝñù Ýíá ðñüãñáììá óôï linux áðï Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá;
5.2 Ôß åßíáé ôï ld.so êáé ðïý ìðïñþ íá ôï âñù;
5.3 ¸÷åé êáíåßò ìåôáöÝñåé / êÜíåé compile / ãñÜøåé êÜðïéï XXX ðñüãñáììá ãéá ôï linux;
5.4 Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù óå Ýíáí 386, êþäéêá Þ Ýíáí compiler ðïõ Ý÷åé ãßíåé compile óå Ýíáí 486;
5.5 Ôé êÜíåé ôï gcc -O6;
5.6 Ðïý åßíáé ôá linux/*.h êáé ôá asm/*.h;
5.7 ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ëÜèç üôáí äïêéìÜæù íá êÜíù compile ôïí kernel.
5.8 Ðþò ìðïñþ íá äçìéïõñãÞóù ìßá shared library;
5.9 Ôá åêôåëÝóéìÜ ìïõ åßíáé (ðïëý) ìåãÜëá.
5.10 Õðïóôçñßæåé ôï Linux íçìáôéêÝò (threads) Þ lightweight åðåîåñãáóßåò;
5.11 Ðïõ ìðïñþ íá âñù ôï `lint' ãéá Linux
5.12 Ðïõ ìðïñþ íá âñù ôï `kermit' ãéá Linux

6. Ëýóåéò óå äéÜöïñá êïéíÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá.

6.1 Ôï free äßíåé óöÜëìáôá ëåéôïõñãéêïý (core).
6.2 Ôï ñïëüé ìïõ åßíáé ðïëý ëÜèïò.
6.3 Ôá setuid scripts äåí öáßíïíôáé íá äïõëåýïõí.
6.4 Ç åëåýèåñç ìíÞìç üðùò ôçí áíáöÝñåé ôï free óõíå÷þò ìåéþíåôáé.
6.5 ¼ôáí ðñïóèÝôù ìíÞìç, áñãïðïñåß, Ýùò êáé óÝñíåôáé.
6.6 ÏñéóìÝíá ðñïãñÜììáôá (ð.÷. xdm) äåí ìå áöÞíïõí íá êÜíù login.
6.7 ÏñéóìÝíá ðñïãñÜììáôá ìå áöÞíïõí íá êÜíù log in ÷ùñßò password.
6.8 Ôï ìç÷ÜíçìÜ ìïõ ðÜåé ðïëý áñãÜ üôáí ôñÝ÷ù ôï GCC / ôá X / ...
6.9 Ìðïñþ íá êÜíù login ìüíï ùò root.
6.10 Ç ïèüíç ìïõ åßíáé ãåìÜôç ðáñÜîåíïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò áíôß ãéá ãñÜììáôá.
6.11 ¸÷ù êÜíåé ÷Üëéá ôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ êáé äåí ìðïñþ íá êÜíù login ãéá íá ôï öôéÜîù.
6.12 ÁíáêÜëõøá Ýíá ôåñÜóôéï êåíü áóöáëåßáò (ôñýðá) óôçí rm!
6.13 Ôï lpr(1) Þ ôï lpd(8) äåí äïõëåýïõí.
6.14 Ç þñá óå áñ÷åßá óå êáôáôìÞóåéò msdos äåí åßíáé óùóôÞ.
6.15 Ðùò ìðïñþ íá êÜíù ôï LILO íá äéáâÜóåé ôï vmlinux áñ÷åßï;

7. Ðùò êÜíù áõôü Þ ìáèáßíù ðùò...

7.1 Ðùò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù êýëéóç ðñïò ôá ðßóù óå ìç ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí;
7.2 Ðùò åíáëëÜóóù åéêïíéêÜ ôåñìáôéêÜ ; Ðùò ôá åíåñãïðïéþ;
7.3 Ðùò ïñßæù ôçí æþíç þñáò;
7.4 Ôé Ýêäïóç (version) ôïõ Linux êáé ôé üíïìá ìç÷áíÞìáôïò ÷ñçóéìïðïéþ;
7.5 Ðùò ìðïñþ íá åíåñãïðïéÞóù Þ íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóù ôá ìçíýìáôá óöÜëìáôïò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý; (core dumps)
7.6 Ðùò áíáâáèìßæù /áíáìåôáãëùôôßæù ôïí ðõñÞíá;
7.7 Ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ðÜíù áðü 3 óåéñéáêÝò èýñåò, ìå äéáìïéñáæüìåíåò áéôÞóåéò äéáêïðþí;
7.8 Ðùò äçìéïõñãþ ìßá äéóêÝôá åêêßíçóçò;
7.9 Ðùò åðáíáðñïóäéïñßæù ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéü ìïõ óå Áããëéêü, Ãáëëéêü êëð.;
7.10 Ðùò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ôï ëáìðÜêé NUM LOCK íá åßíáé áíáììÝíï åî' ïñéóìïý ;
7.11 Ðùò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ðÜíù áðü 128Mb ðñïóùñéíïý ÷þñïõ åíáëëáãÞò (swap);

8. ÄéÜöïñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò êáé áðáíôÞóåéò

8.1 Ðùò ðñïãñáììáôßæù ôï XYZ óôï Linux
8.2 Ôé åßíáé áõôÜ ãéá ôï ELF;
8.3 Ôé åßíáé Ýíá áñ÷åßï .gz ; Êáé Ýíá .tgz ; Êáé ... ;
8.4 Ôé óçìáßíïõí ôá áñ÷éêÜ VFS;
8.5 Ôé åßíáé ôï BogoMip;
8.6 Ôé åßíáé ôï Linux Journal êáé ðïõ ìðïñþ íá ôï âñù
8.7 Ðüóïé Üíèñùðïé ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí Linux
8.8 Ðùò èá Ýðñåðå íá ðñïöÝñù ôï Linux

9. Frequently encountered error messages.

9.1 Unknown terminal type linux and similar.
9.2 During linking I get Undefined symbol _mcount
9.3 lp1 on fire
9.4 INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP_SET_DEV) called!
9.5 ld: unrecognized option '-m486'
9.6 GCC says Internal compiler error.
9.7 make says Error 139
9.8 shell-init: permission denied when I log in.
9.9 No utmp entry. You must exec ... when I log in.
9.10 Warning -- bdflush not running.
9.11 Warning: obsolete routing request made.
9.12 EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem.
9.13 EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.
9.14 EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.
9.15 df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems.
9.16 fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ...
9.17 fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary
9.18 fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors.
9.19 mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ
9.20 At the start of booting: Memory tight
9.21 You don't exist. Go away.

10. X Windows
10.1 Õðïóôçñßæåé ôï Linux X Windows?
10.2 Ðþò ìðïñþ íá âñù Ýíá XF86Config áñ÷åßï ãéá ôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ;
10.3 xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger.
10.4 Äåí ìðïñþ íá ñõèìßóù ôá × Windows íá äïõëÝøïõí óùóôÜ.

11. ÅñùôÞóåéò ãéá ðïëý ðáëéÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá.

11.1 Ôï Emacs ðåôÜåé core.
11.2 Ôï fdisk ëÝåé üôé äåí ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé nnn sectors áðü áõôï ôï partition.
11.3 Ï GCC ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôåñÜóôéá ðïóÜ åéêïíéêÞò ìíÞìçò êáé êñåìÜåé.
11.4 Ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéü ìïõ ôñåëáßíåôáé üôáí áëëÜæù Virtual Consoles.

12. Ðþò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù åðéðñüóèåôç âïÞèåéá;

12.1 Ç åñþôçóç ìïõ äåí Ý÷åé áêüìá áðáíôçèåß.
12.2 Té íá ðù üôáí æçôÜù âïÞèåéá.
12.3 ÈÝëù íá óôåßëù mail óå êÜðïéïí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï ðñüâëçìÜ ìïõ.

13. Ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï FAQ, Üäåéá ÷ñÞóçò êáé õðïìíÞóåéò.

13.1 Ôá ó÷üëéá åßíáé åõðñüóäåêôá
13.2 ÌïñöÝò ðïõ ôï FAQ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï.
13.3 Authorship and acknowledgements.
13.4 ***Disclaimer and Copyright.

14. Ãéá ôçí ÅëëçíéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç

14.1 TODO
14.2 Ôá ó÷üëéá åßíáé åõðñüóäåêôá
14.3 ÌïñöÝò óôéò ïðïßåò äéáôßèåôáé áõôü ôï êåßìåíï

______________________________________________________________________

[1m1. ÅéóáãùãÞ êáé ãåíéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò[0m

[1m1.1. Ôé åßíáé ôï Linux[0m

Ôï Linux åßíáé ï ðõñÞíáò åíüò êëþíïõ ôïõ Unix, ãñáììÝíïò áðü ôï ìçäÝí
áðü ôïí Linus Torvalds, ìå âïÞèåéá áðü ìßá äéÜóðáñôç ïìÜäá hackers áðü
ôï Internet. ÓÞìåñá üôáí ëÝìå Linux, åííïïýìå ðëÝïí üëï ôï
ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá. To Linux ôåßíåé íá Ý÷åé POSIX óõìâáôüôçôá, êáé
Ý÷åé üëåò ôéò åõêïëßåò ðïõ èá ðåñßìåíå êáíåßò óå Ýíá ìïíôÝñíï ðëÞñùò
åîïðëéóìÝíï Unix, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí:

· ðñáãìáôéêÞ ðñïåê÷ùñçôéêÞ ðïëõåðåîåñãáóßá (preemptitive
multitasking),

· éäåáôÞ ìíÞìç (virtual memory),

· äéáìïéñáæüìåíåò âéâëéïèÞêåò (shared libraries),

· öüñôùìá êáô' áðáßôçóç (demand loading),

· äéáìïéñáæüìåíá åêôåëÝóéìá (shared copy-on-write executables),

· áðïäïôéêÞ äéá÷åßñéóç ìíÞìçò (proper memory management) êáé

· äéêôýùóç TCP/IP

Åðéðñüóèåôá, ôï Linux õðïóôçñßæåé:

· ðïëõåðåîåñãáóôéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá (SMP)

· ðïëõíçìáôéêÞ åðåîåñãáóßá (multithreading),

· åêôÝëåóç Java åöáñìïãþí áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá

· äéêôýùóç IPX/SPX, bridging, routing, masquerading, tunneling

ÔñÝ÷åé êõñßùò óå 386/486/586/686, Pentium PCs, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò
åõêïëßåò ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åé ç ïéêïãÝíåéá ôïõ 386 ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç
êáôÜóôáóçò ðñïóôáóßáò (protected mode). ÌåôáöïñÝò (ports) ôïõ
Linux ãßíïíôáé ãéá üëï êáé ðéï ðïëëïýò åðåîåñãáóôÝò.

(Âë. ``'')

( Éäéáéôåñüôçôá ôïõ Linux åßíáé üôé äåí åßíáé åìðïñéêü ðñïúüí êáé
ìðïñåß íá äéáíåìçèåß (áíôéãñáöåß) åýêïëá. Ôï Linux äéáíÝìåôáé ìå âÜóç
ôçí Üäåéá áíôéãñáöÞò êáôÜ GNU (GPL, General Public License). (âë. 1.6
êáé http://www.cs.pdx.edu/ trent/gnu/ ) )

Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãåíéêÜ ãéá ôï Linux (âë. 2.×)

[1m1.2. Ôé ëïãéóìéêü (software) õðïóôçñßæåé;[0m

Ôï Linux Ý÷åé GCC (ìåôáãëùôôéóôÞò ãéá C++), Emacs (ÅðåîåñãáóôÞò
êåéìÝíïõ), X-Windows (GUI), üëá ôá óõíçèéóìÝíá åñãáëåßá ôïõ Unix,
TCP/IP (SLIP,PPP), êáé åêáôïíôÜäåò åöáñìïãÝò ãéá UNIX ðïõ Ý÷ïõí
ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß Þ ìåôáöåñèåß.

Ïé åöáñìïãÝò ðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí êáëýðôïõí êáé ôéò ðéï åéäéêÝò áíÜãêåò, üðùò:

· åðåîåñãáóôÝò êåéìÝíïõ

· ëïãéóôéêÜ öýëëá

· âÜóåéò äåäïìÝíùí

· BBS

· 3D renderers (pov)

· ÌáèçìáôéêÜ (ð÷ Octave)

· WinNT-like & Netware-like file/printer servers

· WWW, FTP, NEWS, SENDMAIL-POP,NFS servers åßíáé áõôïíüçôá...

¼ìùò ïé äõíáôüôçôåò äåí óôáìáôïýí åäþ. Ôï Linux ìðïñåß íá ôñÝ÷åé
åöáñìïãÝò Üëëùí ëåéôïõñãéêþí, êáé ìÜëéóôá ìå ìåãÜëç áîéïðéóôßá:

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò ðïëý êáëüò åîïìïéùôÞò ôïõ DOS, ôï DOSEMU
(tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/ALPHA/dosemu), ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé ôï DOS
êáé ôéò ðéï ðïëëÝò åöáñìïãÝò ôïõ. Ìðïñåß íá ôñÝîåé êáé Windows 3.1 óå
enhanced mode.

¸íáò åîïìïéùôÞò iBCS2 (Intel Binary Compatibility Standard) ãéá SVR4
ELF êáé SVR3.2 COFF åêôåëÝóéìá, âñßóêåôáé óôá ôåëåõôáßá óôÜäéá
áíÜðôõîçò. (âë. tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/BETA/ibcs2/README).

Ôï WINE (WINdows Emulator) åßíáé åîïìïéùôÞò ãéá Windows åöáñìïãÝò.
Åßíáé freeware, áëëÜ äåí Ý÷åé áðïäþóåé áêüìá êÜðïéï êáëü áðïôÝëåóìá.
Ôï WABI ôçò SUN êÜíåé áêñéâþò ôï ßäéï, üìùò ôá êáôáöÝñíåé ðïëý
êáëýôåñá. ÔñÝ÷åé ó÷åäüí üëåò ôéò åöáñìïãÝò ôùí Windows, áíÜìåóÜ ôïõò
ôï MS-Office, CorelDraw, Video/Audio players, êëð. Óôïé÷ßæåé üìùò
199$, ãéáôß åßíáé åìðïñéêü ðñïúüí.

ÌåñéêÜ åìðïñéêÜ ðñïúüíôá ðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí ãéá ôï Linux åßíáé:

· Netscape Navigator Gold 3.01/Communicator (0$)

· Corel Draw

· Oracle Relational Database

· Motif Libraries 2.0 (100$)

· c-tree Plus

· Executor 2

· Mathematica 3.0

· Maple V Release 4

· Applixware Office Suite for Linux

· AcceleratedX CDE Business Desktop

[1m1.3. ÔñÝ÷åé óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ìïõ; Ôé õëéêü (hardware) õðïóôçñßæåé;[0m

×ñåéÜæåôáé ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí 386 ìå 2MB RAM êáé Ýíáí ïäçãü åýêáìðôçò
äéóêÝôáò, ãéá ìßá áðëÞ äïêéìÞ. Ãéá ìéá êáíïíéêÞ åãêáôÜóôáóç
÷ñåéÜæïíôáé 4ÌÂ RAM, åíþ ãéá íá äïõëÝøåé êáíåßò ìå Xwindows 8ÌÂ. ¸íáò
óêëçñüò äßóêïò ìå ÷þñï 10ÌÂ/300ÌÂ/600ÌÂ (minimum/typical/enough) åßíáé
áðáñáßôçôïò. Ðñïôåßíåôáé Ýíá óýóôçìá Pentium ìå 32mb, ãéá áðñüóêïðôç
áðüäïóç.

Ïé ôïðéêïß äßáõëïé VESA êáé PCI Ý÷ïõí ðëÞñç õðïóôÞñéîç.

MCA (Äßáõëïò ôçò IBM) êáé ïé ESDI óêëçñïß äßóêïé ôéò ðéï ðïëëÝò öïñÝò
õðïóôçñßæïíôáé. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå:
http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca.

Ôï Linux óå óõíäõáóìü ìå ôá Xwindows, ôñÝ÷åé óôçí ðëåéïøçößá öïñçôþí
õðïëïãéóôþí. Äåßôå ó÷åôéêÜ:
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/kharker/linux-laptop/.

Ãéá íá äåßôå áíáëõôéêÜ áí ôï õëéêü óáò (êÜñôá ãñáöéêþí, äéêôýïõ,
åëåãêôÝò óêëçñþí äßóêùí, êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ) õðïóôçñßæåôáé, êïéôÜîôå ôï INFO-
SHEET êáé ôï Hardware-HOWTO (Âë. ``'')

ÕðÜñ÷åé ìßá ìåôáöïñÜ ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý óôïí 8086 ìå ôï üíïìá:
Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS). Áõôü åßíáé Ýíá 16ìðéôï
õðïóýíïëï ôïõ Linux, ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß óå åéäéêÝò åöáñìïãÝò.
ÖõóéêÜ áõôÞ ç Ýêäïóç, ðïôÝ äåí èá õðïóôçñßîåé ðñïóôáôåõìÝíç ìíÞìç Þ
preemptitive multitasking. Âë.
http://www.linux.org.uk/Linux8086.html.

ÍÝåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ Linux õðïóôçñßæïõí êáé ðïëõåðåîåñãáóôéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá
(SMP). Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï
Documentation/smp.tex, óôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôïõ ðõñÞíá /usr/src/linux.

[1m1.4. Ôé åßäïõò ìåôáöïñÝò (ports) ãéá Üëëïõò åðåîåñãáóôÝò õðÜñ÷ïõí;[0m

ÕðÜñ÷åé port (beta) ãéá ôïí 68000 (÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü Amiga, Atari),
ìå Xserver. ÕðÜñ÷åé ó÷åôéêÞ ëßóôá. Ôï FAQ, ftp êáé óåëßäá ãéá ðéï
ðïëëÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò åßíáé: ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/680x0/FAQ
ftp.phil.uni-sb.de/pub/atari/linux-68k
( http://pfah.informatik.uni-kl.de:8000/pers/jmayer/linux68k-faq
http://www-users.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/ hn/linux68k.html )

Ôï Linux óå PowerPC, áðÝêôçóå ðñüóöáôá äéêü ôïõ êüìâï óôï Internet:
http://www.linuxppc.org ÏôéäÞðïôå áöïñÜ ôïí PowerPC èá ôï âñåßôå óôï
ftp site: ftp.linuxppc.org/linuxppc.

Ç Apple êáé ôï OSF óõíåñãÜæïíôáé ãéá ôçí ìåôáöïñÜ ôïõ Linux,
âáóéæüìåíïé óôï OSF êáé Mach microkernel. Âë.
http://www.mklinux.apple.com.

Ï ðïëëÜ õðïó÷üìåíïò Alpha (64-bit DEC Alpha/AXP) Ý÷åé Þäç ôï Linux:
http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/. ÕðÜñ÷åé êáé ëßóôá óôï
vger.rutgers.edu.

Ï Ralf Baechle åñãÜæåôáé ãéá ìåôáöïñÜ óå MIPS (R4600 óå Deskstation
Tyne). Ôï FAQ åßíáé óôï ftp.fnet.fr/linux-mips êáé
ftp://ftp.linux.sgi.com/pub/mips-linux. Ïé åíäéáöåñüìåíïé ìðïñïýí íá
åðéêïéíùíÞóïõí óôï <linux@waldorf-gmbh.de>.

( There is also a MIPS channel on the Linux Activists mailserver and a
linux-mips mailing list. (See ````'''') )

Ç ïéêïãÝíåéá ôùí ARM (Acorn A5000, Acorn Risc PC) Ý÷åé äýï projects
áõôÞí ôçí óôéãìÞ óå åîÝëéîç, Ýíá ãéá ARM3 (Acorn A5000, ìå õðïóôÞñéîç
ïäçãþí ãéá 82710/11) êáé Ýíá ãéá ARM610 (ãéá Acorn Risc PC). ¼óïé
ìðïñïýí íá óõíåéóöÝñïõí áò åðéêïéíùíÞóïõí ìå ôïí Martin Ebourne
<mje@soton.ac.uk>.

ÕðÜñ÷åé óáí ïìÜäá óõæçôÞóåùí ôï comp.sys.acorn.misc

FAQ: ftp.ecs.soton.ac.uk/pub/armlinux/FAQs/general-faq

êáé homepage: http://whirligig.ecs.soton.ac.uk/~rmk92/armlinux.html.

Ï David Miller áó÷ïëåßôáé ìå ìåôáöïñÜ óå Sparc. ¼óïé åíäéáöÝñïíôáé êáé
ìðïñïýí íá âïçèÞóïõí, áò åðéêïéíùíÞóïõí ìå ôï
<davem@caip.rutgers.edu>.

[1m1.5. Ðüóï ÷þñï èÝëåé óôïí óêëçñü ìïõ äßóêï;[0m

10Mb åßíáé ôï êÜôù öñÜãìá ãéá ìéá åãêáôÜóôáóç, ç ïðïßá äåí
ðåñéëáìâÜíåé åöáñìïãÝò. Óå 80Mb ìðïñåß íá ÷ùñÝóåé ßóá-ßóá ìßá
åãêáôÜóôáóç ìå Xwindows. Óå 250Mb åßíáé ìßá êáëÞ åðéëïãÞ ðñþôç öïñÜ.
ÐåñéëáìâÜíåé ôõðéêÝò åöáñìïãÝò. 500Mb åßíáé áðáñáßôçôá ãéá Ýíá
êáíïíéêü óýóôçìá ìå 1 ÷ñÞóôç. ÅÜí õðÜñ÷ïõí áðü ôçí ðñþôç óôéãìÞ, ìçí
ëõðçèåßôå íá ôá äéáèÝóåôå.

[1m1.6. ¸÷åé ôï Linux ðíåõìáôéêÜ äéêáéþìáôá (Copyright); ÅðéôñÝðåôáé ç[0m
[1máíôéãñáöÞ;[0m

Ôá ðíåõìáôéêÜ äéêáéþìáôá (copyright) ãéá ôïí ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux, áíÞêïõí
óôïí Linus Torvalds, ðïõ êáèüñéóå üôé åßíáé õðü ôï GPL. Áõôü ìå áðëÜ
ëüãéá óçìáßíåé üôé åßíáé åëåýèåñç ç áíôéãñáöÞ, ìåôáôñïðÞ Þ äéáíïìÞ ôïõ
êþäéêá, áëëÜ äåí åßíáé äõíáôÞ ç ðñïóèÞêç Üëëùí ðåñéïñéóìþí äéáíïìÞò,
êáé åßíáé õðï÷ñåùôéêÞ ç ðáñï÷Þ ôïõ íÝïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá. Ôï Linux ÄÅÍ
ÅÉÍÁÉ public domain, EINAI GPLed. Âë. ó÷åôéêÜ ôï Copyright FAQ,
ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/law/copyright, for details.

Åðáêñéâåßò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï áñ÷åßï COPYING óôá Linux kernel
sources (/usr/src/linux).

Ç Üäåéá ÷ñÞóçò ãéá ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí óôéò åãêáôáóôÜóåéò ìå
Linux, ìðïñåß íá åßíáé äéáöïñåôéêÞ. Ï ðåñéóóüôåñïò êþäéêáò üìùò, åßíáé
õðü ôï GNU Project ôçò Free Software Foundation, êáé åßíáé åðßóçò ìå
Üäåéá GPL.

( Note that discussion about the merits or otherwise of the GPL should
be posted to gnu.misc.discuss and not to the comp.os.linux groups. )

[1m2. ÐçãÝò êáé ðüñïé åíçìÝñùóçò óôï äßêôõï (êáé ìç).[0m

[1m2.1. Ôé êåßìåíá õðÜñ÷ïõí ãéá åíçìÝñùóç;[0m

Ôá êõñéüôåñá åßäç åßíáé:

[1mMANual pages[0m
Ôá óõíçèéóìÝíá online åã÷åéñßäéá (manual) åíüò Unix. Óôï Linux
åßíáé áñêåôÜ ðëÞñç êáé Ý÷ïõí ðïëëÜ èÝìáôá. Äåò man man. (Ôï man
åßíáé óáí help).

[1mINFO[0m
Ïé INFO óåëßäåò äéáâÜæïíôáé ìå åéäéêü ôñüðï. Äåí åßíáé ðïëý
åý÷ñçóôåò.

[1mFAQ[0m
Frequently Asked Questions. Ôá FAQ åßíáé óõëëïãÞ áðü
óõíçèéóìÝíåò åñùôÞóåéò ãýñù áðü Ýíá èÝìá. ÓõíÞèùò õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï
/usr/doc/faq.

[1mHOWTO[0m
Ôá HOWTO åßíáé êåßìåíá ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöïõí ôçí äéáäéêáóßá ãéá íá
öôéá÷ôåß êÜôé. Åßíáé êÜôé óáí åã÷åéñßäéá ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ Linux.
/usr/doc/faq/howto

[1mMINI-HOWTO[0m
Ôï ßäéï ìå ðñéí, ìüíï ðïõ ôá êåßìåíá åßíáé ðéï ìéêñÜ.

[1mLDP[0m
Linux Documentation Project:ÐåñéëáìâÜíåé ó÷åäüí üëá ôá ðáñáðÜíù.
Åßíáé ìßá ðñïóðÜèåéá íá óõãêåíôñùèåß üëç ç ôåêìçñßùóç ìáæß.
Äåßôå óôï http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP

[1m2.2. Áðü ðïõ ìðïñþ íá ðÜñù ôá HOWTO êáé ëïéðÞ ôåêìçñßùóç[0m

Ïé ðáñáêÜôù êüìâïé Ý÷ïõí üëá ôá HOWTO:

· ftp.funet.fi (128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux/doc/HOWTO

· tsx-11.mit.edu (18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux/docs/HOWTO

· sunsite.unc.edu (152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO

Ãéá ðëÞñç ëßóôá êüìâùí, äåßôå ````''''

ÅÜí äåí Ý÷åôå ðñüóâáóç óå ftp, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïõò
<ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com>, <ftpmail@doc.ic.ac.uk> <ftp-
mailer@informatik.tu-muenchen.de.>.

Ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü Ý÷åé ìßá ëßóôá ìå üëá ôá õðÜñ÷ïíôá HOWTO:
http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html. ÁõôÜ åßíáé
ìåñéêÜ:

AX25-HOWTO Access-HOWTO
Assembly-HOWTO Benchmarking-HOWTO
BootPrompt-HOWTO Bootdisk-HOWTO
CD-Writing-HOWTO CDROM-HOWTO
Chinese-HOWTO Commercial-HOWTO
Consultants-HOWTO Cyrillic-HOWTO
DNS-HOWTO DOS-to-Linux-HOWTO
DOSEMU-HOWTO Danish-HOWTO
Distribution-HOWTO ELF-HOWTO
Emacspeak-HOWTO Ethernet-HOWTO
Finnish-HOWTO Firewall-HOWTO
Ftape-HOWTO GCC-HOWTO
German-HOWTO HAM-HOWTO
HOWTO-INDEX Hardware-HOWTO
Hebrew-HOWTO IPX-HOWTO
ISP-Hookup-HOWTO Installation-HOWTO
Intranet-Server-HOWTO Italian-HOWTO
Java-CGI-HOWTO Kernel-HOWTO
Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO MGR-HOWTO
MILO-HOWTO Mail-HOWTO
NET-3-HOWTO NFS-HOWTO
NIS-HOWTO News-HOWTO
Optical-Disk-HOWTO PCI-HOWTO
PCMCIA-HOWTO PPP-HOWTO
Pilot-HOWTO Polish-HOWTO
Printing-HOWTO Printing-Usage-HOWTO
RPM-HOWTO Reading-List-HOWTO
SCSI-HOWTO SCSI-Programming-HOWTO
SMB-HOWTO Serial-HOWTO
Serial-Programming-HOWTO Shadow-Password-HOWTO
Slovenian-HOWTO Sound-HOWTO
Sound-Playing-HOWTO Spanish-HOWTO
TeTeX-HOWTO Thai-HOWTO
Tips-HOWTO UMSDOS-HOWTO
UPS-HOWTO UUCP-HOWTO
User-Group-HOWTO VAR-HOWTO
VMS-to-Linux-HOWTO XFree86-HOWTO
XFree86-Video-Timings-HOWTO 3-Button-Mouse

Ôá áêüëïõèá Mini-HOWTO, êáëýðôïõí ðéï åéäéêÜ èÝìáôá êáé õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï
http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/mini:

ADSM-Backup AI-Alife
Advocacy Backup-With-MSDOS
Battery-Powered Boca
BogoMips Bridge
Bridge+Firewall Clock
Colour-ls Comeau-C++
DHCPd Dial-On-Demand
Diald Dip+SLiRP+CSLIP
Diskless Dynamic-IP-Hacks
Ext2fs-Undeletion GTEK-BBS-550
HTML-Validation IO-Port-Programming
IP-Alias IP-Masquerade
IP-Subnetworking JE
Jaz-Drive Kerneld
Key-Setup LBX
LILO Large-Disk
Linux+DOS+Win95 Linux+DOS+Win95+OS2
Linux+NT-Loader Linux+OS2+DOS
Linux+Win95 Loadlin+Win95
Locales MIDI+SB
Mail-Queue Mail2News
Man-Page Multiple-Disks-Layout
Multiple-Ethernet NFS-Root
NFS-Root-Client Netscape+Proxy
Offline-Mailing Online-Support
PLIP PPP-over-minicom
Pager Partition
Print2Win Process-Accounting
Proxy-ARP Public-Web-Browser
Qmail+MH Quota
RCS Remote-Boot
Remote-X-Apps SLIP+proxyARP
SLIP-PPP-Emulator Sendmail+UUCP
Software-Building Software-RAID
Soundblaster-16 Soundblaster-AWE64
StarOffice Swap-Space
Term-Firewall Tiny-News
Token-Ring Upgrade
VPN Virtual-wu-ftpd
Visual-Bell Win95+Win+Linux
Windows-Modem-Sharing WordPerfect
X-Big-Cursor XFree86-XInside
Xterm-Title Xterminal
ZIP-Drive ZIP-Install

Åðéðñüóèåôá, ìåôáöñÜóåéò ôùí HOWTO õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï
sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations. Ïé ìåôáöñÜóåéò
õðÜñ÷ïõí áõôÞ ôçí óôéãìÞ óôéò åîÞò ãëþóóåò:

ÃáëëéêÜ (fr) ÃåñìáíéêÜ(de)
ÉôáëéêÜ (it) ÉáðùíéêÜ (jp)
ÐïëùíéêÜ (pl) ÉóðáíéêÜ (es)
ÓïõçäéêÜ (sv) ÔïõñêéêÜ (tr)

Ôá HOWTO's åðßóçò õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï Web, óôçí óåëßäá ôïõ Linux
Documentation Project http://sunsite.unc./edu/LDP, êáé óôÝëíïíôáé
ìçíéáßá óôï Usenet newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers.

Ôá ðéï ðïëëÜ áðü áõôÜ ôá êåßìåíá åßíáé õðü óõíå÷Þ åîÝëéîç. Ðáñáêáëþ,
åëÜôå óå åðáöÞ ìå ôïí Greg Hankins, <gregh@cc.gatech.edu>, óõíôïíéóôÞ
ôùí HOWTO, åÜí åíäéáöÝñåóôå íá ãñÜøåôå êÜðïéï. Ôï áñ÷åßï
sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX ðåñéÝ÷åé ïäçãßåò ãéá ôï
ãñÜøéìï åíüò HOWTO.

Ç ÓåéñÜ Åã÷åéñéäßùí (Guide Series) ðïõ ðáñÜãåôáé áðü ôï Linux
Documentation Project åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç áðü ôï
http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP. Ðáñáêáëïýìå äéáâÜóôå ôá åÜí åßóôå áñ÷Üñéïò
óôï Unix êáé óôï Linux. Åäþ åßíáé ìßá ëßóôá ôùí äéáèÝóéìùí:

· The Linux Documentation Project Manifesto, áðü ôïí Matt Welsh.

· Installation and Getting Started Guide, áðü ôïí Matt Welsh.

· The Linux Kernel, áðü ôïí David Rusling.

· The Network Administrator's Guide, áðü ôïí Olaf Kirch.

· The Linux Programmer's Guide, áðü ôïí Sven Goldt, Sven van der
Meer, Scott Burkett, êáé Matt Welsh.

· The Linux System Administrator's Guide, Version 0.5, áðü ôïí Lars
Wirzenius.

[1m2.3. Ðïý èá ðñÝðåé íá øÜîù óôï World Wide Web ãéá èÝìáôá ôïõ Linux;[0m

Ï Greg Hankins, gregh@cc.gatech.edu, óõíôçñåß ôçí óåëßäá ôïõ Linux
Documentation Project, óôï http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP.

ÁõôÞ ç óåëßäá åßíáé áíáöÝñåôáé óå üëá ôá FAQ êáé HOWTO, êáé óå áõôÜ
ðïõ åßíáé óå HTML (WWW) format, êáé óå áõôÜ ðïõ äåí åßíáé.

[1m2.4. Ôé newsgroups õðÜñ÷ïõí ãéá ôï Linux;[0m

ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äÝêá äéåèíÞ Usenet newsgroups (ïìÜäåò óõæçôÞóåùí) áöéåñùìÝíá
óôï Linux. Ôá newsgroups åßíáé ðïëý ÷ñÞóéìá, ãéáôß ïðïéïäÞðïôå
ðñüâëçìá ðñïêýðôåé, ìðïñåß êáíåßò íá ñùôÞóåé åêåß, ãéá íá âñåé ôçí
áðÜíôçóç.

comp.os.linux.announce åßíáé Ýíá åðïðôåõüìåíï (moderated) êáíÜëé
áíáêïéíþóåùí, ðïõ èá ðñÝðåé íá ðáñáêïëïõèåßôå åÜí óêïðåýåôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï Linux. ÌõíÞìáôá ãéá áõôü ôï êáíÜëé èá ðñÝðåé íá
óôÝëíïíôáé óôï <linux-announce@news.ornl.gov>.

comp.os.linux.answers ðåñéÝ÷åé üëá ôá FAQs, HOWTOs êáé Üëëåò
óçìáíôéêÝò 123ðëçñïöïñßåò. Èá ðñÝðåé íá ãñáöôåßôå êáé åäþ.

Áîßæåé íá äéáâÜóåôå êáé ôá Üëëá groups óôçí éåñáñ÷ßá comp.os.linux.
ìðïñåß íá âñåßôå ðïëëÜ êïéíÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá ðïõ åßíáé ðïëý ðñüóöáôá ãéá íá
ôá âñåßôå óå áõôü ôï FAQ, áëëÜ åêåß áðáíôþíôáé.ÁõôÜ ôá newsgroups
åßíáé:

comp.os.linux.setup
comp.os.linux.hardware
comp.os.linux.networking
comp.os.linux.x
comp.os.linux.development.apps
comp.os.linux.development.system
comp.os.linux.advocacy
comp.os.linux.misc

¸÷åôå õð' üøéí óáò åðßóçò, üôé êáèþò ôï Linux åßíáé Unix êëþíïò,
ó÷åäüí üëï ôï õëéêü óôá comp.unix.* êáé comp.windows.x.* groups èá
åßíáé ó÷åôéêü.

Åêôüò áðü èÝìáôá hardware, êáé êÜðïéá åîùöñåíéêÜ Þ ðïëý ôå÷íéêÜ low-
level óçìåßá, èá áíáêáëýøåôå üôé áõôÜ ôá êáíÜëéá åßíáé ôï óùóôü ìÝñïò
íá îåêéíÞóåôå.

Please read ````'''' before posting, and make sure you post to the
right newsgroup -- see `Welcome to the comp.os.linux.* hierarchy'
which is posted every two weeks to comp.os.linux.announce,
comp.os.linux.answers, and other groups.

Ç ðïëëáðëÞ áðïóôïëÞ (Crossposting) ìåôáîý ôùí êáíáëéþí
comp.os.linux.*, óðÜíéá åßíáé êáëÞ éäÝá.

Ìðïñåß íá õðÜñ÷ïõí Linux groups, ôïðéêÜ, óôçí ðåñéï÷Þ óïõ. -- Ýëåãîå
ðñþôá áõôÜ. Ó.Ô.Ì. Êáé üíôùò õðÜñ÷ïõí: news://edessa.topo.auth.gr

Ôá comp.os.linux.development, comp.os.linux.admin, êáé
comp.os.linux.help, åßíáé õðü áðüóõñóç... Èá ðñÝðåé íá ìçí
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé.

See also ````''''

Other regional and local newsgroups also exist -- you may find the
traffic more manageable there. The French Linux newsgroup is
fr.comp.os.linux. The German one is de.comp.os.linux. In Australia,
try aus.computers.linux. In Croatia there is the moderated group
hr.comp.linux.m. In Italy, it.comp.linux.

[1m2.5. Ðþò èá åãêáôáóôÞóù ôï Linux[0m

ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñåò ðñïåðéëåãìÝíåò äéáíïìÝò ôïõ Linux, ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáò
êõñßùò ôçí Debian, Red Hat êáé Slackware. ÊÜèå ìéá ðåñéÝ÷åé üëï ôï
ëïãéóìéêü ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé ãéá íá ôñÝîåé êáíåßò ôï Linux, Ýôïéìï ðñïò
åãêáôÜóôáóç êáé ÷ñÞóç. Ïé áêñéâåßò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ôïõ ôé ëïãéóìéêü
ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé êáé ðþò íá ôï åãêáôáóôÞóåé êáíåßò, äéáöÝñïõí áðü Ýêäïóç
óå Ýêäïóç.

Èá ðñÝðåé íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï Installation-HOWTO ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ Slackware. Ïé äéáíïìÝò Red
Hat êáé Debian Ý÷ïõí ðéï åýêïëç åãêáôÜóôáóç, áëëÜ Ý÷ïõí ìéêñüôåñï
áñéèìü Ýôïéìùí ãéá åãêáôÜóôáóç åöáñìïãþí.

¼ëåò áõôÝò ïé äéáíïìÝò åßíáé äéáèÝóéìåò ìå anonymous FTP, áðü
äéÜöïñïõò êüìâïõò. ÂëÝðå ``'' ÕðÜñ÷åé áêüìç Ýíáò ìåãÜëïò áñéèìüò áðü
Üëëåò äéáíïìÝò ðïõ åßíáé ëéãüôåñï äéáäåäïìÝíåò, ðïõ äéáðñáãìáôåýïíôáé
åéäéêüôåñá ðñïâëÞìáôá ( ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá êáëýôåñç õðïóôÞñéîç ãëþóóáò )

[1m2.6. Ðïõ èá âñù õëéêü ôïõ Linux ìå FTP;[0m

Áõôïß åäþ åßíáé ïé ôñåéò êýñéïé êüìâïé ãéá ôï Linux:

· ftp.funet.fi (Finland, 128.214.6.100) : /pub/OS/Linux

· sunsite.unc.edu (US, 152.2.22.81) : /pub/Linux

· tsx-11.mit.edu (US, 18.172.1.2) : /pub/linux

Ôï êáëýôåñï ìÝñïò ãéá íá ðÜñåé êáíåßò ôïí ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux åßíáé:
ftp.cs.helsinki.fi/pub/Linux_Kernel. Ï Linus Torvalds óôÝëíåé ôéò
ðéï ôåëåõôáßåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ ðõñÞíá åêåß. (www.kernel.org)

Ç äéáíïìÞ Debian õðÜñ÷åé åäþ: ftp.debian.org/pub/debian, êáé ç Red Hat
óôï ftp.redhat.com.

Ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá áõôþí ôùí êüìâùí êáèñåðôßæïíôáé (mirror, áíôéãñÜöïíôáé
ðåñßðïõ çìåñÞóéá) áðü Ýíá áñéèìü Üëëùí êüìâùí. Ðáñáêáëïýìå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå êÜðïéï ðïõ âñßóêåôáé êïíôÜ óå åóÜò þóôå íá åßíáé ðéï
ãñÞãïñï êáé åýêïëï, áëëÜ êáé ìçí óðáôáëÜôå Üóêïðá ôïõò ðüñïõò ôïõ
äéêôýïõ.

· ftp.sun.ac.za/pub/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

· ftp.is.co.za/linux/sunsite/ (South Africa)

· ftp.cs.cuhk.hk/pub/Linux/ (Hong Kong)

· ftp.spin.ad.jp/pub/linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Japan)

· ftp.nuri.net/pub/Linux/ (Korea)

· ftp.jaring.my/pub/Linux/ (Malaysia)

· ftp.nus.sg/pub/unix/Linux/ (Singapore)

· ftp.nectec.or.th/pub/mirrors/linux/ (Thailand)

· ftp.dstc.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

· sunsite.anu.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

· ftp.monash.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

· ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au/pub/linux/ (Australia)

· ftp.univie.ac.at/systems/linux/sunsite/ (Austria)

· ftp.fi.muni.cz/pub/UNIX/linux/ (Czech Republic)

· ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Finland)

· ftp.univ-angers.fr/pub/Linux/ (France)

· ftp.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr (France)

· ftp.ibp.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

· ftp.loria.fr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (France)

· ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de/pub/linux/sunsite/

· ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/os/Linux/Mirror.SunSITE/ (Germany)

· ftp.tu-dresden.de/pub/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

· ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/Linux/MIRROR.sunsite/ (Germany)

· ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/mirrors/sunsite/ (Germany)

· ftp.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

· ftp.ba-mannheim.de/pub/linux/mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

· ftp.uni-paderborn.de/pub/Mirrors/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Germany)

· ftp.uni-rostock.de/Linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

· tp.rus.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/unix/systems/linux/MIRROR.sunsite/
(Germany)

· ftp.uni-tuebingen.de/pub/linux/Mirror.sunsite/ (Germany)

· ftp.rz.uni-ulm.de/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Germany)

· ftp.kfki.hu/pub/linux/ (Hungary)

· linux.italnet.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

· ftp.unina.it/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Italy)

· giotto.unipd.it/pub/unix/Linux/ (Italy)

· cnuce-arch.cnr.it/pub/Linux/ (Italy)

· ftp.flashnet.it/mirror2/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Italy)

· ftp.nijenrode.nl/pub/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (Netherlands)

· ftp.LeidenUniv.nl/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Netherlands)

· ftp.nvg.unit.no/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Norway)

· ftp://sunsite.icm.edu.pl/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc.edu/ (Poland)

· ftp.rediris.es/software/os/linux/sunsite/ (Spain)

· sunsite.rediris.es/software/linux/ (Spain)

· ftp.cs.us.es/pub/Linux/sunsite-mirror/ (Spain)

· ftp.etse.urv.es/pub/mirror/linux/ (Spain)

· ftp.etsimo.uniovi.es/pub/linux/ (Spain)

· ftp.luna.gui.es/pub/linux.new/ (Spain)

· ftp.switch.ch/mirror/linux/ (Switzerland)

· ftp.metu.edu.tr/pub/linux/sunsite/ (Turkey)

· unix.hensa.ac.uk/mirrors/sunsite/pub/Linux/ (UK)

· ftp.maths.warwick.ac.uk/mirrors/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

· ftp.idiscover.co.uk/pub/Linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

· sunsite.doc.ic.ac.uk/packages/linux/sunsite.unc-mirror/ (UK)

· ftp.dungeon.com/pub/linux/sunsite-mirror/ (UK)

· ftp.io.org/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (Canada)

· ftp.cc.gatech.edu/pub/linux/ (US)

· ftp.cdrom.com/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)

· ftp.siriuscc.com/pub/Linux/Sunsite/ (US)

· ftp.engr.uark.edu/pub/linux/sunsite/ (US)

· ftp.infomagic.com/pub/mirrors/linux/sunsite/ (US)

· linux.if.usp.br/pub/mirror/sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/ (Brazil)

· farofa.ime.usp.br/pub/linux/ (Brazil)

Ìåñéêïß êüìâïé ìðïñåß íá ìçí Ý÷ïõí ôï ðëÞñåò ðåñéå÷üìåíï áðü ôïõò
áñ÷éêïýò êüìâïõò, åíþ Üëëïé ìðïñåß íá Ý÷ïõí åðéðñüóèåôï õëéêü.

[1m2.7. Äåí Ý÷ù ðñüóâáóç óå FTP. Ðþò íá ðÜñù ôï Linux[0m

Ï ðéï áðëüò ôñüðïò åßíáé íá âñåßôå Ýíá ößëï ðïõ íá Ý÷åé ôï CDROM Þ
ðñüóâáóç FTP. ÅÜí õðÜñ÷åé Linux User Group åðßóçò êïíôÜ óáò,
åíäÝ÷åôáé íá ìðïñïýí íá âïçèÞóïõí.

ÅÜí Ý÷åôå ðïëý êáëÞ óýíäåóç email, ìðïñåßôå íá äïêéìÜóåôå FTP-by-mail
servers óôï <ftpmail@ftp.sunet.se>, <ftpmail@garbo.uwasa.fi> or
<ftpmail@ftp.uni-stuttgart.de>.

Åðßóçò ôï Linux åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï ìå ðáñáäïóéáêü ôá÷õäñïìåßï ìå äéóêÝôá,
óå CDROM êáé óå êáóÝôá (åöåäñåßáò). Ôï áñ÷åßï
sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO, êáé ôï
sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/distributions/Distribution-HOWTO
ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ó÷åôéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò.

ÐëÝïí ï ðéï äéáäåäïìÝíïò áëëÜ êáé ï ðéï áðïäïôéêüò ôñüðïò íá
åãêáôáóôÞóåé êáíåßò ôï Linux, åßíáé íá ôï ðñïìçèåõôåß óå CDROM. Áõôü
íá ôï Ý÷åôå õð' üøéí óáò åÜí âÜæåôå ôï Linux ãéá ðñþôç öïñÜ.

[1m2.8. Äåí Ý÷ù ðñüóâáóç óôéò ïìÜäåò óõæçôÞóåùí ôïõ Usenet. Ðþò[0m
[1måíçìåñþíïìáé;[0m

Ôá digest ( óõíüøåéò ) ôïõ comp.os.linux.announce åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá ìå
çëåêôñïíéêü ôá÷õäñïìåßï óôÝëíïíôáò ôçí ëÝîç subscribe óôï óþìá ôïõ
ìçíýìáôïò óôï <mailto:linux-announce-REQUEST@news-digests.mit.edu>.
Óáò óõìâïõëåýïõìå íá ãñáöôåßôå óôçí ëßóôá áõôÞ, êáèþò ìåôáöÝñåé
óçìáíôéêÜ íÝá êáé áíáêïéíþóåéò ãéá ôï Linux.

Åðßóçò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí äéåýèõíóç -request ãéá ôçí
åããñáöÞ/áðåããñáöÞ áðü ôçí ëßóôá.

[1m2.9. Ôé ëßóôåò õðÜñ÷ïõí;[0m

Áõôïß ðïõ áíáðôýóóïõí ôï Linux ôþñá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôïí åîõðçñÝôç
Majordomo óôï: <majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu>. Óôåßëôå ìÞíõìá ìå ôç
ëÝîç lists óôï óþìá ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò ãéá íá ðÜñåôå ìßá ëßóôá ìå ôéò
ëßóôåò åêåß. ÂÜëåôå êáé ìéá ãñáììÞ ìå ôçí ëÝîç help, ãéá íá ðÜñåôå
ôéò ïäçãßåò ÷ñÞóçò ôïõ Majordomo, ãéá åããñáöÞ/áðåããñáöÞ êáé Üëëá.

Óçìåéþóôå üôé ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü áõôÝò ôéò ëßóôåò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
áðü áõôïýò ðïõ áíáðôýóóïõí ôï Linux, ãéá íá óõæçôïýí ãéá ôå÷íéêÜ
èÝìáôá êáé ìåëëïíôéêÝò åðåêôÜóåéò. Äåí ðñïïñßæïíôáé ãéá åñùôÞóåéò íÝùí
÷ñçóôþí.

ÕðÜñ÷åé ìßá ëßóôá ðïõ "êáìéÜ åñþôçóç äåí åßíáé ðïëý ÷áæÞ". Äõóôõ÷þò
áõôÞ ç ëßóôá äåí äéáâÜæåôáé áðü Ýìðåéñïõò ÷ñÞóôåò êáé ç êßíçóç åßíáé
÷áìçëÞ.

[1m2.10. Áñ÷åéïèåôïýíôáé ïé ïìÜäåò óõæçôÞóåùí ôïõ Usenet;[0m

Ôï sunsite.unc.edu ðåñéÝ÷åé áñ÷åéïèåôçìÝíá ôá ìçíýìáôá ôïõ
comp.os.linux.announce, óôï /pub/Linux/docs/linux-announce.archive.
ÁõôÜ êáèñåðôßæïíôáé áðü ôï /usenet óôï src.doc.ic.ac.uk.

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá åýêïëï óôç ÷ñÞóç áñ÷åßï ôùí ìçíõìÜôùí ôïõ
comp.os.linux.announce óôï World Wide Web óôï
http://www.leo.org/archiv/linux/archiv/ann_index.html. Õðïóôçñßæåé
øÜîéìï êáé åìöÜíéóç.

Ïé õðüëïéðåò ïìÜäåò óõæçôÞóåùí äåí åßíáé ãíùóôü íá Ý÷ïõí
áñ÷åéïèåôçìÝíá ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíÜ ôïõò.

[1m3. Óõìâáôüôçôá ìå Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ[0m

[1m3.1. Ìðïñåß ôï Linux íá ìïéñáóôåß ôïí äßóêï ìå DOS; OS/2; 386BSD;[0m
[1mWin95; WinÍÔ; Solaris;[0m

NAI. To Linux ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï ôõðïðïéçìÝíï ó÷Þìá ãéá partitions ôùí
PC, Ýôóé ìðïñåß íá ìïéñáóôåß ôïí äßóêï ìå Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá.
Óçìåéþóôå ðáñ' üëá áõôÜ, üôé ôá Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá, ìåñéêÝò
öïñÝò äçìéïõñãïýí ðñïâëÞìáôá, ëüãù bugs. ÅéäéêÜ ôï FDISK êáé ôï
FORMAT ôïõ DOS ìðïñåß ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò íá ãñÜøïõí ðÜíù äåäïìÝíá ôïõ
Linux, ãéáôß ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí äåäïìÝíá áðü ôïí ôïìÝá
åêêßíçóçò ôçò êáôÜôìçóçò (partition boot sector), áíôß ôïõ ðßíáêá
êáôáôìÞóåùí (partition table), ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôïí ôïìÝá åêêßíçóçò
äßóêïõ (Master Boot Record, MBR). Ãéá ôï ëüãï áõôü, åßíáé áóöáëÝò üôáí
äçìéïõñãåßôå partition áðü ôï Linux, íá ìçäåíßæåôå ôçí áñ÷Þ ôçò íÝáò
êáôÜôìçóçò, ðñéí ôï ìïñöïðïéÞóåôå áðü ôï MSDOS Þ ïðïõäÞðïôå áëëïý.
ÁõôÞ åíôïëÞ êÜíåé áêñéâþò áõôü: dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hdXY bs=512
count=1 üðïõ ×Õ åßíáé ôï ó÷åôéêü partition, ð÷ hda1=1ïò äßóêïò, 1ç
êáôÜôìçóç.

Ôï Linux, ìðïñåß íá äéáâÜóåé êáé íá ãñÜøåé áñ÷åßá óå óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí
(filesystem) ôüóï ôïõ DOS (FAT), üóï OS/2 (HPFS). Õðïóôçñßæåé åðßóçò
filesystems ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé áðü ôá Windows üðùò: VFAT (ìåãÜëá
ïíüìáôá), FAT32 (ôï íÝï ðñüôõðï ôçò Ì$), áëëÜ êáé NTFS (ôùí NT).

¶ëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ ìðïñïýí íá äéáâÜóïõí áñ÷åßá áðü ôï Linux (ð÷ OS/2).
Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå:
http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/ gef/fs

( See Q1.2 `What software does it support?' for details and status of
the emulators for DOS, MS Windows and System V programs. See also
Q3.5 `Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?'.
)

[1m3.2. Ðþò ðñïóðåëáýíù ôá áñ÷åßá ìïõ óå ìßá êáôÜôìçóç ôïõ DOS;[0m

Ôï DOS (FAT) õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôï Linux, ìÝóù ôïõ MSDOS filesystem
driver. ÃñÜøôå áðëÜ: (Õðïôßèåôáé üôé ôï DOS åßíáé óôï ôñßôï partition
ôïõ ðñþôïõ äßóêïõ)

mkdir /dos
mount -t msdos -o conv=text,umask=022,uid=100,gid=100 /dev/hda3 /dos

Þ áíôßóôïé÷á:

mkdir /floppyA
mount -t msdos -o /dev/fd0 /floppyA
ls -als /floppyA
umount /dev/fd0

[1mÌÇÍ ÎÅ×ÍÁÔÅ ÍÁ ÊÁÍÅÔÅ UMOUNT, ÏÔÁÍ ÂÃÁÆÅÔÅ ÔÇÍ ÄÉÓÊÅÔÁ[0m

Ïé ðñïáéñåôéêÝò ðáñÜìåôñïé conv=text/binary/auto, umask=nnn, uid=nnn
and gid=nnn âïçèïýí þóôå íá ãßíåôáé áõôüìáôá ç ìåôáôñïðÞ áñ÷åßùí
êåéìÝíïõ áðü DOS ìïñöÞ ( CR/LF -> LF ) êáé ãéá áðüäïóç ôáõôüôçôáò
÷ñÞóôç êáé ïìÜäáò êáé permissions óôá áñ÷åßá ôïõ DOS, üôáí öáßíïíôáé
êÜôù áðü Linux. Ôï mount ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé ðéï åýêïëï åÜí õðÜñ÷ïõí Þäç
ïé óùóôÝò ðáñÜìåôñïé óôï áñ÷åßï /etc/fstab. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñá åêôåëÝóôå
man 8 mount, man fstab.

Ôï ðáêÝôï mtools ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìåýóåé åðßóçò ãéá ãñÞãïñç ðñüóâáóç:
êÜíåé êáíåßò ð÷ "mdir a:" êáé äéáâÜæåé ôçí ðñþôç äéóêÝôá, êëð.

¸íá kernel patch (ãíùóôü ùò fd-patches) ðïõ õðÜñ÷åé åðéôñÝðåé ôçí
áíÜãíùóç äéóêåôþí ìå áóõíÞèéóôç ïñãÜíùóç tracks êáé/Þ sectors

[1m3.3. Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ôï óõìðéåóìÝíï ìïõ DOS drive;[0m

Ìå äõóêïëßá. Áí êáé ìÝóá áðü ôïí DOS emulator (Q1.2 `What software
does it support?') ãßíåôáé ãéá Stacked êáé DBLSPC, åßíáé ðïëý ðéï
äýóêïëï íá ãßíåé ìÝóá áðü filesystem driver. ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ðáêÝôï ðïõ
õðïóôçñßæåé read-only ðñïóðÝëáóç ãéá doublespaced volumes: Âë.
sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Filesystems, ãéá ôï "ths".

[1m3.4. Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ôï partition ôïõ OS/2 (HPFS);[0m

Íáé, áëëÜ ìüíï áíÜãíùóç åßíáé äõíáôÞ áêüìá. Ãéá íá ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåéò,
ðñÝðåé íá êÜíåéò compile ôïí kernel (ðõñÞíá) óïõ, áöïý åíåñãïðïéÞóåéò
ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç åðéëïãÞ. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, äåò (Q7.6).
ÌåôÜ áñêåß íá ôï ðñïóáñôÞóåéò óôï root filesystem:

mkdir /hpfs
mount -t hpfs /dev/hda5 /hpfs

[1m3.5. ***Can I access BSD FFS, SysV UFS, Mac, Amiga, etc filesystems?[0m

I'm told that there is a primitive, alpha test read-only Amiga
filesystem on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/patches/amigaffs.tar.Z.
More information is in affs-readme in the tarfile.

Recent kernels contain support for the UFS filesystem used by System
V, Coherent and Xenix.

There is alpha kernel support, readonly for the moment, for the 4.2BSD
UFS, on sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/ALPHA/ufs.

There is a set of user-level programs that provides read-only access
to the Macintosh hierarchical filing system (HFS). It is available on
sunsite.unc.edu in /pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/hfs0_36.tgz. This
is being turned into a kernel module, which is available on sunsite.

A suite of programs called Samba provide support for Windows for
Workgroups networked filesystems (provided it's configured to use
TCP/IP). Information is available at
http://lake.canberra.edu.au/samba/samba.html. There is alpha kernel
support for mounting such filesystems, on sunsite.unc.edu in
/pub/Linux/ALPHA/smbfs.

There is no support for the rest of those yet; I have not heard of any
recent work on providing some.

[1m3.6. Ìðïñþ íá ôñÝîù åöáñìïãÝò ôùí Windows êÜôù áðü Linux[0m

ÕðÜñ÷åé ìßá ðñïóðÜèåéá, ðïõ üìùò äåí Ý÷åé áðïäþóåé áêüìá êáñðïýò, ôï
WINE ÊÜðïéåò (áðëÝò) åöáñìïãÝò ôñÝ÷ïõí, üìùò ü÷é ïé ðéï ðïëëÝò. Ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå comp.emulators.ms-windows.wine

Åðßóçò, ç Sun, ðïõ åäþ êáé êáéñü åß÷å âãÜëåé ôï WABI ãéá Üëëá Unices,
ðñüóöáôá ôï äéáèÝôåé êáé ãéá ôï Linux ìÝóù ôçò Caldera. Ôï WABI åßíáé
Ýíáò ðïëý êáëüò êáé áîéüëïãïò åîïìïéùôÞò, ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé üëåò ôéò ãíùóôÝò
óïõßôåò ãñáöåßïõ, ó÷åäéáóôéêÜ êëð.

ÅðåéäÞ ôï WINE äåí äïõëåýåé êáëÜ, êáé ôï WABI äåí åßíáé äùñåÜí, ç
êáëýôåñç ëýóç åßíáé íá Ý÷åôå êáé ôá Windows êáé ôï Linux êáé íá
áëëÜæåôå áíÜëïãá ìå ôçí ðåñßðôùóç, êÜíïíôáò reboot. Áõôü ìðïñåß íá
ãßíåé ìÝóù ôïõ LILO (LInux LOader), ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé BOOT MENU.

[1m3.7. Ðþò ìðïñþ íá åêêéíþ ôï Linux áðü ôïí Boot Manager ôïõ OS/2;[0m

Ôï OS/2 áðáéôåß åéäéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá ãéá íá óõíåñãáóôåß.

1. Ìå ôï fdisk ôïõ OS/2 (êáé ìüíï ìå áõôü) äçìéïõñãåßóôå ìßá êáôÜôìçóç
ãéá ôï Linux. ÅÜí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå, öôéÜîôå êáé ôï swap partition.

2. ÖïñìÜñåôå ôçí êáôÜôìçóç ìå HPFS Þ FAT. (Áõôü äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé êÜôù
áðü OS/2 WARP)

3. ÐñïóèÝóôå ôï óôïí Boot Manager.

4. Ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ mkfs -t ext2 Þ mke2fs öïñìÜñåôå ôï íÝï partition ìå
ext2 äïìÞ, ðïõ åßíáé êáôÜëëçëç ãéá ôï Linux. Åðßóçò ìå ôï fdisk ôïõ
Linux äþóôå ôïí óùóôü ôýðï óôï êÜèå partition (êáíïíéêÜ 83, Þ 82
ãéá swap).

5. ÅãêáôÝóôçóå ôï Linux óôç íÝá êáôÜôìçóç.

6. ÅãêáôÝóôçóå ôï LILO óôïí BOOT SECTOR (Linux partition), Ï×É ðÜíù
óôï Master Boot Record (MBR), ãéáôß áëëéþò èá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåéò ôïí
Boot Manager. Áõôü êÜíåé ôï LILO íá åßíáé Ýíáò öïñôùôÞò Â' åðéðÝäïõ
ãéá ôï ëåéôïõñãéêü, ðÜíù óôçí ßäéá ôçí êáôÜôìçóç ìå ôï óýóôçìá
áñ÷åßùí, ðïõ åêêéíåß ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ ïñßæåôáé óôï /etc/lilo.conf ìå
ôçí åíôïëÞ boot = /dev/hda2

7. Åðéâåâáéþóôå üôé ç êáôÜôìçóç ôïõ Boot Manager åßíáé åíåñãÞ
(active), þóôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí Boot Manager ãéá íá åðéëÝîåôå
ôé èá åêêéíÞóåôå.

[1m3.8. Ðùò ìðïñþ íá ìïéñáóôþ ôïí ßäéï ÷þñï ìåôáîý ôïõ Linux êáé ôùí[0m
[1mWindows ãéá swap;[0m

Äåò ôï Mini-HOWTO áðü ôïí H. Peter Anvin, <hpa@yggdrasil.com>:
ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/mini/Swap-Space

[1m4. ×åéñéóìüò ôùí óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò, óêëçñþí äßóêùí êáé[0m
[1mäéóêåôþí áðü ôï Linux[0m

[1m4.1. óêëçñü äßóêï ìïõ; Ðþò ìðïñþ íá êÜíù ôï Linux íá äïõëÝøåé óôï[0m
[1mìåãÜëïõ ìåãÝèïõò[0m

Áí ï óêëçñüò äßóêïò óáò åßíáé ôýðïõ IDE Þ EIDE èá ðñÝðåé íá äéáâÜóåôå
ôï áñ÷åßï /usr/src/linux/drivers/block/README.ide (åßíáé ìÝñïò ôïõ
ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux). Áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï ðåñéÝ÷åé ðïëëÝò
÷ñÞóéìåò óõìâïõëÝò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïõò óêëçñïýò äßóêïõò ôýðïõ IDE. Ðïëëïß
óýã÷ñïíïé åëåãêôÝò IDE êÜíïõí ôç ìåôáôñïðÞ ìåôáîý `öõóéêþí' êáé
`ëïãéêþí' êõëßíäñùí/êåöáëþí/ôïìÝùí.

Óôïõò óêëçñïýò äßóêïõò ôýðïõ SCSI ç ðñüóâáóç ãßíåôáé ìå ãñáììéêïýò
áñéèìïýò åíïôÞôùí (linear block numbers). Ôï BIOS äçìéïõñãåß êÜðïéïõò
óêéþäåéò `ëïãéêïýò' êõëßíäñïõò/êåöáëÝò/ôïìåßò ãéá íá õðïóôçñßîåé ôï
DOS.

ÓõíÞèùò ôï DOS äåí èá ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé ðñüóâáóç óå äéáéñÝóåéò ôïõ äßóêïõ
(partitions) ðïõ åêôåßíïíôáé ðÝñáí ôùí 1024 ëïãéêþí êõëßíäñùí, êáé
óôçí êáëýôåñç ðåñßðôùóç ç Ýíáñîç ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux áðü ôÝôïéåò
äéáéñÝóåéò óêëçñþí äßóêùí ìå ÷ñÞóç ôïõ LILO èá åßíáé ðñïâëçìáôéêÞ.

Ðáñ' üë' áõôÜ ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôÝôïéåò äéáéñÝóåéò óêëçñþí
äßóêùí ãéá ôï Linux Þ Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ Ý÷ïõí áðåõèåßáò
ðñüóâáóç óôïí åëåãêôÞ.

Èá óõíéóôïýóá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ìßá äéáßñåóç óêëçñïý äßóêïõ
ôýðïõ Linux åî ïëïêëÞñïõ êÜôù áðü ôï üñéï ôùí 1024 ëïãéêþí êõëßíäñùí
êáé íá êÜíåôå ôçí Ýíáñîç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áðü åêåß. Óå áõôÞ ôçí
ðåñßðôùóç ïé õðüëïéðåò äéáéñÝóåéò óêëçñïý äßóêïõ äåí èá Ý÷ïõí
ðñüâëçìá.

[1m4.2. Ðþò ìðïñþ íá åðáíáöÝñù áñ÷åßá ðïõ Ý÷ù äéáãñÜøåé;[0m

ÃåíéêÜ, áõôü åßíáé ðïëý äýóêïëï íá ãßíåé óå óõóôÞìáôá Unix åîáéôßáò
ôçò ðïëõäéåñãáóéáêÞò (multitasking) öýóåþò ôïõò. Ç ëåéôïõñãßá
åðáíáöïñÜò ãéá ôï ext2fs âñßóêåôáé óôá óêáñéÜ, áëëÜ ìçí ðåñéìÝíåôå íá
ôç äåßôå óýíôïìá óôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò.

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò áñéèìüò ëïãéóìéêþí ðáêÝôùí ðïõ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá êáé
åêôåëïýí ôçí åñãáóßá áõôÞ ðñïóöÝñïíôáò íÝåò åíôïëÝò ãéá äéáãñáöÞ êáé,
ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò, áíôéãñáöÞ ïé ïðïßåò ìåôáöÝñïõí ôá ðñïò äéáãñáöÞ áñ÷åßá
óå Ýíáí åéäéêü öÜêåëï ðïõ åßíáé ãíùóôüò ùò `êÜäïò á÷ñÞóôùí'. Êáôüðéí
åßíáé åðáíáêôÞóéìá ìÝ÷ñé íá äéáãñáöïýí áõôüìáôá áðü äåõôåñåýïõóåò
åðåîåñãáóßåò.

Ùò åíáëëáêôéêÞ ëýóç, ìðïñåßôå íá åñåõíÞóåôå Üìåóá ôïí ßäéï ôï óêëçñü
äßóêï ðÜíù óôïí ïðïßï âñßóêåôáé ôï ó÷åôéêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò. Áõôü
ðñïûðïèÝôåé ðïëý äïõëåéÜ êáé ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá åßóôå ï äéá÷åéñéóôÞò ôïõ
óõóôÞìáôïò (root) ãéá íá ôçí êÜíåôå.

[1m4.3. ÕðÜñ÷åé áíáóõãêñïôçôÞò (defragmenter) ãéá ôï ext2fs êëð;[0m

Íáé. ¸íáò áíáóõãêñïôçôÞò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò Linux ãéá ôï
ext2, ôï minix êáé ôá ðáëáéïý ôýðïõ óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò ext åßíáé
äéáèÝóéìïò óôï sunsite.unc.edu óôïí öÜêåëï system/Filesystems ùò
defrag-0.6.tar.gz.

Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí ext2 ðéèáíüôáôá äåí ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé
áíáóõãêñïôçôÞ êáèþò ôï ext2 ðåñéÝ÷åé Ýíáí åðéðëÝïí êþäéêá ãéá íá
äéáôçñåß ôçí êáôÜôìçóç ôïõ óêëçñïý äßóêïõ (fragmentation) óå ÷áìçëÜ
åðßðåäá áêüìç êáé óå ïãêþäç óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí.

[1m4.4. Ðþò äéáìïñöþíù êáé äçìéïõñãþ Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò óå[0m
[1mäéóêÝôá;[0m

Ãéá ìéá äéóêÝôá ðõêíÞò åããñáöÞò 3,5 éíôóþí:

fdformat /dev/fd0H1440
mkfs -t ext2 -m 0 /dev/fd0H1440 1440

Ãéá ìéá äéóêÝôá 5,25 éíôóþí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå fd0h1200 êáé 1200 áíÜëïãá
ìå ôçí ðåñßðôùóç. Ãéá ôïí ïäçãü äéóêåôþí `B' ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå fd1 áíôß
ãéá fd0. ÐëÞñåéò ïäçãßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôùí äéáöüñùí óõóêåõþí
äéóêåôþí ìðïñïýí íá âñåèïýí óôç Ëßóôá Óõóêåõþí ôïõ Linux ( Q2.1 `Ðïý
ìðïñþ íá âñù ôá HOWTO êáé ðåñáéôÝñù âéâëéïãñáöéêÞ åíçìÝñùóç') . ºóùò
÷ñåéáóôåß íá ôñÝîåôå áðåõèåßáò ôï mke2fs áíôß ãéá ôï mkfs -t ext2. Ç
åðéëïãÞ -m 0 ëÝåé óôï mkfs.ext2 íá ìçí êñáôÞóåé êáèüëïõ ÷þñï óôç
äéóêÝôá ãéá ôïí äéá÷åéñéóôÞ ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò. ÓõíÞèùò ôï ôåëåõôáßï 10%
ôçò äéóêÝôáò öõëÜôôåôáé ðñïò ÷ñÞóç ôïõ äéá÷åéñéóôÞ óõóôÞìáôïò (root).

Ç ðñþôç åíôïëÞ êÜíåé ôç âáóéêÞ äéáìüñöùóç ôçò äéóêÝôáò åíþ ç äåýôåñç
äçìéïõñãåß Ýíá Üäåéï óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò ðÜíù ó' áõôÞ. Êáôüðéí
ìðïñåßôå íá öïñôþóåôå (mount) ôç äéóêÝôá óáí íá Þôáí äéáßñåóç óêëçñïý
äßóêïõ (partition) êáé áðëÜ íá áíôéãñÜøåôå (cp) êáé íá ìåôáêéíÞóåôå
(mv) áñ÷åßá, êëð.

[1m4.5. ôÝôïéá. ËáìâÜíù ðåñßåñãá ìçíýìáôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå inodes, blocks,[0m
[1mêáé äéÜöïñá[0m

ÌÜëëïí Ý÷åôå Ýíá áëëïéùìÝíï óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò ðïõ ðéèáíüí
ïöåßëåôáé óôï ãåãïíüò üôé ôï Linux äåí ôåñìÜôéóå ôç ëåéôïõñãßá ôïõ
êáíïíéêÜ ðñéí íá äéáêüøåôå ôçí ôñïöïäïóßá Þ ðñéí íá åðáíáöÝñåôå
(reset) ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò. ×ñåéÜæåôáé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå Ýíá óýã÷ñïíï
ðñüãñáììá ôåñìáôéóìïý ëåéôïõñãßáò ãéá íá äéïñèþóåôå ôï ëÜèïò. Ãéá
ðáñÜäåéãìá, ôï ðñüãñáììá ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé ôï ëïãéóìéêü ðáêÝôï util-
linux, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï óôï sunsite êáé óôï tsx-11.

Áí åßóôå ôõ÷åñüò ôï ðñüãñáììá fsck (Þ e2fsck Þ xfsck êáôÜ ðåñßðôùóç áí
äåí Ý÷åôå ôï áõôüìáôï åìðñïóèïìåñÝò ôïõ fsck [automatic fsck front-
end]) èá ìðïñÝóåé íá åðéóêåõÜóåé ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóÞò óáò. Áí
åßóôå Üôõ÷ïò ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò Ý÷åé êáôáóôñáöåß êáé èá ðñÝðåé
íá ôï öôéÜîåôå áðü ôçí áñ÷Þ ìå mkfs (Þ mke2fs, mkxfs êëð) êáé íá ôï
åðáíáöÝñåôå áðü êÜðïéï áíôßãñáöï áóöáëåßáò.

Óçì.: Ìçí ðñïóðáèÞóåôå íá åëÝãîåôå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò ôï ïðïßï
Ý÷åé öïñôùèåß (mount) ùò áíáãíþóéìï/åããñÜøéìï. Áõôü ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôç
äéáßñåóç óêëçñïý äßóêïõ ôïõ äéá÷åéñéóôÞ óõóôÞìáôïò (root) áí êáôÜ ôç
äéÜñêåéá ôçò Ýíáñîçò ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux äåí äåßôå ôï ìÞíõìá:

VFS: mounted root ... read-only

[1m4.6. Ç ðåñéï÷Þ ðñïóùñéíÞò áðïèÞêåõóçò (swap area) äåí ëåéôïõñãåß.[0m

¼ôáí êÜíåôå Ýíáñîç (boot) ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux (Þ üôáí ìå äéêÞ óáò
åíôïëÞ åðéôñÝðåôå ôçí ðñïóùñéíÞ áðïèÞêåõóç) èá ðñÝðåé íá äåßôå ôï
ìÞíõìá:

Adding Swap: NNNNk swap-space

Áí äåí äåßôå êáíÝíá ìÞíõìá ðéèáíüôáôá ç åíôïëÞ swapon -av (ç ïðïßá
åðéôñÝðåé ôçí ðñïóùñéíÞ áðïèÞêåõóç) äåí õðÜñ÷åé óôï áñ÷åßï
/etc/rc.local Þ /etc/rc.d/* (ôá ó÷Ýäéá åíÜñîåùò óõóôÞìáôïò) Þ Ý÷åôå
îå÷Üóåé íá êÜíåôå ôç óùóôÞ êáôá÷þñçóç óôï áñ÷åßï /etc/fstab, ð÷:

/dev/hda2 none swap sw

Áí äåßôå ôï ìÞíõìá:

Unable to find swap-space signature

Ý÷åôå îå÷Üóåé íá ôñÝîåôå ôï mkswap. Äåßôå ôéò óåëßäåò åã÷åéñéäßùí ãéá
ëåðôïìÝñåéåò. Ëåéôïõñãåß üìïéá ìå ôï mkfs.

ÅëÝãîôå ôï Installation-HOWTO (ÅãêáôÜóôáóçò) ãéá ëåðôïìåñåßò ïäçãßåò
ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï ðþò íá óôÞóåôå ìéá ðåñéï÷Þ ðñïóùñéíÞò áðïèÞêåõóçò.

[1m4.7. ìå DOS; Ðþò äéáãñÜöù ôï LILO Ýôóé, þóôå ôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ íá îåêéíÜ[0m
[1mêáé ðÜëé[0m

×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò DOS (MS-DOS 5.0 Þ ìåôáãåíÝóôåñï, Þ OS/2),
ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå FDISK /MBR (äåí õðÜñ÷åé óôéò ïäçãßåò ÷ñÞóåùò). ÁõôÞ ç
åíôïëÞ èá åðáíáöÝñåé ìßá ôõðéêÞ êýñéá êáôá÷þñçóç Ýíáñîçò (Master Boot
Record) ôïõ MS-DOS. Áí Ý÷åôå DR-DOS 6.0, ðçãáßíåôå óôï FDISK êáé
åðéëÝîôå "Re-write Master Boot Record".

Áí äåí Ý÷åôå DOS 5 Þ DR-DOS ÷ñåéÜæåóôå ôïí ôïìÝá åíÜñîåùò (boot
sector) ðïõ ôï LILO Ýóùóå üôáí ôï ðñùôïåãêáôáóôÞóáôå. Åëðßæù íá
êñáôÞóáôå åêåßíï ôï áñ÷åßï, Ýôóé äåí åßíáé; ÊáôÜ ðÜóá ðéèáíüôçôá
ïíïìÜæåôáé boot.0301 Þ êÜôé ôÝôïéï. ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:

dd if=boot.0301 of=/dev/hda bs=445 count=1

(Þ sda áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå óêëçñü äßóêï ôýðïõ SCSI). Áõôü ìðïñåß íá
óâÞóåé ôïí ðßíáêá äéáéñÝóåùí (partition table) ôïõ óêëçñïý óáò äßóêïõ,
ãé' áõôü ðñïóï÷Þ! Áí Ý÷åôå öôÜóåé óå áðüãíùóç, èá ðñÝðåé íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ:

dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/hda bs=512 count=1

ç ïðïßá èá äéáãñÜøåé ôïí ðßíáêá äéáéñÝóåùí üðùò êáé ôïí ôïìÝá åíÜñîåùò
(boot sector) ôïõ óêëçñïý óáò äßóêïõ. Êáôüðéí ìðïñåßôå íá
åðáíáäéïìïñöþóåôå (format) ôï óêëçñü óáò äßóêï ìå ôï ëïãéóìéêü ôçò
ðñïôßìçóÞò óáò. ÐÜíôùò, ç åíôïëÞ áõôÞ èá êáôáóôÞóåé ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôïõ
óêëçñïý óáò äßóêïõ áðñïóðÝëáóôá. Èá ôá ÷Üóåôå ãéá ðÜíôá åêôüò áí
åßóôå åéäÞìùí ôùí çëåêôñïíéêþí õðïëïãéóôþí.

Óçìåéþóôå üôé ç êýñéá êáôá÷þñçóç Ýíáñîçò (MBR) ôïõ DOS îåêéíÜ áðü
ïðïéáäÞðïôå äéáßñåóç äßóêïõ Ý÷åé ðñïóçìáíèåß ùò `åíåñãüò' (áëëÜ ìüíï
áðü ìßá). Ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï fdisk ãéá íá
èÝóåôå êáé íá êáèáñßóåôå ôéò åíåñãåßò ðñïóçìÜíóåéò áðü ôéò äéáéñÝóåéò
ôïõ óêëçñïý óáò äßóêïõ êáôÜ ðåñßðôùóç.

[1m4.8. äéá÷åéñéóôÞò óõóôÞìáôïò (root); Ãéáôß äåí ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù[0m
[1môçí åíôïëÞ fdformat ðáñÜ ìüíï ùò[0m

Ç åíôïëÞ äéáìüñöùóçò ìéáò äéóêÝôáò ìðïñåß íá êëçèåß ìüíï áðü ôï
äéá÷åéñéóôÞ óõóôÞìáôïò (root), áíåîÜñôçôá áðü ôéò åîïõóéïäïôÞóåéò
(permissions) ôïõ /dev/fd0*. Áí èÝëåôå ïðïéïóäÞðïôå ÷ñÞóôçò íá ìðïñåß
íá äéáìïñöþíåé (format) äéóêÝôåò ðñïóðáèåßóôå íá âñåßôå ôï ðñüãñáììá
fdformat2 ôï ïðïßï îåðåñíÜ ôá ðñïâëÞìáôá áõôÜ áëëÜæïíôáò ôï óå setuid
(chmod u+s fdformat2).

[1m4.9. ÕðÜñ÷åé êÜôé óáí ôï Stacker Þ ôï Doublespace ãéá ôï Linux;[0m

ÓÞìåñá êáíÝíá áðü ôá óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò ôïõ Linux äåí ìðïñåß íá
êÜíåé óõìðßåóç ìÝóá óôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò.

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ðïõ ïíïìÜæåôáé Zlibc êáé ôï ïðïßï åðéôñÝðåé óôéò
õðÜñ÷ïõóåò åöáñìïãÝò íá äéáâÜæïõí óõìðéåóìÝíá (GNU zipped) áñ÷åßá óáí
íá ìçí Þôáí óõìðéåóìÝíá. Áöïý ôï åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ìðïñåßôå íá óõìðéÝæåôå
áñ÷åßá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï gzip êáé ïé åöáñìïãÝò óáò èá åîáêïëïõèïýí íá
ôá âñßóêïõí ÷ùñßò íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá áëëÜîåôå ôá ðñïãñÜììáôÜ óáò.
ÊïéôÜîôå óôï sunsite.unc.edu óôïí öÜêåëï /pub/Linux/libs. Ï äçìéïõñãüò
ôïõ åßíáé ï < Alain.Knaff@imag.fr>.

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíáò ïäçãüò óõóêåõþí óõìðéÝóåùò åíïôÞôùí (compressing block
device driver) ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ðáñÝ÷åé Üìåóç óõìðßåóç ôïõ óêëçñïý äßóêïõ
ìÝóá óôïí ðõñÞíá áíåîáñôÞôùò óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò. ÏíïìÜæåôáé
`DouBle'. Ï ðçãáßïò êþäéêáò äéáôßèåôáé óôï sunsite.unc.edu óôïí öÜêåëï
/pub/Linux/kernel/patches/diskdrives. Ï äçìéïõñãüò ôïõ åßíáé ï Jean-
Marc Verbavatz <jmv@receptor.mgh.harvard.edu>. Óçìåéþóôå üôé, åöüóïí
ï ïäçãüò áõôüò óõìðéÝæåé ôïõò äåóìïýò ðëçñïöïñéþí (inodes -
ðëçñïöïñßåò äéá÷åßñéóçò) êáé ôïõò öáêÝëïõò üðùò åðßóçò êáé ôá
ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôùí áñ÷åßùí, ç åìöÜíéóç ïðïéáóäÞðïôå áëëïßùóçò åßíáé ðïëý
ðéèáíüí íá åßíáé óïâáñÞ.

ÕðÜñ÷åé åðßóçò Ýíá ëïãéóìéêü ðáêÝôï ãíùóôü ùò tcx (Transparently
Compressed Executables - Äéáöáíþò ÓõìðéåóìÝíá ÅêôåëÝóéìá Áñ÷åßá) ðïõ
óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá ôçñåßôå åêôåëÝóéìá áñ÷åßá ôá ïðïßá óðÜíéá ÷ñåéÜæåóôå
óå óõìðéåóìÝíç ìïñöÞ êáé íá ôá áðïóõìðéÝæåôå ðñïóùñéíÜ ìüíï üôáí ôá
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå. Èá ôï âñåßôå óôéò âÜóåéò äåäïìÝíùí ôýðïõ FTP ôïõ Linux
(Q2.5 `Ðïý ìðïñþ íá âñù õëéêü ãéá ôï Linux ìå FTP;'). Ó÷åôéêÝò
ðëçñïöïñßåò åß÷áí åðßóçò áíáêïéíùèåß óôï comp.os.linux.announce.
Óçìåßùóç - äåí åßíáé ôï ßäéï ðñÜãìá ìå ôï gzexe, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé
êáôþôåñçò ðïéüôçôáò åöáñìïãÞ ôçò áõôÞò éäÝáò.

[1m4.10. Ïé äéáéñÝóåéò ôïõ óêëçñïý ìïõ äßóêïõ ôýðïõ ext2fs åëÝã÷ïíôáé[0m
[1mêÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ åðáíåêêéíþ ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ìïõ[0m

ÂëÝðå Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.

[1m4.11. ìüíï áíáãíþóéìï! Ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åéïèÝôçóçò ôïõ äéá÷åéñéóôÞ[0m
[1mäéêôýïõ (root) åßíáé[0m

Öïñôþóôå ôï (mount) êáé ðÜëé. Áí ôï áñ÷åßï /etc/fstab åßíáé óùóôü
ìðïñåßôå áðëÜ íá ðëçêôñïëïãÞóåôå mount -n -o remount /. Áí ôï áñ÷åßï
/etc/fstab Ý÷åé ëÜèç ðñÝðåé íá äþóåôå ôï üíïìá ôçò óõóêåõÞò êáé
ðéèáíþò êáé ôïí ôýðï ôçò: ð.÷. mount -n -o remount -t ext2 /dev/hda2
/. Ãéá íá êáôáëÜâåôå ðþò öôÜóáôå óå áõôÞ ôçí êáôÜóôáóç äéáâÜóôå ôï
Q9.12 `EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem'.

[1m4.12. ¸÷ù Ýíá ôåñÜóôéï áñ÷åßï /proc/kcore! Ìðïñþ íá ôï äéáãñÜøù;[0m

ÊáíÝíá áðü ôá áñ÷åßá óôïí öÜêåëï /proc äåí åßíáé óôçí ðñáãìáôéêüôçôá
åêåß - åßíáé üëá `ðëáóôÜ' áñ÷åßá ðïõ äçìéïõñãïýíôáé áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá
(kernel) ãéá íá óáò äßíïõí ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï óýóôçìá åíþ äåí
êáôáëáìâÜíïõí ÷þñï óôï óêëçñü äßóêï.

Ôï áñ÷åßï /proc/kcore åßíáé óáí Ýíá `øåõäþíõìï' ôçò ìíÞìçò ôïõ
õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò. Ôï ìÝãåèüò ôïõ åßíáé ôï ßäéï ìå ôï óýíïëï ôçò RAM ðïõ
Ý÷åôå êáé, áí æçôÞóåôå íá ôï äéáâÜóåôå óáí áñ÷åßï, ï ðõñÞíáò äéáâÜæåé
ôç ìíÞìç.

[1m4.13. Ç AHA1542C ìïõ äåí ëåéôïõñãåß ìå ôï Linux.[0m

Ç åðéëïãÞ ðïõ åðéôñÝðåé ôç ÷ñÞóç óêëçñþí äßóêùí ìå ðåñéóóüôåñïõò áðü
1024 êõëßíäñïõò áðáéôåßôáé ìüíï ùò ôñüðïò áðïöõãÞò ìéáò ðáñáîåíéÜò ôïõ
DOS êáé èá Ýðñåðå íá áðåíåñãïðïéåßôáé üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï Linux.
Ãéá ðáëáéüôåñïõò ðõñÞíåò ôïõ Linux ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá áðåíåñãïðïéåßôå ôéò
ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ôéò åðéëïãÝò `advanced BIOS' (ðñïçãìÝíïõ BIOS) - üëåò
åêôüò áðü åêåßíç ðïõ áöïñÜ ôçí Ýñåõíá ôïõ áãùãïý (bus) ãéá óõóêåõÝò
áðü ôéò ïðïßåò ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé Ýíáñîç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.

[1m5. ÌåôáöïñÜ êáé ìåôáãëþôôéóç ðñïãñáììÜôùí[0m

Please see also the Linux GCC-FAQ, available in HTML format by FTP
from www.mrc-apu.cam.ac.uk in /pub/linux/GCC-FAQ.html.

[1m5.1. Ðþò ìðïñþ íá ìåôáöÝñù Ýíá ðñüãñáììá óôï linux áðï Üëëá[0m
[1mëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá;[0m

ÃåíéêÜ ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá óå Ýíá unix óýóôçìá ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ëßãåò áëëáãÝò
ãéá íá ìåôáöåñèïýí óå Ýíá Üëëï unix. ÁðëÜ áêïëïõèÞóôå ôéò ïäçãßåò
åãêáôÜóôáóçò. ÅÜí äåí îÝñåôå ðþò íá áðáíôÞóåôå óå ìåñéêÝò åñùôÞóåéò
êáôÜ ôçí äéáäéêáóßá ôçò åãêáôÜóôáóçò ìðïñåßôå íá ìáíôÝøåôå áðëÜ, áëëÜ
áõôÞ ç áíôéìåôþðéóç ìðïñåß íá ïäçãÞóåé óå ðñïãñÜììáôá ìå bugs. Óå
áõôÞí ôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôï êáëýôåñï ðïõ Ý÷åôå íá êÜíåôå åßíáé íá âÜëåôå
êÜðïéïí Üëëïí íá êÜíåé ôï porting ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò ãéá åóÜò.

ÅÜí Ý÷åôå ðñïãñÜììáôá áðï ôï bsd ðñÝðåé íá äïêéìÜóåôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå óôá êáôÜëëçëá óçìåßá ôùí ãñáììþí ôïõ compile ôéò
ðáñáìÝôñïõò: -I/usr/include/bsd êáé -lbsd

[1m5.2. Ôß åßíáé ôï ld.so êáé ðïý ìðïñþ íá ôï âñù;[0m

Ôï ld.so åßíáé ï dynamic libary loader. ÊÜèå äõáäéêü áñ÷åßï ðïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß shared libraries ðáëéüôåñá åß÷å ðåñßðïõ 3Ê êþäéêá óôçí
áñ÷Þ ôïõ, ðïõ ôï âïçèïýóå óôçí áíåýñåóç êáé ôï öüñôùìá ôùí shared
libraries. Ôþñá áõôüò ï êþäéêáò Ý÷åé ôïðïèåôçèåß óå ìéá åéäéêÞ shared
library, /lib/ld.so, üðïõ êáé üëá ôá äõáäéêÜ áñ÷åßá ìðïñïýí íá ôïí
âñïõí. ¸ôóé ôá binaries óðáôáëïýí ëéãüôåñï ÷þñï óôïí äßóêï êáé ìðïñïýí
íá áíáâáèìéóôïýí åõêïëüôåñá.
Ìðïñåß êáíåßò íá ôï êáôåâÜóåé áðï ôï tsx-11.mit.edu áðï ôï directory
/pub/linux/packages/GCC êáé óôá mirror site ôïõ. Ôç óôéãìÞ ðïõ
ãñÜöåôáé áõôü ôï faq ç ôåëåõôáßá version ôïõ ld.so åßíáé ç
ld.so.1.7.11.tar.gz. Åíþ ôï /lib/ld-linux.so.1 åßíáé ôï ßäéï ðñÜãìá
ãéá ôá ELF binaries êáé ðçãáßíåé ìå ôï ßäéï ðáêÝôï ìå ôïí a.out
loader.

[1m5.3. ¸÷åé êáíåßò ìåôáöÝñåé / êÜíåé compile / ãñÜøåé êÜðïéï XXX[0m
[1mðñüãñáììá ãéá ôï linux;[0m

Ðñþôá áð'üëá, êïéôÜîôå óôï Linux Software Map (LSM) -- åßíáé óôï
directory docs óôï sunsite.unc.edu, êáé óå Üëëá ftp sites. Ìéá ìç÷áíÞ
áíáæÞôçóçò åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç óôïí web server http://www.boutell.com/lsm.

ÅëÝãîôå ôá ftp sites (äåßôå ôï Q2.5 'Ðïý ìðïñþ íá âñù ðñïãñÜììáôá ãéá
ôï linux ìÝóù ftp ;') ðñþôá -- åëÝãîôå ôá find-ls Þ index áñ÷åßá ãéá
ôá êáôÜëëçëá strings. ÅëÝãîôå êáé ôï Linux Projects Map (LPM), óôï
ftp.ix.de óôï /pub/Linux/docs/Projects-Map.gz.

ÅÜí äåí âñåßôå ôßðïôá, ìðïñåßôå Þ íá êáôåâÜóåôå ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ
ðñïãñÜììáôïò êáé íá ôïí êÜíåôå compile ìüíïé óáò -- äåßôå ôï Q5.1 'Ðþò
ìðïñþ íá ìåôáöÝñù Ýíá ðñüãñáììá óôï Linux ;' -- Þ, åÜí åßíáé ìåãÜëï
ðáêÝôï ðïõ ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé áëëáãÝò óôïí êþäéêá, óôåßëôå Ýíá
ìÞíõìá óôï newsgroup : comp.os.linux.development.apps.

ÅÜí êÜíåôå compile Ýíá ìåãÜëï ðñüãñáììá ðáñáêáëþ áíåâÜóôå ôï óå Ýíá Þ
êáé ðåñéóóüôåñá ftp sites êáé óôåßëôå Ýíá mail óôï
comp.os.linux.announce (óôåßëôå ôï ìÞíõìá óôï linux-
announce@news.ornl.gov).

ÅÜí øÜ÷íåôå ãéá Ýíá åöáñìïãÞò-ôýðïõ ðñüãñáììá ôüôå ðïëëÝò ðéèáíüôçôåò
õðÜñ÷ïõí íá Ý÷åé ãñÜøåé êÜðïéïò ìéá äùñåÜí Ýêäïóç. ÄïêéìÜóôå íá
äéáâÜóåôå ôï FAQ óôï comp.sources.wanted ãéá ïäçãßåò óôï ðþò èá âñåßôå
êþäéêåò ðñïãñáììÜôùí.

Èá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá åëÝãîåôå ôï Projects-FAQ, ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôï
directory /pub/Linux/docs/faqs/Projects-FAQ óôï sunsite.unc.edu.

[1m5.4. Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù óå Ýíáí 386, êþäéêá Þ Ýíáí compiler ðïõ[0m
[1mÝ÷åé ãßíåé compile óå Ýíáí 486;[0m

ÃåíéêÜ íáß, åêôüò åÜí åßíáé ï kernel.

Ç åðéëïãÞ -m486 ôïõ GCC, ç ïðïßá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá äçìéïõñãçèïýí
äõáäéêÜ áñ÷åßá ãéá 486 õðïëïãéóôÝò ïäçãåß óôçí äçìéïõñãßá áñ÷åßùí ëßãï
ìåãáëýôåñùí ðïõ åêôåëïýíôáé ãñçãïñüôåñá óôá 486. ¼ìùò äïõëåýïõí
êáíïíéêÜ êáé óå Ýíá 386, ìå ìéá ìéêñÞ ðôþóç ôçò áðüäïóçò üðùò åßíáé
öõóéêü.

¼ìùò áðü ôçí Ýêäïóç 1.3.35 ï kernel ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß êþäéêá ôïõ 486 Þ êáé
ôïõ pentium åÜí åßíáé ñõèìéóìÝíïò ãéá Ýíáí 486 Þ Ýíá pentium
áíôßóôïé÷á, Ýôóé ãßíåôáé Ü÷ñçóôïò ãéá Ýíá 386.

Ôï GCC ìðïñåß íá ñõèìéóôåß ãéá Ýíáí 386 Þ 486. Ç ìüíç äéáöïñÜ åßíáé
üôé åÜí ñõèìéóôåß ãéá 386 ç áñ÷éêÞ åðéëïãÞ èá åßíáé ôï -m386 åíþ åÜí
Ý÷åé ñõèìéóôåß ãéá 486 èá åßíáé ôï -m486. Óå êÜèå ðåñßðôùóç áõôü
ìðïñåß íá îåðåñáóôåß ìå ôçí êáôÜëëçëç ðáñÜìåôñï óå êÜèå compile Þ åÜí
áëëá÷èåß êáôÜëëçëá ôï áñ÷åßï : /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i*-linux/n.n.n/specs.

ÕðÜñ÷åé ìßá alpha Ýêäïóç ôïõ GCC ç ïðïßá ãíùñßæåé ðþò èá åðéôá÷ýíåé ôï
binary ãéá ôïí pentium, áëëÜ åßíáé ëßãï áóôáèÞò, åéäéêÜ åÜí äçëùèïýí
ðáñÜìåôñïé ãéá õøçëÞ åðéôÜ÷õíóç. Ôï pentium GCC ìðïñåß íá âñåèåß óôï
tsx-11.mit.edu óôï directory /pub/linux/ALPHA/pentium-gcc. ÓõóôÞíù ôçí
÷ñÞóç ôïõ êáíïíéêïý 486 GCC óôç èÝóç ôïõ. Åßíáé ðñïôéìüôåñï íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ôï -m386 óôá pentium ãéáôß ðñïêýðôåé êþäéêáò ðïõ åßíáé
êáëýôåñïò, Þ ôï åëÜ÷éóôï ëßãï ìéêñüôåñïò.

[1m5.5. Ôé êÜíåé ôï gcc -O6;[0m

ÁõôÞ ôç óôéãìÞ åßíáé ôï ßäéï ìå ôï -Ï2 (GCC 2.5) Þ -Ï3 (GCC 2.6, 2.7)
Þ ìå êÜèå áñéèìü ìåãáëýôåñï áðü áõôïýò êÜíåé ôï ßäéï ðñÜãìá. Ôá
Makefiles ôùí êáéíïýñéùí kernel ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôï -Ï2, åóåßò ðñÝðåé íá
êÜíåôå ôï ßäéï.

[1m5.6. Ðïý åßíáé ôá linux/*.h êáé ôá asm/*.h;[0m

ÁõôÜ ôá áñ÷åßá åßíáé óôá directories /usr/include/linux êáé
/usr/include/asm.

Ôá directories áõôÜ ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé symbolic links óôïí êþäéêá ôïõ
kernel óôï /usr/src/linux êáé ü÷é áëçèéíÜ directories.

Áí äÝí Ý÷åôå ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ kernel êáôåâÜóôå ôïí -- äåßôå ôçí (Åñþôçóç
7.6 "Ðþò ìðïñþ íá áíáâáèìßóù / êÜíù compile îáíÜ ôïí kernel ìïõ ;").

×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí rm ãéá íá áðïìáêñýíåôå ðåñéôôÜ áñ÷åßá, êáé ln ãéá
íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôá links :

rm -rf /usr/include/linux /usr/include/asm
ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux /usr/include/linux
ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm /usr/include/asm

Óôéò ìÝñåò ìáò ôï /usr/src/linux/include/asm åßíáé Ýíá symbolic link
óå Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï asm-$ARCH directory - åÜí Ý÷åôå Ýíáí ðñüóöáôá
áðïóõìðéåóìÝíï êþäéêá ôïõ kernel ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
make symlinks. Èá âñåßôå åðßóçò üôé ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá êÜíåôå Ýíá
make config óå Ýíáí ôÝôïéï kernel, ãéá íá äçìéïõñãçèåß ôï <linux/auto-
conf.h>.

[1m5.7. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ëÜèç üôáí äïêéìÜæù íá êÜíù compile ôïí kernel.[0m

Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ôá /usr/include/linux êáé /usr/include/asm äÝí åßíáé
êáíïíéêÜ directories áëëÜ symbolic links óôá
/usr/src/linux/include/linux êáé /usr/src/linux/include/asm
áíôßóôïé÷á.

ÅÜí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé, óâÞóôå ôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí rm êáé ìåôÜ ôçí ln -s
ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôá links üðùò óôçí Åñþôçóç 5.6 'Ðïõ åßíáé ôá
áñ÷åßá linux/*.h êáé ôá asm/*.h;'.

Èõìçèåßôå üôé üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå Ýíá patch óôïí kernel ðñÝðåé íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí ðáñÜìåôñï -p0 Þ ôçí -p1. Áëëéþò ôï patch ìðïñåß íá
ôïðïèåôçèåß ëÜèïò. Äåßôå ôçí óåëßäá ôïõ man ãéá ôçí åíôïëÞ patch ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.

ÅÜí êÜíåôå patch ãéá Ýíáí kernel ðïéü ðñüóöáôï áðï ôïí 1.1.44 ðñÝðåé
íá âñåßôå üôé õðÜñ÷ïõí íÝá directories /usr/src/linux/include/asm-
i386. Ôï directory asm åêåß ðñÝðåé íá óâçóôåß. Ç åíôïëÞ make symlinks
èá äçìéïõñãÞóåé áõôÜ óáí symbolic links óôá asm-i36 êáé arch/i386/boot
áíôßóôïé÷á. Ï ðïéü åýêïëïò ôñüðïò ãéá íá åßóôå óßãïõñïé üôé Þ
äéáäéêáóßá Ý÷åé ãßíåé óùóôÜ åßíáé íá ìÞí ðÜôå óôïí kernel 1.1.45 ìå
patch áðï ôïí 1.1.44, áëëÜ íá êáôåâÜóåôå ôïí linux-1.1.45.tar.gz.

Ôï ìÞíõìá ld: unrecognised option `-qmagic' óçìáßíåé üôé ðñÝðåé íá
ðÜñåôå Ýíáí êáéíïýñéï linker, áðü ôï tsx-11.mit.edu óôï
/pub/linux/packages/GCC, óôï áñ÷åßï binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.

[1m5.8. Ðþò ìðïñþ íá äçìéïõñãÞóù ìßá shared library;[0m

Ãéá ôá ELF executables :

gcc -fPIC -c *.c
gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o

Ãéá ôá a.out, ðÜñôå ôï ðáêÝôï tools-n.nn.tar.gz áðü ôï tsx-11.mit.edu,
óôï /pub/linux/packages/GCC/src. ¸ñ÷åôáé ìáæß ìå ïäçãßåò ïé ïðïßåò èá
óáò ðïõí ôé íá êÜíåôå. ÐñïóÝîôå üôé ïé êïéíÝò âéâëéïèÞêåò ãéá a.out
åßíáé ìßá ìÜëëïí äýóêïëç õðüèåóç.

[1m5.9. Ôá åêôåëÝóéìÜ ìïõ åßíáé (ðïëý) ìåãÜëá.[0m

Ìå Ýíá ìåôáãëùôôéóôÞ ãéá ELF (see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?')
ç óõ÷íüôåñç áéôßá ìåãÜëùí åêôåëÝóéìùí åßíáé ç Ýëëåéøç åíüò êáôÜëëçëïõ
óõíäÝóìïõ óå .so library ãéá ìßá áðü ôéò âéâëéïèÞêåò ðïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå. ÐñÝðåé íá õðÜñ÷ïõí óýíäåóìïé üðùò ôï libc.so ãéá êÜèå
âéâëéïèÞêç üðùò ç libc.so.5.2.18. Ìå Ýíáí ìåôáãëùôôéóôÞ ãéá a.out
(see Q8.2 `What's all this about ELF ?') ç óõ÷íüôåñç áéôßá ìåãÜëùí
åêôåëÝóéìùí åßíáé ï ïñéóìüò ôïõ ìåôáãëùôôéóôÞ -g. Áõôü ðáñÜãåé (åêôüò
áðü ìçíýìáôá ëÜèïõò óôï áñ÷åßï åîüäïõ) Ýíá ðñüãñáììá óôáôéêÜ
óõíäåäåìÝíï, äçëáäÞ Ýíá ôï ïðïßï óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåé Ýíá áíôßãñáöï ôçò
âéâëéïèÞêåò ôçò C áíôß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá äõíáìéêÜ óõíäåäåìÝíï
áíôßãñáöï. ¶ëëá ðñÜãìáôá ôá ïðïßá áîßæåé ôïí êüðï íá åñåõíÞóåôå åßíáé
ôá -O êáé -O2 ôá ïðïßá åíåñãïðïéïýí ôçí âåëôéóôïðïßçóç (åëÝãîôå ôéò
ïäçãßåò ôïõ GCC ) êáé ôï -s (Þ ôçí åíôïëÞ strip ) ç ïðïßá âãÜæåé üëåò
ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò óõìâüëùí áðü ôï åêôåëÝóéìï (êÜíïíôáò ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ëáèþí
- debugging - åíôåëþò áäýíáôï). Ìðïñåß íá èÝëåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
ôï -N óå ðïëý ìéêñÜ åêôåëÝóéìá (ìéêñüôåñá áðü 8K ìå ôï -N), áëëÜ äåí
èá Ýðñåðå íá ôï êÜíåôå áõôü åêôüò åÜí êáôáëáâáßíåôå ôá èÝìáôá
áðüäïóçò, êáé ðïôÝ ìå daemons.

[1m5.10. Õðïóôçñßæåé ôï Linux íçìáôéêÝò (threads) Þ lightweight[0m
[1måðåîåñãáóßåò;[0m

¼ðùò ôï ðïëõåðåîåñãáóôéêü ìïíôÝëï ôïõ Unix óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåé âáñéÝò
åðåîåñãáóßåò, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé öõóéêÜ ìÝñïò ôïõ óôÜíôáñô ðõñÞíá ôïõ
Linux, õðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñåò õëïðïéÞóåéò åëáöñéþí åðåîåñãáóéþí Þ
íçìáôéêþí, ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò åê ôùí ïðïßùí åßíáé ãåíéêÜ ðáêÝôá ãéá Unix:

· Óôï sipb.mit.edu:/pub/pthread Þ
ftp.ibp.fr:/pub/unix/threads/pthreads. Ç ôåêìçñßùóç äåí
óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôï ðáêÝôï áëëÜ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç óôï World Wide
Web óôç äéåýèõíóç
http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/proven/home_page.html. Ïé íåþôåñåò
âéâëéïèÞêåò Linux libcs ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôïí êþäéêá pthreads source; ï GNU
Ada ìåôáãëùôôéóôÞò óôï sunsite.unc.edu óôïí êáôÜëïãï
/pub/Linux/devel/lang/ada/gnat-3.01-linux+elf.tar.gz ðåñéÝ÷åé
åêôåëÝóéìá ðïõ öôéÜ÷ôçêáí áðü áõôüí ôïí êþäéêá.

· Óôï ftp.cs.washington.edu:/pub/qt-001.tar.Z åßíáé ôï QuickThreads.
Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ìðïñïýí íá âñåèïýí óôçí ôå÷íéêÞ áíáöïñÜ,
äéáèÝóéìç óôï ßäéï site ùò /tr/1993/05/UW-CSE-93-05-06.PS.Z.

· Óôï gummo.doc.ic.ac.uk:/rex åßíáé ôï lwp, ìßá ðïëý ðåñéïñéóìÝíç
õëïðïßçóç.

· Óôï ftp.cs.fsu.edu:/pub/PART, ìßá õëïðïßçóç Ada. Áõôü åßíáé
÷ñÞóéìï, êõñßùò åðåéäÞ Ý÷åé ðïëëÜ PostScript Ýããñáöá ôá ïðïßá èá
âñåßôå ÷ñÞóéìá ãéá íá ìÜèåôå ðåñéóóüôåñá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôá íÞìáôá.
Áõôü äåí åßíáé Üìåóá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóéìï êÜôù áðü Linux.

Ðáñáêáëþ åðéêïéíùíÞóôå ìå ôïõò äçìéïõñãïýò ôùí ðáêÝôùí ãéá
ðëçñïöïñßåò.

Ç Ýêäïóç 1.3.35 ôïõ ðõñÞíá ðåñéÝ÷åé êÜðïéá õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá íÞìáôá ôïõ
ðõñÞíá, áëëÜ ï êþäéêáò äåí Ý÷åé åëåã÷èåß êáëÜ.

Ó.ô.Ì.: Ìå ôïí üñï íÞìáôá õðïèÝôù üôé ï óõããñáöÝò åííïåß íçìáôéêÞ
åðåîåñãáóßá. Ç ìåôÜöñáóç Ýãéíå ìå áõôü óáí âÜóç.

[1m5.11. Ðïõ ìðïñþ íá âñù ôï `lint' ãéá Linux[0m

Ðåñßðïõ ßäéá ëåéôïõñãéêüôçôá óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôï GNU C ìåôáãëùôôéóôÞ
(gcc) ï ïðïßïò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôá óõóôÞìáôá Linux. ×ñçóéìïðïéåßóôå
ôçí åðéëïãÞ -Wall ãéá íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ôéò
÷ñÞóéìåò Ýîôñá ðñïåéäïðïéÞóåéò. ÅëÝãîôå ôéò ïäçãßåò ÷ñÞóçò ãéá ôï GCC
ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò. (ðáôÞóôå control-h áêïëïõèïýìåíï áðü i
óôï Emacs êáé åðéëÝîôå ôçí êáôá÷þñéóç ãéá ôï GCC).

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá åëåýèåñá äéáèÝóéìï ðñüãñáììá ðïõ ëÝãåôáé `lclint' ðïõ
êÜíåé ðåñßðïõ ôá ßäéá ðñÜãìáôá üðùò ôï ðáñáäïóéáêü lint. Ç áíáêïßíùóç
êáé ï ðçãáßïò êþäéêáò åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óôï larch.lcs.mit.edu in
/pub/Larch/lclint óôï World Wide Web êïéôÜîôå óôï http://larch-
www.lcs.mit.edu:8001/larch/lclint.html.

[1m5.12. Ðïõ ìðïñþ íá âñù ôï `kermit' ãéá Linux[0m

Ôï áõóôçñü copyright ôïõ Kermit Ý÷åé áíáãêÜóåé ôïõò ðåñéóóüôåñïõò
äéáíïìåßò íá ôï áöáéñÝóïõí áðü ôéò ôõðéêÝò Linux äéáíïìÝò. Ï êþäéêáò
êáé ìåñéêÜ åêôåëÝóéìá åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óôï kermit.columbia.edu ùò

kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.i386.rpm # RedHat
kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.sparc.rpm
kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.alpha.rpm
kermit/archives/ckermit-6.0.192-7.src.rpm
kermit/archives/cku192.debian.tar # Debian
kermit/archives/cku192.slackware-i386.tgz # Slackware

ÅêôåëÝóéìá ãéá Üëëá Linux åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óôá

kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0-alpha
kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.27-sparc
kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.0.28-mklinux-mach3.0-ppc
kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-1.2.13-i386-elf
kermit/bin/ckuker.linux-2.1.13-i386-elf

Tá áñ÷åßá /kermit/bin/READ.ME êáé /kermit/archive/READ.ME Ý÷ïõí
ðåñáéôÝñù ðëçñïöïñßåò.

[1m6. Ëýóåéò óå äéÜöïñá êïéíÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá.[0m

[1m6.1. Ôï free äßíåé óöÜëìáôá ëåéôïõñãéêïý (core).[0m

Óôï Linux 1.3.57 êáé ìåôÝðåéôá ç ìïñöÞ ôïõ /proc/meminfo Ý÷åé áëëÜîåé
êáôÜ Ýíáí ôñüðï ðïõ ç õëïðïßçóç ôïõ free äåí êáôáëáâáßíåé.

ÐÜñôå ôçí ôåëåõôáßá Ýêäïóç, áðü ôï sunsite.unc.edu óôï
/pub/Linux/system/Status/ps/procps-0.99.tgz.

[1m6.2. Ôï ñïëüé ìïõ åßíáé ðïëý ëÜèïò.[0m

ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äýï ñïëüãéá óôï computer óáò. Ôï ìç÷áíéêü (CMOS) ñïëüé
äïõëåýåé ðÜíôá, áêüìá êáé üôáí ôï computer åßíáé óâçóôü, êáé
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé üôáí ôï óýóôçìá îåêéíÜåé, êáé áðü ôï DOS (áí ôï
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå). Ç óõíÞèçò þñá óõóôÞìáôïò, ðïõ öáßíåôáé êáé ñõèìßæåôáé
áðü ôçí åíôïëÞ date, äéáôçñåßôáé áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá üóï ôï Linux ôñÝ÷åé.

Ìðïñåßôå íá äåßôå ôçí þñá ôïõ ñïëïãéïý ôïõ CMOS, Þ íá èÝóåôå êÜðïéï
ñïëüé áðü ôï Üëëï, ìå ôï ðñüãñáììá /sbin/clock äåßôå ôï man 8 clock.

ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéÜöïñá Üëëá ðñïãñÜììáôá ôá ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá äéïñèþóïõí Ýíá
Þ êáé ôá äýï ñïëüãéá ãéá óõóôçìáôéêÞ ðïñåßá Þ ìåôáöïñÜ ôçò þñáò ìÝóá
óôï óýóôçìá.ÌåñéêÜ áðü áõôÜ ìðïñåß íá åßíáé Þäç åãêáôåóôçìÝíá óôï
óýóôçìÜ óáò. ØÜîôå ãéá ôá adjtimex (äéïñèþíåé ðïñåßá), netdate êáé
getdate (áðëÜ ðáßñíåé ôçí þñá áðü ôï äßêôõï) Þ xntp (áêñéâÞò ðëÞñçò
ëåéôïõñãéþí daemon ãéá þñá äéêôýïõ).

[1m6.3. Ôá setuid scripts äåí öáßíïíôáé íá äïõëåýïõí.[0m

ÓùóôÜ. ÁõôÞ ç äõíáôüôçôá Ý÷åé åðßôçäåò áðåíåñãïðïéçèåß óôïí ðõñÞíá ôïõ
Linux åðåéäÞ ôá setuid scripts åßíáé ó÷åäüí ðÜíôá ìßá ôñýðá áóöáëåßáò.
Áí èÝëåôå íá ìÜèåôå ãéáôß, äéáâÜóôå ôï FAQ ãéá ôï comp.unix.questions.

[1m6.4. Ç åëåýèåñç ìíÞìç üðùò ôçí áíáöÝñåé ôï free óõíå÷þò ìåéþíåôáé.[0m

Ôï íïýìåñï `free' ðïõ äßíåôáé áðü ôçí åíôïëÞ free äåí óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåé
ôç ìíÞìç ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ùò disk buffer cache - ç ïðïßá öáßíåôáé
óôç óôÞëç `buffers'. Áí èÝëåôå íá îÝñåôå ðüóç ìíÞìç åßíáé ðñÜãìáôé
åëåýèåñç, ðñïóèÝóôå ôï ðïóü ôïõ `buffers' óå áõôü ôïõ `free' -
íåþôåñåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ free äåß÷íïõí ìßá áêüìá ãñáììÞ ìå áõôÞ ôçí
ðëçñïöïñßá.

Ôï disk buffer cache ôåßíåé íá áõîÜíåôáé áìÝóùò ìåôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ
Linux, êáèþò öïñôþíåôå ðåñéóóüôåñá ðñïãñÜììáôá êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
ðåñéóóüôåñá áñ÷åßá, êáé ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ìðáßíïõí óôçí cache. Áõôü
óôáèåñïðïéåßôáé ìåôÜ áðü Ýíá äéÜóôçìá.

[1m6.5. ¼ôáí ðñïóèÝôù ìíÞìç, áñãïðïñåß, Ýùò êáé óÝñíåôáé.[0m

Áõôü åßíáé Ýíá êïéíü óýìðôùìá áðïôõ÷ßáò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ëáíèÜíïõóá
ãéá ôçí ðáñáðÜíù ìíÞìç. Ôï áêñéâÝò ðñüâëçìá åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôç ìçôñéêÞ
ðëáêÝôá (motherboard) ðïõ Ý÷åôå.

ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ðñÝðåé íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôï caching óõãêåêñéìÝíùí
ôìçìÜôùí óôï BIOS setup. Äåßôå óôï CMOS setup êáé åëÝãîôå áí õðÜñ÷åé
åðéëïãÞ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ëáíèÜíïõóá ãéá ôç íÝá ìíÞìç ç ïðïßá åßíáé
áðåíåñãïðïéçìÝíç (Ó.ô.Ì. ç åðéëïãÞ). Áõôü åßíáé ðéï óõíçèéóìÝíï óå
486.

ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ç ìíÞìç ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé óå óõãêåêñéìÝíåò èýñåò ãéá íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ëáíèÜíïõóá.

ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ðñÝðåé íá ñõèìßóåôå âñá÷õêõêëùôÞñåò (jumpers) ãéá íá
åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôç ÷ñÞóç ëáíèÜíïõóáò.

ÌåñéêÝò ìçôñéêÝò ðëáêÝôåò äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ëáíèÜíïõóá ãéá üëç ôçí RAM
áí Ý÷åôå ðåñéóóüôåñç RAM áíÜ ëáíèÜíïõóá áðü üôé ðåñéìÝíïõí. ÓõíÞèùò
ìßá ëáíèÜíïõóá ôçò ôÜîçò ôùí 256K èá ëýóåé áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá.

Áí Ý÷åôå áìöéâïëßá, åëÝãîôå ôï âéâëßï ïäçãéþí ÷ñÞóçò ôçò ìçôñéêÞò
ðëáêÝôáò. Áí áêüìá äåí ìðïñåßôå íá ôï öôéÜîåôå åðåéäÞ ç ôåêìçñßùóç
åßíáé áíåðáñêÞò, ßóùò ðñÝðåé íá óôåßëåôå Ýíá ìÞíõìá óôï
comp.os.linux.hardware äßíïíôáò *üëåò* ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò - ìÜñêá,
áñéèìüò ìïíôÝëïõ êùäéêüò çìåñïìçíßáò êëð. Ýôóé þóôå Üëëïé ÷ñÞóôåò
Linux íá ìðïñïýí íá ôçí áðïöýãïõí.

[1m6.6. ÏñéóìÝíá ðñïãñÜììáôá (ð.÷. xdm) äåí ìå áöÞíïõí íá êÜíù login.[0m

ÌÜëëïí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå non-shadow-password ðñïãñÜììáôá, áëëÜ
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå shadow passwords.

Áí åßíáé Ýôóé, ðñÝðåé íá ðÜñåôå Þ íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåôå ìßá shadow-
password Ýêäïóç ôùí åí ëüãù ðñïãñáììÜôùí. Ôï ðáêÝôï shadow password
âñßóêåôáé óôï (ìåôáîý Üëëùí):
tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/shadow-* Áõôü åßíáé ï
êþäéêáò. ÌÜëëïí èá âñåßôå åêôåëÝóéìá óôï .../linux/binaries/usr.bin.

[1m6.7. ÏñéóìÝíá ðñïãñÜììáôá ìå áöÞíïõí íá êÜíù log in ÷ùñßò password.[0m

ÌÜëëïí Ý÷åôå ôï ßäéï ðñüâëçìá üðùò óôï '' ÏñéóìÝíá ðñïãñÜììáôá (ð.÷.
xdm) äåí ìå áöÞíïõí íá êÜíù login.'', óå ìßá áêüìá ðôõ÷Þ:

Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå shadow passords ðñÝðåé íá âÜëåôå Ýíá ãñÜììá x Þ Ýíáí
áóôåñßóêï óôï ðåäßï ôïõ password ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ /etc/passwd ãéá êÜèå
ëïãáñéáóìü, Ýôóé þóôå áí Ýíá ðñüãñáììá äåí ãíùñßæåé ãéá ôá shadow
passwords íá ìçí áöÞíåé ôïí êáèÝíá íá êÜíåé login íïìßæïíôáò üôé åßíáé
Ýíáò ëïãáñéáóìüò ÷ùñßò password.

[1m6.8. Ôï ìç÷ÜíçìÜ ìïõ ðÜåé ðïëý áñãÜ üôáí ôñÝ÷ù ôï GCC / ôá X / ...[0m

ÌÜëëïí äåí Ý÷åôå ÷þñï áíôáëëáãÞò äåäïìÝíùí (swap) åíåñãïðïéçìÝíï.
ÐñÝðåé íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôçí áíôáëëáãÞ äåäïìÝíùí ãéá íá åðéôñÝøåôå óôï
Linux íá ôïðïèåôÞóåé êïììÜôéá äåäïìÝíùí - ðñïãñáììÜôùí ðïõ äåí
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß áõôÞ ôç óôéãìÞ óôï äßóêï, ãéá íá Ý÷åé ðéï ðïëý ÷þñï ãéá
Üëëá ðñïãñÜììáôá êáé äåäïìÝíá. Áí äåí ôï êÜíåôå, ôï Linux ðñÝðåé íá
êñáôÜåé ôá äåäïìÝíá óôç ìíÞìç êáé íá Ý÷åé ïëüêëçñá áíôßãñáöá ôùí
ðñïãñáììÜôùí óôç ìíÞìç (ôá ïðïßá ôïðïèåôïýíôáé åêåß áð' åõèåßáò áðü ôï
óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí) êáé Ýôóé üëï êáé ðåñéóóüôåñá ðñïãñÜììáôá âñßóêïíôáé
óôç ìíÞìç êáé ôá ðÜíôá ðÜíå ðéï áñãÜ.

Äåßôå ôï Installation HOWTO êáé ôï Installation and Getting Started
Guide ( Áðü ðïõ ìðïñþ íá ðÜñù ôá HOWTO êáé ëïéðÞ ôåêìçñßùóç; ) ãéá
ðëçñïöïñßåò óôï ðùò èá óôÞóåôå ìßá êáôÜôìçóç áíôáëëáãÞò äåäïìÝíùí
(swap partition) Þ Ýíá áñ÷åßï áíôáëëáãÞò äåäïìÝíùí (swapfile) äåßôå
åðßóçò ôï `` Ç ðåñéï÷Þ ìïõ áíôáëëáãÞò äåäïìÝíùí äåí ëåéôïõñãåß.''.
Åðßóçò, ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åôå ðïëý ëßãç ðñáãìáôéêÞ ìíÞìç. Áí Ý÷åôå ëéãüôåñç
RAM áð' üôé üëá ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ ôñÝ÷åôå ôáõôü÷ñïíá, ôï Linux èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï óêëçñü äßóêï áíô' áõôÞò êáé èá åßíáé ôñïìåñü. Ç ëýóç
óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç åßíáé íá ìçí ôñÝ÷åôå ôüóá ðñïãñÜììáôá ôáõôü÷ñïíá
Þ íá áãïñÜóåôå ðåñéóóüôåñç ìíÞìç. Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá áðïêôÞóåôå ëßãç
ðáñáðÜíù ìíÞìç ìåôáãëùôôßæïíôáò êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò Ýíáí ðõñÞíá ìå
ëéãüôåñåò åðéëïãÝò åíåñãïðïéçìÝíåò. Äåßôå ôï `` Ðùò
áíáâáèìßæù/áíáìåôáãëùôôßæù ôïí ðõñÞíá ìïõ;''.

Ìðïñåßôå íá îÝñåôå ðüóç ìíÞìç êáé / Þ ÷þñï áíôáëëáãÞò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå,
ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ free Þ ðëçêôñïëïãþíôáò

cat /proc/meminfo

Áí ï ðõñÞíáò óáò Ý÷åé äçìéïõñãçèåß ìå åðéëïãÞ ãéá äßóêï ìíÞìçò
(ramdisk) áõôü ìÜëëïí åßíáé ÷áìÝíïò ÷þñïò êáé èá ðñïêáëåß ìßá
êáèõóôÝñçóç. ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï LILO Þ ôï rdev ãéá íá åíçìåñþóåôå ôïí
ðõñÞíá íá ìçí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé äßóêï ìíÞìçò (äåßôå ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç ôïõ
LILO Þ ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå man rdev).

[1m6.9. Ìðïñþ íá êÜíù login ìüíï ùò root.[0m

ÌÜëëïí Ý÷åôå êÜðïéá ðñïâëÞìáôá Ýãêñéóçò ðñüóâáóçò Þ Ý÷åôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï
/etc/nologin.

Áí åßíáé ôï ôåëåõôáßï, ôïðïèåôÞóôå ôç ãñáììÞ rm -f /etc/nologin óôï
/etc/rc.local Þ ôï /etc/rc.d/* áñ÷åßï.

Áëëéþò, åëÝãîôå ôéò åãêñßóåéò óôï êÝëõöüò óáò, êáé ôá ïíüìáôá ôùí
áñ÷åßùí ðïõ åìöáíßæïíôáé óôá ìçíýìáôá ëÜèïõò, êáé åðßóçò ôïõò
õðïêáôáëüãïõò ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí áõôÜ ôá áñ÷åßá, ìÝ÷ñé ôçí êïñõöÞ, ìÝ÷ñé
êáé ôï root êáôÜëïãï.

[1m6.10. Ç ïèüíç ìïõ åßíáé ãåìÜôç ðáñÜîåíïõò ÷áñáêôÞñåò áíôß ãéá[0m
[1mãñÜììáôá.[0m

ÌÜëëïí óôåßëáôå êÜðïéá äõáäéêÜ äåäïìÝíá óôçí ïèüíç êáôÜ ëÜèïò.
ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå echo '\033c' ãéá íá ôï äéïñèþóåôå. ÐïëëÝò äéáíïìÝò
Linux Ý÷ïõí ìßá åíôïëÞ reset ðïõ êÜíåé áõôü ôï ðñÜãìá.

[1m6.11. ¸÷ù êÜíåé ÷Üëéá ôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ êáé äåí ìðïñþ íá êÜíù login ãéá[0m
[1míá ôï öôéÜîù.[0m

ÅêêéíÞóôå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ áðü ìßá äéóêÝôá áíÜãêçò (Þ áðü æåýãïò
äéóêåôþí, ð.÷. Slackware boot- êáé root- äéóêÝôåò) (óôïí õðïêáôÜëïãï
install ôùí Slackware mirrors) Þ ôï MCC boot floppy åãêáôÜóôáóçò.
ÕðÜñ÷ïõí åðßóçò äýï êÜíå-ôï-ìüíïò-óïõ ðáêÝôá äçìéïõñãßáò äéóêåôþí
áíÜãêçò óôï sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Recovery. ÁõôÜ åßíáé
êáëýôåñá êáèþò Ý÷ïõí ôïí äéêü óáò ðõñÞíá, êáé Ýôóé äåí äéáêéíäõíåýåôå
íá "ìçí Ý÷åôå" óõóêåõÝò, óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí ê.ï.ê.

Óôï êÝëõöïò, êÜíôå mount ôï äßóêï óáò ìå êÜôé óáí

> mount -t ext2 /dev/hda1 /mnt

Ôüôå ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí óáò åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï êÜôù áðü ôïí êáôÜëïãï /mnt
êáé ìðïñåßôå íá äéïñèþóåôå ôï ðñüâëçìá. Èõìçèåßôå íá êÜíåôå unmount
ôï äßóêï óáò ðñßí åðáíåêêéíÞóåôå (áëëÜîôå êáôÜëïãï óôï / ðñþôá, áëëéþò
èá ëÝåé üôé åßíáé áðáó÷ïëçìÝíï).

[1m6.12. ÁíáêÜëõøá Ýíá ôåñÜóôéï êåíü áóöáëåßáò (ôñýðá) óôçí rm![0m

¼÷é, äåí áíáêáëýøáôå. Åßóôå ðñïöáíþò íÝïò óôï Unix êáé ðñÝðåé íá
äéáâÜóåôå Ýíá êáëü âéâëßï ãéá íá ìÜèåôå ðùò ëåéôïõñãïýí ïñéóìÝíá
ðñÜãìáôá. Óôïé÷åßï: ç äõíáôüôçôá íá óâÞóåôå áñ÷åßá êÜôù áðü ôï Unix
åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôï áí Ý÷åôå ôçí Ýãêñéóç íá ãñÜøåôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï óôïí
ïðïßï áõôÜ âñßóêïíôáé.

[1m6.13. Ôï lpr(1) Þ ôï lpd(8) äåí äïõëåýïõí.[0m

ÅëÝãîôå ôï Printing-HOWTO

[1m6.14. Ç þñá óå áñ÷åßá óå êáôáôìÞóåéò msdos äåí åßíáé óùóôÞ.[0m

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá óöÜëìá (bug) óôï ðñüãñáììá clock(8) (ôï ïðïßï óõ÷íÜ
âñßóêåôáé óôï /sbin) -- ìåôñÜåé ëÜèïò ôï ðåñéèþñéï, ìðåñäåýïíôáò ôá
äåõôåñüëåðôá ìå ôá ëåðôÜ. ÐÜñôå ìéá íåþôåñç Ýêäïóç ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò
áõôïý.

[1m6.15. Ðùò ìðïñþ íá êÜíù ôï LILO íá äéáâÜóåé ôï vmlinux áñ÷åßï;[0m

Óå ðõñÞíåò Ýêäïóçò 1.1.80 êáé ìåôáãåíÝóôåñïõò, ôï óõìðéåóìÝíï
áíôßãñáöï ôïõ ðõñÞíá, ôï ïðïßï ôï LILO øÜ÷íåé íá âñåé, Ý÷åé ìåôáöåñèåß
óôï arch/i386/boot/zImage. Ôï vmlinux áñ÷åßï óôïí root êáôÜëïãï åßíáé
ï áóõìðßåóôïò ðõñÞíáò, êáé äåí èá Ýðñåðå íá äïêéìÜóåôå íá îåêéíÞóåôå
ìå áõôü.

ÁõôÞ ç áëëáãÞ Ý÷åé ãßíåé ãéá íá åßíáé åõêïëüôåñï íá öôéÜîåôå åêäüóåéò
ãéá äéÜöïñïõò åðåîåñãáóôÝò, êÜôù áð' ôïí ßäéï ðçãáßï êþäéêá.

[1m7. Ðùò êÜíù áõôü Þ ìáèáßíù ðùò...[0m

[1m7.1. Ðùò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù êýëéóç ðñïò ôá ðßóù óå ìç ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí;[0m

Ìå ôçí åî' ïñéóìïý ÁìåñéêáíéêÞ (US) äéÜôáîç ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ ìðïñåßôå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï Shift ìå ôá PageUp êáé PageDown ðëÞêôñá. (Óçì: ÁõôÜ
ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé ôá ãêñé, ü÷é áõôÜ ôïõ áñéèìçôéêïý ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ). Ìå
Üëëåò äéáôÜîåéò ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ, åëÝãîôå ôéò áíôéóôïé÷ßåò óôï
/usr/lib/keytables ìðïñåßôå íá åðáíáðñïóäéïñßóåôå ôá ðëÞêôñá "êýëéóç
åðÜíù" êáé "êýëéóç êÜôù" íá åßíáé üðïéá èÝëåôå, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, þóôå
íá ôá åðáíáðñïóäéïñßóåôå óå ðëÞêôñá ôá ïðïßá õðÜñ÷ïõí óå Ýíá
ðëçêôñïëüãéï ÁÔ 84 ðëÞêôñùí. * Äåí ìðïñåßôå íá áõîÞóåôå ôï ðüóï
êåßìåíï èá êñáôåßôáé ãéá ôçí êýëéóç åî áéôßáò ôïõ ôñüðïõ õëïðïßçóçò,
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí ìíÞìç ïèüíçò ãéá íá áðïèçêåõèåß ðåñáóìÝíï êåßìåíï,
ùóôüóï ßóùò íá ìðïñåßôå íá Ý÷åôå ðåñéóóüôåñç áðïèÞêåõóç óå êÜèå
åéêïíéêü ôåñìáôéêü ìåéþíïíôáò ôïí ïëéêü áñéèìü ôùí åéêïíéêþí
ôåñìáôéêþí, äåßôå ôï <linux/tty.h>.

[1m7.2. Ðùò åíáëëÜóóù åéêïíéêÜ ôåñìáôéêÜ ; Ðùò ôá åíåñãïðïéþ;[0m

Óå ìç ãñáöéêü ðåñéâÜëëïí, ðéÝóôå Áñéóôåñü Alt-F1 Ýùò Alt-F12 ãéá íá
åðéëÝîåôå ôá åéêïíéêÜ ôåñìáôéêÜ (Å.Ô.) tty1 Ýùò tty12, Äåîß Alt-F1
äßíåé ôï tty13 êáé ïýôù êáè' åîÞò. Ãéá ôçí åíáëëáãÞ óôá X windows
ðñÝðåé íá ðéÝóåôå Ctrl-Alt-F1 ê.ï.ê. Alt-F5 Þ ï,ôéäÞðïôå Üëëï èá óáò
ãõñßóåé ðßóù. Áí èÝëåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå Ýíá Å.Ô. ãéá êáíïíéêÞ
ðñüóâáóç ðñÝðåé íá ôï óõìðåñéëÜâåôå óôï /etc/inittab, ôï ïðïßï åëÝã÷åé
ðïéá ôåñìáôéêÜ êáé Å.Ô. Ý÷ïõí äõíáôüôçôá ðñüóâáóçò. Óçì: Ôá X
÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí Ýíá Å.Ô. ãéá íá îåêéíÞóïõí. ÐõñÞíåò (kernels)
ðñéí ôïí 1.1.59 Ý÷ïõí Ýíá åíóùìáôùìÝíï üñéï óôïí áñéèìü ôùí Å.Ô., ôï
ïðïßï åî' ïñéóìïý åßíáé 8. Äåßôå ôï NR_CONSOLES óôï
linux/include/linux/tty.h. Íåþôåñïé ðõñÞíåò ôïõò åíåñãïðïéïýí
äõíáìéêÜ, Ýùò 63 ðïõ åßíáé êáé ï ìÝãéóôïò áñéèìüò.

[1m7.3. Ðùò ïñßæù ôçí æþíç þñáò;[0m

Ðçãáßíåôå óôïí êáôÜëïãï (directory) /usr/lib/zoneinfo áí äåí Ý÷åôå
áõôüí ôïí êáôÜëïãï èá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå ôï timezone. Ï êþäéêáò âñßóêåôáé óôï
sunsite.unc.edu óôï /pub/Linux/system/Admin/timesrc-1.2.tar.gz. ÊÜíôå
ìßá óõìâïëéêÞ óýíäåóç (symbolic link) ìå üíïìá localtime óå Ýíá áðü ôá
áñ÷åßá óå áõôüí ôïí êáôÜëïãï (Þ õðïêáôÜëïãï), êáé Üëëç ìßá ìå üíïìá
posixrules óôï áñ÷åßï localtime. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá:

ln -sf US/Mountain localtime
ln -sf localtime posixrules

ÁõôÞ ç áëëáãÞ èá åíåñãïðïéçèåß Üìåóá - äïêéìÜóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ date. Ìçí
äïêéìÜóåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí ìåôáâëçôÞ TZ - áöÞóôå ôçí êåíÞ
(unset) ÐñÝðåé åðßóçò íá óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ôï ñïëüé ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ
Linux åßíáé ïñéóìÝíï óôçí óùóôÞ þñá GMT - ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå date -u êáé
âåâáéùèåßôå üôé åìöáíßæåôáé ç óùóôÞ þñá.

[1m7.4. Ôé Ýêäïóç (version) ôïõ Linux êáé ôé üíïìá ìç÷áíÞìáôïò[0m
[1m÷ñçóéìïðïéþ;[0m

ÐëçêôñïëïãÞóôå:

uname -a

[1m7.5. Ðùò ìðïñþ íá åíåñãïðïéÞóù Þ íá áðåíåñãïðïéÞóù ôá ìçíýìáôá[0m
[1móöÜëìáôïò ôïõ ëåéôïõñãéêïý; (core dumps)[0m

Ôï Linux ôþñá Ý÷åé åî' ïñéóìïý áðåíåñãïðïéçìÝíá ôá corefiles ãéá üëåò
ôéò åñãáóßåò (processes). Ìðïñåßôå íá ôá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå Þ íá ôá
áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ ulimit óôï bash, ôçí limit
óôï tcsh, Þ ôçí rlimit óôï ksh. Äåßôå ôéò óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò ãéá ôï
êÝëõöïò (shell) ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò. Ç åíôïëÞ åðçñåÜæåé ìüíï
üëá ôá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ åêôåëïýíôáé áðü áõôü ôï êÝëõöïò (Üìåóá Þ
Ýììåóá), ü÷é üëï ôï óýóôçìá. Áí èÝëåôå íá åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå Þ íá
áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôï coredumping ãéá üëåò ôéò åñãáóßåò åî' ïñéóìïý,
ìðïñåßôå íá áëëÜîåôå ôçí ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç ñýèìéóç (default setting) óôï
<linux/sched.h> - äåßôå ôïí ïñéóìü ôïõ INIT_TASK, êáé åðßóçò äåßôå óôï
<linux/resource.h>. Ï ðõñÞíáò 1.2.13 èá ðáñÜãåé a.out core dumps
[Å8.2 `Ôé åßíáé áõôÜ ãéá ôï ELF ;'].

[1m7.6. Ðùò áíáâáèìßæù /áíáìåôáãëùôôßæù ôïí ðõñÞíá;[0m

Äåßôå ôï Kernel HOWTO Þ ôï áñ÷åßï README ôï ïðïßï áíáöÝñåôáé óôçí
Ýêäïóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá óôï ftp.cs.helsinki.fi, in
/pub/Software/Linux/Kernel êáé óôá and mirrors [Å2.5 `Where can I get
Linux material by FTP ?']. Ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åôå Þäç ìßá Ýêäïóç ôïõ êþäéêá
ôïõ ðõñÞíá åãêáôåóôçìÝíç óôï óýóôçìÜ óáò, áëëÜ áí ôïí ðÞñáôå ùò ìÝñïò
ìßáò äéáíïìÞò (standard distribution) åßíáé ðéèáíü íá åßíáé ëßãï
áðáñ÷áéùìÝíïò. (Áõôü äåí åßíáé ðñüâëçìá áí èÝëåôå ìüíï Ýíá ðõñÞíá
ñõèìéóìÝíï ãéá ôéò áíÜãêåò óáò (custom-configured), áëëÜ ßóùò íá åßíáé
áí èÝëåôå íá ôïí áíáâáèìßóåôå.) Èõìçèåßôå üôé ãéá íá áíáãêÜóåôå ôïí
íÝï ðõñÞíá íá îåêéíÞóåé ðñÝðåé íá ôñÝîåôå ôï LILO ìåôÜ ðïõ èá
áíôéãñÜøåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá óôï root partition -- ôï Makefile óå ðñüóöáôïõò
ðõñÞíåò Ý÷åé Ýíá åéäéêü zlilo óôü÷ï (target) ãé' áõôü ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå
make zlilo. Åêäüóåéò ðõñÞíá ìå ìïíÞ õðïÝêäïóç (minor version) (ð.÷.,
1.1.x, 1.3.x) åßíáé ïé äïêéìáóôéêÝò åêäüóåéò ïé óôáèåñïß ðõñÞíåò
ðáñáãùãÞò Ý÷ïõí æõãÞ õðïÝêäïóç (1.0.x, 1.2.x). Áí èÝëåôå íá äïêéìÜóåôå
ôïõò äïêéìáóôéêïýò ðõñÞíåò, èá ðñÝðåé ìÜëëïí íá åããñáöåßôå óôçí linux-
kernel ëßóôá (mailing list) [Å2.8 `What mailing lists are there ?'].
Ï Russel Nelson óôÝëíåé ðåñéëÞøåéò áðü ôï ôé áëëáãÝò óå ðñüóöáôïõò
ðõñÞíåò Ý÷ïõí ãßíåé óôï comp.os.linux.development, êáé áõôÝò åßíáé
óõãêåíôñùìÝíåò óôï ftp.emlist.com in /pub/kchanges.

[1m7.7. Ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ðÜíù áðü 3 óåéñéáêÝò èýñåò, ìå äéáìïéñáæüìåíåò[0m
[1máéôÞóåéò äéáêïðþí;[0m

Íáé, áëëÜ ìÜëëïí äåí èá ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôáõôï÷ñüíùò äýï
óõíçèéóìÝíåò èýñåò ïé ïðïßåò ìïéñÜæïíôáé ìßá áßôçóç äéáêïðÞò (÷ùñßò
êÜðïéá êüëðá). Áõôüò åßíáé Ýíáò ðåñéïñéóìüò ôçò áñ÷éôåêôïíéêÞò
äéáýëïõ ISA. Äåßôå ôï Serial HOWTO ãéá ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ðéèáíÝò
ëýóåéò êáé ôñüðïõò ðáñÜêáìøçò ôïõ ðñïâëÞìáôïò áõôïý.

[1m7.8. Ðùò äçìéïõñãþ ìßá äéóêÝôá åêêßíçóçò;[0m

ÖôéÜîôå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí (filesystem) óå áõôÞ ìå ôïõò êáôáëüãïõò
bin, etc, lib êáé dev -- üëá üóá ÷ñåéÜæåóôå. ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå Ýíá ðõñÞíá
óå áõôÞí êáé êáíïíßóôå íá âÜëåôå ôï LILO íá ôïí îåêéíÞóåé áðü ôç
äéóêÝôá. (äåßôå ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç (dosumentation) ôïõ LILO, óôï
lilo.u.*.ps). Áí öôéÜîåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá (Þ ðåßôå óôï LILO íá ðåé óôïí
ðõñÞíá) íá Ý÷åé Ýíá äßóêï óôç ìíÞìç (ramdisk) ôïõ ßäéïõ ìåãÝèïõò üðùò
ç äéóêÝôá, ï äßóêïò ìíÞìçò èá öïñôùèåß êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç êáé èá
÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß (mounted ??) ** ùò root áíôß ãéá ôç äéóêÝôá. Äåßôå ôï
Bootdisk HOWTO.

[1m7.9. Ðùò åðáíáðñïóäéïñßæù ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéü ìïõ óå Áããëéêü, Ãáëëéêü[0m
[1mêëð.;[0m

Ãéá ðñüóöáôïõò ðõñÞíåò, ðÜñôå ôï
/pub/Linux/system/Keyboards/kbd-0.90.tar.gz áðü ôï sunsite.unc.edu.
Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ðÞñáôå ôçí óùóôÞ Ýêäïóç ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
ôçí óùóôÞ äéÜôáîç ðëçêôñïëïãßïõ ðïõ íá ôáéñéÜæåé ìå ôïí ðõñÞíá óáò. Ç
Ýêäïóç 0.90 ðñÝðåé íá äïõëåýåé ìå ðõñÞíåò áðü 1.0 êáé ðÜíù. Ãéá
ðáëáéüôåñïõò ðõñÞíåò ðñÝðåé íá åðåîåñãáóôåßôå ôï ðÜíù-ðÜíù Makefile
ãéá ôïí ðõñÞíá (top-level kernel Makefile), óôï /usr/src/linux.
Ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò óôï Keystroke HOWTO, óôï
sunsite.unc.edu ôï /pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/Keystroke-HOWTO.

[1m7.10. Ðùò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ôï ëáìðÜêé NUM LOCK íá åßíáé áíáììÝíï åî'[0m
[1mïñéóìïý ;[0m

×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ðñüãñáììá setleds, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá (óôï /etc/rc.local
Þ Ýíá áð' ôá /etc/rc.d/* áñ÷åßá):

for t in 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
do
setleds +num < /dev/tty$t > /dev/null
done

Ôï setleds åßíáé ìÝñïò ôïõ kbd (äåßôå Å7.9 `Ðùò åðáíáðñïóäéïñßæù
(remap) ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéü ìïõ óå Áããëéêü, Ãáëëéêü êëð ;'). ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ,
ôñïðïðïéÞóôå (patch) ôïí ðõñÞíá. ÐñÝðåé íá ïñßóåôå ôï KBD_DEFLEDS íá
ïñßæåôáé óå (1 << VC_NUMLOCK) üôáí ìåôáãëùôôßæåôå ôï drivers/char/key-
board.c.

[1m7.11. Ðùò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ðÜíù áðü 128Mb ðñïóùñéíïý ÷þñïõ åíáëëáãÞò[0m
[1m(swap);[0m

×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ðïëëÝò swap partitions ùò áñ÷åßá åíáëëáãÞò (swapfiles)
- Ôï Linux õðïóôçñßæåé ìÝ÷ñé 16 ðåñéï÷Ýò åíáëëáãÞò, ç êÜèå ìßá ìÝ÷ñé
128Mb. Ðïëý ðáëéïß ðõñÞíåò õðïóôÞñéæáí ìüíï ðåñéï÷Ýò *** áíôáëëáãÞò
ìÝ÷ñé 16Mb.

[1m8. ÄéÜöïñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò êáé áðáíôÞóåéò[0m

[1m8.1. Ðùò ðñïãñáììáôßæù ôï XYZ óôï Linux[0m

ÄéáâÜóôå ôá âéâëßá ïäçãéþí ÷ñÞóçò (manuals), ç Ýíá êáëü âéâëßï ãéá ôï
Unix. Ïé óåëßäåò âïçèåßáò (manpages) (ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå man man) åßíáé
óõíÞèùò ìéá êáëÞ ðçãÞ áíáöïñÜò ðëçñïöïñéþí ãéá ôïí áêñéâÞ ôñüðï ÷ñÞóçò
ìéáò óõãêåêñéìÝíçò åíôïëÞò Þ ìßáò óõíÜñôçóçò ÕðÜñ÷åé åðßóçò êáé ðïëëÞ
åíçìåñùôéêÞ âéâëéïãñáößá GNU ç ïðïßá åßíáé óõ÷íÜ ðéï ÷ñÞóéìç ùò
åêðáßäåõóç-åîÜóêçóç (tutorial). ÔñÝîôå ôïí Emacs êáé ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå C-
h i, Þ ðëçêôñïëïãÞóôå info info áí äåí Ý÷åôå Þ äåí óáò áñÝóåé ï Emacs.
Óçìåéþóôå üôé ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò ôïõ Emacs ãéá ôïí libc (Emacs libc node)
äåí ðåñéãñÜöïõí áêñéâþò ôçí libc ôïõ Linux (ç ïðïßá åßíáé ðåñéóóüôåñï
óáí ìßá libc ðáñáäïóéáêïý Unix , ÷ùñßò íá Ý÷åé êÜðïéåò áðü ôéò
éäéáéôåñüôçôåò ôïõ GNU), áëëÜ åßíáé áñêåôÜ êáëÞ ãéá ìßá åêðáßäåõóç óôï
ðñïãñáììáôéóìü ôçò C ãéá Unix. Ç ôåëåõôáßá Ýêäïóç ôùí óåëßäùí
âïçèåßáò (manpages) ãéá ôï Linux êáé ìßá óõëëïãÞ ÷ñÞóéìçò
âéâëéïãñáößáò GNU êáé äéÜöïñåò Üëëåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÝò ìå ôïí
ðñïãñáììáôéóìü óå Linux ìðïñïýí íá âñåèïýí óôï sunsite.unc.edu óôï
/pub/Linux/docs/man-pages.

[1m8.2. Ôé åßíáé áõôÜ ãéá ôï ELF;[0m

Äåßôå ôï ELF HOWTO áðü ôïí Daniel Barlow - óçìåßùóç, áõôü äåí åßíáé ôï
áñ÷åßï áëëÜîôå óå elf, ôï ïðïßï åßíáé Ýíá âÞìá ðñïò âÞìá ìÜèçìá ãéá ôï
ðùò íá áíáâáèìßóåôå óå ELF ìüíïé óáò. Ôï Linux áëëÜæåé óå äéáöïñåôéêÞ
ìïñöÞ ãéá ôá åêôåëÝóéìá, ôá áíôéêåßìåíá êáé ôéò âéâëéïèÞêåò
áíôéêåéìÝíùí, ãíùóôÞ ùò `ELF' (ç ðáëéÜ ìïñöÞ ëÝãåôáé `a.out'). ÁõôÞ ç
ìïñöÞ èá Ý÷åé ðïëëÜ ðëåïíåêôÞìáôá, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíçò êáëýôåñçò
õðïóôÞñéîçò ãéá äéáìïéñáæüìåíåò âéâëéïèÞêåò (shared libraries) êáé
äõíáìéêÞ óýíäåóç (dynamic linking). Êáé ïé äýï ìïñöÝò äõáäéêþí, ç
a.out êáé ç ELF ìðïñïýí íá óõíõðÜñ÷ïõí óå Ýíá óýóôçìá. Ùóôüóï,
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí äéáöïñåôéêÝò äéáìïéñáæüìåíåò âéâëéïèÞêåò C, ðïõ èá
ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé êáé ïé äýï åãêáôåóôçìÝíåò. Áí èÝëåôå íá ìÜèåôå áí ôïí
óýóôçìÜ óáò ìðïñåß íá åêôåëÝóåé äõáäéêÜ áñ÷åßá ELF, êïéôÜîôå óôï /lib
ãéá Ýíá áñ÷åßï ìå üíïìá libc.so.5. Áí áõôü õðÜñ÷åé, ðéèáíüôáôá ìðïñåß.
Áí èÝëåôå íá ìÜèåôå áí ç åãêáôÜóôáóÞ óáò åßíáé ELF ìðïñåßôå íá
äéáëÝîåôå Ýíá áíôéðñïóùðåõôéêü ðñüãñáììá, óáí ôï ls, êáé íá ôñÝîôå ôï
file óå áõôü:

-chiark:~> file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: Linux/i386 impure executable (OMAGIC) - stripped

valour:~> file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped

ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá äéïñèùôéêü (patch) ãéá íá êÜíåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá 1.2.x íá
ìåôáãëùôôßæåé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôïõò ìåôáãëùôôéóôÝò (compilers) ELF êáé
íá ðáñÜãåé ELF coredumps, óôï tsx-11.mit.edu óôï /pub/packages/GCC.
Äåí ÷ñåéÜæåóôå áõôü ôï äéïñèùôéêü ãéá íá ôñÝ÷åôå ELF åêôåëÝóéìá. Ï
ðõñÞíáò 1.3.x êáé ìåôáãåíÝóôåñïé äåí ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé êáèüëïõ äéïñèùôéêü.

[1m8.3. Ôé åßíáé Ýíá áñ÷åßï .gz ; Êáé Ýíá .tgz ; Êáé ... ;[0m

Ôá .gz (êáé .z) áñ÷åßá Ý÷ïõí óõìðéåóôåß ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï GNU gzip.
ÐñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå óôï gunzip (ôï ïðïßï åßíáé Ýíáò óõìâïëéêüò
óýíäåóìïò óôçí åíôïëÞ gzip ðïõ óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé ìå ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò
åãêáôáóôÜóåéò Linux ) ãéá íá áðïóõìðéÝóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï. Ôá .taz êáé .tz
åßíáé áñ÷åßá êáóÝôáò (ðïõ öôéÜ÷ôçêáí ìå ôï Unix tar) óõìðéåóìÝíá
÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ ôïõ Unix compress. Ôá .tgz (Þ .tpz) åßíáé
áñ÷åßá êáóÝôáò óõìðéåóìÝíá ìå ôï gzip. Ôï .lsm åßíáé Ýíá óôïé÷åßï
×Üñôç Ëïãéóìéêïý Linux (Linux Software Map entry), óå ìïñöÞ åíüò
óõíôüìïõ áñ÷åßïõ êåéìÝíïõ. Ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôá LSM êáé ï ßäéïò ï ÷Üñôçò
åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óôïí õðïêáôÜëïãï docs óôï sunsite.unc.edu. Ôï .deb
åßíáé Ýíá äõáäéêü ðáêÝôï Debian - ç ìïñöÞ äõáäéêþí ðáêÝôùí ðïõ
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôç äéáíïìÞ Debian GNU/Linux. ×ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ìå ôï
dpkg êáé ôï dpkg-deb (äéáèÝóéìá óôá óõóôÞìáôá Debian êáé áðü ôï
ftp.debian.org). Ôï .rpm åßíáé Ýíá ðáêÝôï Red Hat, ôï ïðïßï
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôéò äéáíïìÝò Red Hat. ÁõôÜ âñßóêïíôáé óôï
ftp.redhat.com. Ç åíôïëÞ file ìðïñåß óõ÷íÜ íá óáò ðåé ôé åßíáé Ýíá
áñ÷åßï Áí âëÝðåôå üôé ôï gzip ðáñáðïíéÝôáé üôáí ðñïóðáèåßôå íá
áðïóõìðéÝóåôå Ýíá gzipped áñ÷åßï, ìÜëëïí ôï êáôåâÜóáôå (downloaded) óå
ìïñöÞ ASCII êáôÜ ëÜèïò. ÐñÝðåé íá êáôåâÜæåôå ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá áñ÷åßá óå
äõáäéêÞ ìïñöÞ (binary) - íá èõìÜóôå íá ðëçêôñïëïãåßôå ôçí åíôïëÞ
binary óôï FTP ðñéí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï get ãéá íá êáôåâÜóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï.

[1m8.4. Ôé óçìáßíïõí ôá áñ÷éêÜ VFS;[0m

Åéêïíéêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí (Virtual File System). Åßíáé ôï áöáéñåôéêü
åðßðåäï áíÜìåóá óôï ÷ñÞóôç êáé ôï ðñáãìáôéêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí üðùò ôá
ext2, minix êáé msdos. Ìåôáîý Üëëùí ç äïõëåéÜ ôïõ åßíáé íá áäåéÜæåé
ôçí ðñïóùñéíÞ åíäéÜìåóç ìíÞìç (buffer) áíÜãíùóçò üôáí áíôéëáìâÜíåôáé
áëëáãÞ äßóêïõ óå Ýíá ïäçãü åýêáìðôçò äéóêÝôáò:

VFS: Disk change detected on device 2/0

[1m8.5. Ôé åßíáé ôï BogoMip;[0m

Ôï `BogoMips' åßíáé ìßá ðáñÜöñáóç ôïõ `Bogus MIPS'. MIPS óçìáßíåé
(áíÜëïãá ìå ôïí ðïéüí áêïýôå) Åêáôïììýñéá Åíôïëþí áíÜ Äåõôåñüëåðôï
-Millions of Instructions per Second-, Þ Áíïýóéá ¸íäåéîç Ôá÷ýôçôáò ôïõ
ÅðåîåñãáóôÞ -Meaningless Indication of Processor Speed-. Ï áñéèìüò
ðïõ åìöáíßæåôáé êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç åßíáé ôï áðïôÝëåóìá ìßáò
âáèìïíüìéóçò óõã÷ñïíéóìïý ôïõ ðõñÞíá, ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá ðïëý
óýíôïìïõò âñüã÷ïõò êáèõóôÝñçóçò áðü ïñéóìÝíïõò ïäçãïýò óõóêåõþí.
×ïíôñéêÜ ôï BogoMips èá åßíáé ðåñßðïõ:

386SX clock * 0.14
386DX clock * 0.18
486Cyrix/IBM clock * 0.33
486SX/DX/DX2 clock * 0.50
586 clock * 0.39

Áí ï áñéèìüò ðïõ âëÝðåôå åßíáé ðïëý ÷áìçëüôåñïò áðü áõôüí, ßóùò Ý÷åôå
ðéÝóåé ôï êïõìðß Turbo Þ Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé ôçí ôá÷ýôçôá ôçò CPU ëÜèïò, Þ
Ý÷åôå êÜðïéï ðñüâëçìá ëáíèÜíïõóáò ìíÞìçò [üðùò ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôï Q6.5
`When I add more memory it slows to a crawl.'.]

Ãéá ôéìÝò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí äåé Üíèñùðïé ìå Üëëïõò, óðáíéüôåñïõò åðåîåñãáóôÝò
äåßôå ôï BogoMips Mini-HOWTO, óôï sunsite.unc.edu óôï
/pub/Linux/docs/howto/mini/BogoMips.

[1m8.6. Ôé åßíáé ôï Linux Journal êáé ðïõ ìðïñþ íá ôï âñù[0m

Ôï Linux Journal åßíáé Ýíá ìçíéáßï ðåñéïäéêü (Ýíôõðï) ðïõ äéáôßèåôáé
óôá ðåñßðôåñá (!) (newsstands) êáé ìÝóù óõíäñïìþí óå üëï ôïí êüóìï.
Óôåßëôå Ýíá e-mail óôï linux@ssc.com ãéá ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.

[1m8.7. Ðüóïé Üíèñùðïé ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí Linux[0m

Ôï Linux äéáôßèåôáé äùñåÜí êáé êáíåßò äåí åßíáé õðï÷ñåùìÝíïò íá
êáôáãñÜøåé ôá áíôßãñáöá ðïõ êáôÝ÷åé óå êÜðïéá êåíôñéêÞ õðçñåóßá, Ýôóé
åßíáé äýóêïëï íá îÝñïõìå. ÐïëëÝò åðé÷åéñÞóåéò åðéâéþíïõí áðïêëåéóôéêÜ
áðü ðþëçóç êáé õðïóôÞñéîç Linux, êáé ðïëý ëßãïé ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõò Linux
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí áõôÝò ôéò åðé÷åéñÞóåéò, êáô' áíáëïãßá. Ôá newsgroups
ãéá ôï Linux åßíáé áðü ôá ðéï ðïëõäéáâáóìÝíá óôï äßêôõï, Ýôóé ï
áñéèìüò åßíáé ìÜëëïí óôéò åêáôïíôÜäåò ÷éëéÜäùí, áëëÜ óùóôÜ óôïé÷åßá
åßíáé äýóêïëï íá âñåèïýí. Ùóôüóï, Ýíáò ãåííáßïò ôýðïò, ï Harald T.
Alvestrand Harald.T.Alvestrand@uninett.no, áðïöÜóéóå íá ðñïóðáèÞóåé,
êáé æçôÜåé íá ôïõ óôåßëåôå Ýíá ìÞíõìá óôï linux-counter@uninett.no áí
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå Linux, ìå Ýíá áðü ôá áêüëïõèá èÝìáôá: `I use Linux at
home' (÷ñçóéìïðïéþ ôï Linux óôï óðßôé), `I use Linux at work'
(÷ñçóéìïðïéþ ôï Linux óôç äïõëåéÜ), Þ `I use Linux at home and at
work' (÷ñçóéìïðïéþ ôï Linux óôï óðßôé êáé óôç äïõëåéÜ). Åðßóçò
äÝ÷åôáé êáôá÷ùñÞóåéò áðü Üëëïõò - ñùôÞóôå ôïí ãéá ðëçñïöïñßåò. ask him
for details. ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ ìðïñåßôå íá êáôá÷ùñçèåßôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
ôéò öüñìåò WWW óôï http://domen.uninett.no/ hta/linux/counter.html.
ÓôÝëíåé ôéò ìåôñÞóåéò ôïõ óôï comp.os.linux.misc êÜèå ìÞíá,
åíáëëáêôéêÜ êïéôÜîôå óôï aun.uninett.no óôï /pub/misc/linux-counter Þ
óôçí ðñïáíáöåñèåßóá web óåëßäá.

[1m8.8. Ðùò èá Ýðñåðå íá ðñïöÝñù ôï Linux[0m

Áõôü óßãïõñá åßíáé Ýíá èÝìá "èñçóêåõôéêïý ðïëÝìïõ"! Áí èÝëåôå íá
áêïýóåôå ôïí Linus íá ëÝåé ðùò ôï ðñïöÝñåé êáôåâÜóôå ôï english.au Þ
ôï swedish.au áðü ftp.funet.fi (óôï
/pub/OS/Linux/PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds). Áí Ý÷åôå êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Þ ôïí
ïäçãü ãéá ôï ìåãáöùíÜêé ôïõ PC ìðïñåßôå íá ôïõò áêïýóåôå
ðëçêôñïëïãþíôáò:

cat english.au >/dev/audio

Ç äéáöïñÜ äåí åßíáé óôçí ðñïöïñÜ ôïõ Linux áëëÜ óôçí ãëþóóá óôçí ïðïßá
ï Linus ëÝåé hello. Ç áããëéêÞ Ýêäïóç Ý÷åé äéáêùìùäçèåß ðïëý êáëÜ áðü
ôïí Jin Choi ùò "Hi, my name is Leenoos Torvahlds and I pronounce
Leenooks as Leenooks." Ãéá åóÜò ðïõ äåí Ý÷åôå ôá áðáñáßôçôá ãéá íá ôï
áêïýóåôå: Ï Linus ðñïöÝñåé ôï Linux ó÷åäüí óáí Leenus, üðïõ ôï ee
åßíáé üðùò óôï feet áëëÜ ìÜëëïí âñá÷ýôåñï êáé ôï u åßíáé ìßá ðïëý
âñá÷ýôåñç Ýêäïóç ôïõ eu óôï peur (áí ôï ðñïöÝñåôå üðùò ôï u óôï put
ìÜëëïí ðåñíÜåé). 1/4ôáí ï Ian Jackson ìéëÜåé áããëéêÜ ôï ðñïöÝñåé Lie-
nucks (u üðùò óôï bucket) -- áõôÞ åßíáé ìßá áããëïðïéçìÝíç ðñïöïñÜ ðïõ
âáóßæåôáé óôçí áíáëïãßá ìå ôï üíïìá ôïõ Linus, ôï ïðïßï óôá áããëéêÜ
ðñïöÝñåôáé ùò Lie-nus (u üðùò óôï put). Åßíáé öõóéêÜ ðáñáäåêôü êáé
óõíçèéóìÝíï íá ìåôáôñÝðåôáé ç ðñïöïñÜ êÜðïéáò ëÝîçò üôáí áëëÜæåé
ãëþóóåò. Ï Ian Jackson íïìßæåé üôé ç ðñïöïñÜ Linnucks (âñá÷ý i üðùò
óôï pit, âñá÷ý u üðùò óôï bucket) åßíáé ëÜèïò óôá áããëéêÜ, êáèþò äåí
åßíáé ç ðñùôüôõðç óïõçäéêÞ ðñïöïñÜ, äåí åßíáé ìßá ëïãéêÞ
áããëéêïðïßçóçò áõôÞò êáé äåí óôçñßæåôáé óôçí áããëïðïéçìÝíç ìïñöÞ ôïõ
ïíüìáôïò ôïõ Linus.

[1m9. Frequently encountered error messages.[0m

[1m9.1. Unknown terminal type linux and similar.[0m

In an early 1.3.x kernel the default console terminal type has changed
from console to linux. You must edit /etc/termcap to change the line
reading:

console|con80x25:\

linux|console|con80x25:\

(there may be an additional dumb in there -- if so it should be
removed.)

In order to get the editor to work you may need say TERM=console (for
bash and ksh) or setenv TERM console (csh, tcsh) first.

Some programs use /usr/lib/terminfo instead of /etc/termcap. For
these programs you should upgrade your terminfo, which is part of
ncurses.

[1m9.2. During linking I get Undefined symbol _mcount[0m

This is usually due to a bad interaction between a brokenness in SLS
and the C library release notes. Your libc.a has been replaced by the
profiling library. You should remove libc.a, libg.a and libc_p.a and
once again install the new libraries (following the release notes, of
course).

[1m9.3. lp1 on fire[0m

This is a joke/traditional error message indicating that some sort of
error is being reported by your printer, but that the error status
isn't a valid one. It may be that you have some kind of I/O or IRQ
conflict - check your cards' settings. Some people report that they
get this message when their printer is switched off. Hopefully it
isn't really on fire ...

In newer kernels this message reads lp1 reported invalid error status
(on fire, eh?).

[1m9.4. INET: Warning: old style ioctl(IP_SET_DEV) called![0m

You are trying to use the old network configuration utilities; the new
ones can be found on ftp.linux.org.uk in
/pub/linux/Networking/PROGRAMS/NetTools (source only, I'm afraid).

Note that they cannot be used just like the old-style programs; see
the NET-2 HOWTO for instructions on how to set up networking
correctly.

[1m9.5. ld: unrecognized option '-m486'[0m

You have an old version of ld. Install a newer binutils package --
this will contain an updated ld. Look on tsx-11.mit.edu in
/pub/linux/packages/GCC for binutils-2.6.0.2.bin.tar.gz.

[1m9.6. GCC says Internal compiler error.[0m

If the fault is repeatable (ie, it always happens at the same place in
the same file -- even after rebooting and trying again, using a stable
kernel) you have discovered a bug in GCC. See the GCC Info
documentation (type Control-h i in Emacs, and select GCC from the
menu) for details on how to report this -- make sure you have the
latest version though.

Note that this is probably not a Linux-specific problem; unless you
were compiling a program many other Linux users also compile you
should not post your bug report to any of the comp.os.linux groups.

If the problem is not repeatable you are very probably experiencing
memory corruption -- see Q9.7 `make says Error 139'.

[1m9.7. make says Error 139[0m

Your compiler driver (gcc) dumped core. You probably have a
corrupted, buggy or old version of GCC -- get the latest release.
Alternatively you may be running out of swap space -- see Q6.8 `My
machine runs very slowly when I run GCC / X / ...' for more info.

If this doesn't fix the problem you are probably having problems with
memory or disk corruption. Check that the clock rate, wait states and
refresh timing for your SIMMs and cache are correct (hardware manuals
are sometimes wrong, too). If so you may have some dodgy SIMMs or a
faulty motherboard or hard disk or controller.

Linux, like any Unix, is a very good memory tester -- much better than
DOS-based memory test programs.

Reportedly some clone x87 maths coprocessors can cause problems; try
compiling a kernel with maths emulation [Q7.6 `How do I
upgrade/recompile my kernel ?']; you may need to use the no387 kernel
command line flag on the LILO prompt to force the kernel to use it, or
it may be able to work and still use the 387, with the maths emulation
compiled in but mainly unused.

Much more information about this problem is available on the WWW at
http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~wolff/sig11
<http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~wolff/sig11>

[1m9.8. shell-init: permission denied when I log in.[0m

Your root directory and all the directories up to your home directory
must be readable and executable by everybody. See the manpage for
chmod or a book on Unix for how to fix the problem.

[1m9.9. No utmp entry. You must exec ... when I log in.[0m

Your /var/run/utmp is screwed up. You should have

> /var/run/utmp

in your /etc/rc.local or /etc/rc.d/*. See Q6.11 `I have screwed up my
system and can't log in to fix it.' for how to be able to do this.
Note that utmp may also be found in /var/adm/utmp or /etc/utmp on some
older systems.

[1m9.10. Warning -- bdflush not running.[0m

Modern kernels use a better strategy for writing cached disk blocks.
In addition to the kernel changes, this involves replacing the old
update program which used to write everything every 30 seconds with a
more subtle daemon (actually a pair), known as bdflush.

Get bdflush-n.n.tar.gz from the same place as the kernel source code
(Q7.6 `How do I upgrade/recompile my kernel ?') and compile and
install it; it should be started before the usual boot-time filesystem
checks. It will work fine with older kernels as well, so there's no
need to keep the old update around.

[1m9.11. Warning: obsolete routing request made.[0m

This is nothing to worry about; it just means that the version of
route you have is a little out of date compared to the kernel. You
can make the message go away by getting a new version of route from
the same place as the kernel source code (Q7.6 `How do I
upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').

[1m9.12. EXT2-fs: warning: mounting unchecked filesystem.[0m

You need to run e2fsck (or fsck -t ext2 if you have the fsck front-end
program) with the -a option to get it to clear the `dirty' flag, and
then cleanly unmount the partition during each shutdown.

The easiest way to do this is to get the latest fsck, umount and
shutdown commands, available in Rik Faith's util-linux package (Q2.5
`Where can I get Linux material by FTP?'). You have to make sure that
your /etc/rc* scripts use them correctly.

NB: don't try to check a filesystem that's mounted read-write -- this
includes the root partition if you don't see

VFS: mounted root ... read-only

at boot time. You must arrange to mount the root filesystem readonly
to start with, check it if necessary, and then remount it read-write.
Read the documentation that comes with util-linux to find out how to
do this.

Note that you need to specify the -n option to mount to get it not to
try to update /etc/mtab, since the root filesystem is still read-only
and this will otherwise cause it to fail!

[1m9.13. EXT2-fs warning: maximal count reached.[0m

This message is issued by the kernel when it mounts a filesystem
that's marked as clean, but whose `number of mounts since check'
counter has reached the predefined value. The solution is to get the
latest version of the ext2fs utilities (e2fsprogs-0.5b.tar.gz at the
time of writing) from the usual sites (Q2.5 `Where can I get Linux
material by FTP ?').

The maximal number of mounts value can be examined and changed using
the tune2fs program from this package.

[1m9.14. EXT2-fs warning: checktime reached.[0m

Kernels from 1.0 onwards support checking a filesystem based on the
elapsed time since the last check as well as by the number of mounts.
Get the latest version of the ext2fs utilities (see Q9.13 `EXT2-fs
warning: maximal count reached').

[1m9.15. df says Cannot read table of mounted filesystems.[0m

There is probably something wrong with your /etc/mtab or /etc/fstab
files. If you have a reasonably new version of mount, /etc/mtab
should be emptied or deleted at boot time (in /etc/rc.local or
/etc/rc.d/*), using something like

rm -f /etc/mtab*

Some versions of SLS have an entry for the root partition in /etc/mtab
made in /etc/rc* by using rdev. This is incorrect -- the newer
versions of mount do this automatically.

Other versions of SLS have a line in /etc/fstab that looks like:

/dev/sdb1 /root ext2 defaults

This is wrong. /root should read simply /.

[1m9.16. fdisk says Partition X has different physical/logical ...[0m

If the partition number (X, above) is 1 this is the same problem as
Q9.17 `fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary'.

If the partition begins or ends on a cylinder numbered beyond 1024
this is because standard DOS disk geometry information format in the
partition table can't cope with cylinder numbers with more than 10
bits. You should see Q4.1 `How can I get Linux to work with my large
disk ?'.

[1m9.17. fdisk: Partition 1 does not start on cylinder boundary[0m

The version of fdisk that comes with many Linux systems creates
partitions that fail its own validity checking. Unfortunately if
you've already installed your system there's not much you can do about
this, apart from copying the data off the partition, deleting and
remaking it, and copying the data back.

You can avoid the problem by getting the latest version of fdisk, from
Rik Faith's util-linux package (available on all good FTP sites).
Alternatively, if you are creating a new partition 1 that starts in
the first cylinder, you can do the following to get a partition that
fdisk likes.

1. Create partition 1 in the normal way. A p listing will produce the
mismatch complaint.

2. Type u to set sector mode and do p again. Copy down the number
from the "End" column.

3. Delete partition 1.

4. While still in sector mode recreate partition 1. Set the first
sector to match the number of sectors per track. This is the sector
number in the first line of the p output. Set the last sector to the
value noted in 2. above.

5. Type u to reset cylinder mode and continue with other partitions.

Ignore the message about unallocated sectors - they refer to the
sectors on the first track apart from the Master Boot Record, which
are not used if you start the first partition in track 2.

[1m9.18. fdisk says partition n has an odd number of sectors.[0m

The PC disk partitioning scheme works in 512-byte sectors, but Linux
uses 1K blocks. If you have a partition with an odd number of sectors
the last sector is wasted. Ignore the message.
[1m9.19. mtools says cannot initialise drive XYZ[0m

This means that mtools is having trouble accessing the drive. This
can be due to several things.

Often this is due to the permissions on floppy drive devices
(/dev/fd0* and /dev/fd1*) being incorrect -- the user running mtools
must have the appropriate access. See the manpage for chmod for
details.

Most versions of mtools distributed with Linux systems (not the
standard GNU version) use the contents of a file /etc/mtools to
discover which devices and densities to use, in place of having this
information compiled into the binary. Mistakes in this file often
cause problems. There is often no documentation about this --
distribution packagers please note that this is *evil*.

For the easiest way to access your DOS files (especially those on a
hard disk partition) see Q3.2 `How do I access files on my DOS
partition or floppy ?'. Note -- you should never use mtools to access
files on an msdosfs mounted partition or disk !

[1m9.20. At the start of booting: Memory tight[0m

This means that you have an extra large kernel that means that Linux
has to do some special memory-management magic to be able to boot
itself from the BIOS. It isn't related to the amount of physical
memory in your machine. Ignore the message, or compile a kernel
containing only the drivers and features you need (Q7.6 `How do I
upgrade/recompile my kernel ?').

[1m9.21. You don't exist. Go away.[0m

This is not a viral infection :-). It comes from various programs
such as write, talk and wall, if your invoking uid doesn't correspond
to a valid user (probably due to /etc/passwd being corrupted), or if
the session (pseudoterminal, specifically) you're using isn't properly
registered in the utmp file (probably because you invoked it in a
funny way).

[1m10. X Windows[0m

[1m10.1. Õðïóôçñßæåé ôï Linux X Windows?[0m

Íáé.Ôï Linux ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôá ×Free86 (ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá Ýêäïóç åßíáé 3.3.1 ç
ïðïßá åßíáé âáóéóìÝíç óôá X11R6). ÐñÝðåé íá Ý÷åéò ìßá êÜñôá ïèüíçò
ðïõ íá õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôá ×Free86. Äåò ôï Linux XFree86 HOWTO ãéá
ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.

Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ Linux óÞìåñá óõíïäåýïíôáé ìå åãêáôÜóôáóç
ôùí ×.

Ùóôüóï, ìðïñåßò íá ôá åãêáôáóôÞóåéò Þ íá ôá áíáâáèìßóåéò ìüíïò óïõ,
áðü ôï /pub/Linux/X11/Xfree86-* óôï sunsite.unc.edu êáé óôá mirror
sites.ÄéÜâáóå ôï XFree86 HOWTO ãéá ïäçãßåò åãêáôÜóôáóçò.

[1m10.2. Ðþò ìðïñþ íá âñù Ýíá XF86Config áñ÷åßï ãéá ôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ;[0m

Äåò ôï Linux XFree86 HOWTO.

Èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá äéáìïñöþóåéò ôï äéêü óïõ ×F86Config áñ÷åßï,ãéáôß
åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôïí áêñéâÞ óõíäõáóìü ôçò êÜñôáò ïèüíçò êáé ôçò ïèüíçò
ðïõ Ý÷åéò. Äåí åßíáé ôüóï äýóêïëï íá ôï êÜíåéò -- äéÜâáóå ôéò ïäçãßåò
ðïõ åßíáé ìáæß ìå ôá ×Free, óôï /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/etc. To áñ÷åßï ðïõ
ìÜëëïí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá êïéôÜîåéò åßíáé ôï README.Config.

Ãéá ãñÞãïñï ñýèìéóìá ìðïñåßò íá ôñÝîåéò ôï ðñüãñáììá xf86config.
Ðñüóå÷å üôé ôï ConfigXF86 åßíáé îåðåñáóìÝíïo êáé äåí åßíáé êáëü íá ôï
÷ñçóéìïðïéåßò.

Ðáñáêáëþ ìçí óôÝëíåôå åñùôÞóåéò óôç ëßóôá comp.os.linux.x ó÷åôéêÜ ìå
áñ÷åßá XF86Config, êáé ìçí áðáíôÜôå óå ôÝôïéåò åñùôÞóåéò.

[1m10.3. xterm logins show up strangely in who, finger.[0m

Ôï xterm ðïõ Ýñ÷åôáé ìáæß ìå ôá ×Free86 2.1 êáé ìåôÝðåéôá åêäüóåéò äåí
êáôáëáâáßíåé óùóôÜ ôç äïìÞ ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï Linux ãéá ôï
/var/adm/utmp áñ÷åßï, óôï ïðïßï ôï óýóôçìá êáôáãñÜöåé ðïéüò åßíáé
óõíäåäåìÝíïò. ¸ôóé äåí äåß÷íåé óùóôÜ üëåò ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò.

Ìå ôçí Ýêäïóç ôùí XFree86 3.1 êáé ìåôÜ äåí õðÜñ÷åé áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá.

[1m10.4. Äåí ìðïñþ íá ñõèìßóù ôá × Windows íá äïõëÝøïõí óùóôÜ.[0m

ÄéÜâáóå ôï ×Free86 HOWTO -- ðñüóåîå ôïí ôïìÝá åñùôÞóåùí êáé
áðáíôÞóåùí.

ÐñïóðÜèçóå íá äéáâÜóåéò ôç ëßóôá comp.windows.x.i386unix -- åéäéêÜ ôï
FAQ ãéá ôç óõãêåêñéìÝíç ëßóôá.

Ðáñáêáëþ ìçí óôÝëíåôå åñùôÞóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå × Windows Þ ×Free86 óôç
ëßóôá comp.os.linux.x åêôüò áí åßíáé Linux-specific.

[1m11. ÅñùôÞóåéò ãéá ðïëý ðáëéÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá.[0m

Ïé åñùôÞóåéò óå áõôü ôïí ôïìÝá åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìï óå ÷ñÞóôåò ðïõ Ý÷ïõí
ëïãéóìéêü ôñåéò ìÞíåò ðáëéü.

Please let me know if you find the answer to a problem you had here,
as unused questions in this section will eventually disappear (Q13.1
`Feedback is invited').

[1m11.1. Ôï Emacs ðåôÜåé core.[0m

Ðéèáíüí Ý÷åéò Ýêäïóç ôïõ Emacs ç ïðïßá åß÷å ìåôáãëùôôéóôåß Ýôóé þóôå
íá äïõëåýåé ìå ôá X11; áõôü áðáéôåß ôéò âéâëéïèÞêåò ãéá íá äïõëÝøåé.
Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßò ôï Slackware ìðïñåßò íá áëëÜîåéò ôï /usr/bin/emacs
symbolic link íá äåß÷íåé óôï emacs-19.29-no-x11 (äåò man ln).Áõôü
åßíáé óôï áñ÷åßï Slackware 3.0's E6 disk.

[1m11.2. Ôï fdisk ëÝåé üôé äåí ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé nnn sectors áðü[0m
[1máõôï ôï partition.[0m

Áñ÷éêÜ ôï Linux õðïóôÞñéæå ìüíï ôï Minix filesystem, ôï ïðïßï äåí
ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü 64Ìb óå Ýíá partition. Áõôüò
ï ðåñéïñéóìüò äåí õðÜñ÷åé óôá ðïéï áíåðôõãìÝíá filesystems ðïõ
õðÜñ÷ïõí áõôÞ ôç óôéãìÞ, üðùò ôï ext2fs (ç äåýôåñç Ýêäïóç ôïõ
Extended Filesystem, ôï óôÜíôáñ filesystem ôïõ Linux).

Áí ó÷åäéÜæåéò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåéò ôï ext2fs áãíüçóå ôï ìÞíõìá.

[1m11.3. Ï GCC ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôåñÜóôéá ðïóÜ åéêïíéêÞò ìíÞìçò[0m
[1mêáé êñåìÜåé.[0m

Ðáëéüôåñåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ GCC åß÷áí Ýíá ðñüâëçìá ôï ïðïßï ôéò Ýêáíå íá
÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ðïëëÞ ìíÞìç áí ðñïóðáèïýóåò íá ìåôáãëùôôßóåéò Ýíá
ðñüãñáììá ðïõ åß÷å ðïëëÜ äåäïìÝíá ôýðïõ static.

Ìðïñåßò íá áíáâáèìßóåéò ôçí Ýêäïóç ôïõ GCC óôçí ôåëåõôáßá 2.7.×, Þ
íá ðñïóèÝóåéò ðåñéóóüôåñç swap ìíÞìç.

[1m11.4. Ôï ðëçêôñïëüãéü ìïõ ôñåëáßíåôáé üôáí áëëÜæù Virtual Consoles.[0m

Áõôü åßíáé Ýíá ëÜèïò ôïõ Kernel ðñéí áðü ôï 0.99pl14-alpha-n. ÌåñéêÝò
öïñÝò ôï Linux ìðåñäåýåé ðïéá modifier ðëÞêôñá (Shift, Alt, Control
êôë.) åßíáé ðáôçìÝíá Þ ü÷é êáé ðéóôåýåé üôé Ýíá Þ ðåñéóóüôåñá åßíáé
ðáôçìÝíá åíþ äåí åßíáé. Ç ëýóç åßíáé íá ðáôÞóåéò êáé íá åëåõèåñþóåéò
êÜèå Ýíá áðü áõôÜ ôá ðëÞêôñá (÷ùñßò íá ðáôÜò ôá Üëëá) -- áõôü èá
âåâáéþóåé üôé ôï Linux îÝñåé óå ðïéá êáôÜóôáóç âñßóêåôáé ôï
ðëçêôñïëüãéï.

Áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá óõìâáßíåé óõ÷íÜ üôáí áëëÜæïõìå êïíóüëá áðü ôá X
Windows. ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ìðïñåß íá áðïöåõ÷èåß áöÞíïíôáò Ctrl êáé Alt
ðïëý ãñÞãïñá ìüëéò ðéÝóïõìå ôï F-key ôçò VC ðïõ èÝëïõìå íá áëëÜîïõìå.

[1m12. Ðþò ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù åðéðñüóèåôç âïÞèåéá;[0m

[1m12.1. Ç åñþôçóç ìïõ äåí Ý÷åé áêüìá áðáíôçèåß.[0m

Ðáñáêáëþ äéÜâáóå üëç áõôÞ ôçí áðÜíôçóç ðñéí óôåßëåéò åñþôçóç. ÎÝñù
üôé åßíáé ëßãï ìåãÜëç,áëëÜ ìðïñåß íá ãåëïéïðïéçèåßò óå ðïëý êüóìï êáé
èá ôïõò êÜíåéò íá îïäÝøïõí ðïëýôéìç þñá. Äåí íïìßæåéò üôé áîßæåé íá
îïäÝøåéò ëßãç áðü ôçí þñá óïõ ãéá íá äéáâÜóåéò êáé íá áêïëïõèÞóåéò
áõôÝò ôéò ïäçãßåò ;

Áí íïìßæåéò üôé ìéá åñþôçóç äåí åßíáé ïëïêëçñùìÝíç Þ åßíáé áíáêñéâÞò,
óôåßëå mail If you think an answer is incomplete or inaccurate, please
mail Robert Kiesling at <kiesling@terracom.net.

ÄéáâÜóôå ôéò êáôÜëëçëåò áíáöïñÝò ãéá ôï Linux -- äåßôå Q2.1 Read the
appropriate Linux Documentation Project books -- see Q2.1 `Where can I
get the HOWTOs and other documentation ?'.

Áí åßóôå êáéíïýñãéïé óôï Unix äéáâÜóôå ôï FAQ ãéá ôï
comp.unix.questions, êáé áðü êÜèå Üëëç ïìÜäá comp.unix.* ôï ïðïßï
ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ó÷åôéêü.

Ôï Linux åßíáé Ýíáò êëüíïò ôïõ Unix, ïðüôå ïôéäÞðïôå äéáâÜóôå åêåß èá
éó÷ýåé êáé ãéá ôï Linux. ÁõôÜ ôá FAQs ìðïñïýí, üðùò êáé Üëëá FAQs
ìðïñïýí íá âñåèïýí óôï rtfm.mit.edu óôï /pub/usenet/news.answers (ôï
<mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu> ìðïñåß íá óáò óôåßëåé áõôÜ ôá áñ÷åßá, ãé'
áõôïýò ðïõ äåí Ý÷ïõí FTP ðñüóâáóç). ÕðÜñ÷ïõí mirrors ôùí rtfm's FAQ
archives óå äéÜöïñá sites-äåßôå ôçí ÅéóáãùãÞ óôï *.answers
posting,posted, Þ êïéôÜîôå óôï news-answers/introduction óôïí ðáñáðÜíù
êáôÜëïãï.

ÊïéôÜîôå ôá ó÷åôéêÜ HOWTO ìå ôï áíôéêåßìåíï ôçò åñþôçóçò Check the
relevant HOWTO for the subject in question, if there is one, or an
appropriate old-style sub-FAQ document. Check the FTP sites.

Ðñïóðáèåßóôå íá ðåéñáìáôéóôåßôå -- Áõôüò åßíáé ï êáëýôåñïò ôñüðïò íá
ãíùñßóåôå ôï Unix êáé ôï Linux.

ÄéáâÜóôå ôéò áíáöïñÝò. Äåßôå ôéò manpages (ãñÜøôå man man áí äåí
îÝñåôå ãéá ôéò manpages. ÄïêéìÜóôå man -k <subject>-- óõ÷íÜ äßíåé ìéá
ëßóôá áðü ÷ñÞóéìåò êáé ó÷åôéêÝò manpages.

Äåßôå ôéò áíáöïñÝò óå Énfo ìïñöÞ (ãñÜøôå C-h i, ð.÷. Control H ðïõ
áêïëïõèåßôå áðü É óôïí Emacs) -- NB: áõôü äåí éó÷ýåé ìüíï ãéá ôïí
Emacs; ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá ïé áíáöïñÝò ãéá ôïí GCC õðÜñ÷åé åðßóçò óå áõôÞ
ôçí ìïñöÞ.

ÓõíÞèùò Ýíá ðáêÝôï óõíïäåýåôáé áðü Ýíá README áñ÷åßï, ôï ïðïßï
ðåñéÝ÷åé ïäçãßåò åãêáôÜóôáóçò êáé ÷ñÞóçò.

Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé äåí Ý÷åôå Ýíá ÷áëáóìÝíï Þ ðáëéü ðñüãñáììá. Áí åßíáé
äõíáôü êáôåâÜóôå ôï êáé îáíáåãêáôáóôÞóôå ôï -- ðéèáíüí íá Ý÷åôå êÜíåé
ôçí ðñþôç öïñÜ.

ÄéáâÜóôå ôï comp.os.linux.announce -- áõôü óõ÷íÜ ðåñéÝ÷åé ðïëý
óçìáíôéêÝò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá üëïõò ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ Linux.

ÃåíéêÜ ïé åñùôÞóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï linux áíÞêïõí óôï
comp.windows.x.i386unix, êáé ü÷é sto comp.os.linux.x. ÁëëÜ äéáâÜóôå
áõôÞ ôç ëßóôá ðñþôá (êáé ôï FAQ), ðñéí óôåßëåôå ôçí áíáêïßíùóÞ óáò.

Ìüíï áí Ý÷åôå êÜíåé üëá áõôÜ êáé åßóôå áêüìá êïëëçìÝíïé óôåßëôå
áíáêïßíùóç óôï êáôÜëëçëï comp.os.linux.* newsgroup. Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé
Ý÷åôå äéáâÜóåé ôçí åðüìåíç åñþôçóç, Q12.2 `Ôé íá ðù üôáí æçôÜù
âïÞèåéá',ðñþôá.

[1m12.2. Té íá ðù üôáí æçôÜù âïÞèåéá.[0m

ÄéÜâáóå ðñïóåêôéêÜ ôçí ðáñáêÜôù óõìâïõëÞ ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï ðùò íá ãñÜöåéò
áíáêïéíþóåéò Þ email. ¸÷ïíôáò áõôü õðüøéí óïõ áõîÜíïíôáé ïé
ðéèáíüôçôåò êÜðïéïò Üëëïò ÷ñÞóôçò ðïõ ôï äéáâÜæåé íá Ý÷åé áñêåôÝò
ðëçñïöïñßåò êáé êßíçôñï íá áðáíôÞóåé.

ÁõôÞ ç óõìâïõëÞ éó÷ýåé êáé ãéá áíáêïéíþóåéò æçôþíôáò ãéá âïÞèåéá êáé
ãéá ðñïóùðéêÜ ìõíÞìáôá óå Üëëïõò ÷ñÞóôåò.

Íá åßóáé óßãïõñïò üôé äßíåéò üëåò ôéò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ôïõ ðñïâëÞìáôïò,
óõìðåñéâáëïìÝíïõ :

· Ìå ðïéï ðñüãñáììá áêñéâþò Ý÷åéò ðñïâëÞìáôá. Äþóå ôïí áñéèìü Ýêäïóçò
áí ôïí îÝñåéò êáé ðåò ðïõ ôï âñÞêåò. ÐïëëÝò standard åíôïëÝò
ìðïñïýí íá óïõ äåßîïõí ôïí áñéèìü Ýêäïóçò áí äþóåéò ôçí ðáñÜìåôñï
--version.

· Ðïéá release ôïõ Linux ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßò (MCC, Slackware, Debian Þ
ïôéäÞðïôå) êáé ðïéá Ýêäïóç.

· Ôï áêñéâÝò êáé ïëüêëçñï êåßìåíï áðü ïðïéïäÞðïôå ìýíçìá ëÜèïõò.

· Ðïéá áêñéâþò óõìðåñéöïñÜ ðåñßìåíåò, êáé ôé áêñéâþò óõìðåñéöïñÜ
ðáñáôçñåßò. A transcript of an example session is a good way of
showing this.
· Ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï êÜèå configuration áñ÷åßï ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôï
ðñüãñáììá êáé êÜèå Üëëï ó÷åôéêü ðñüãñáììá.

· Ðïéá Ýêäïóç ôïõ kernel êáé ôçò âéâëéïèÞêçò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßò. Ç
Ýêäïóç ôïõ kernel ìðïñåß íá âñåèåß ãñÜöïíôáò uname -a êáé ç
âéâëéïèÞêç ãñÜöïíôáò ls -l /lib/libc.so.4.

· ËåðôïìÝñåéåò ãéá ôï hardware ðïõ Ý÷åôå, áí åßíáé êáôÜëëçëï.

Mðáßíåéò óå ëßãï êßíäõíï íá ãñÜøåéò ìåãÜëï mail åêôüò êáé áí
ðåñéëáìâÜíåéò ìåãÜëá êïììÜôéá ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá, ïðüôå ðñïóï÷Þ þóôå íá
ìçí äßíåéò ðáñáðáíÞóéåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.

Ná ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßò Ýíá îåêÜèáñï êáé ëåðôïìåñÝò ôßôëï. ÌÞí âÜæåôå
ðñÜãìáôá üðùò `Äåí äïõëåýåé' `Linux', `âïÞèåéá' Þ `åñþôçóç' --áõôü ôï
îÝñïõìå Þäç. ÊñÜôá ÷þñï ãéá ôï üíïìá ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò, Ýíá êïììÜôé áðü
ôï ìýíçìá ëÜèïõò, ðåñéãñáöÞ ôçò áóõíÞèéóôçò óõìðåñéöïñÜò, êôë.

Áí áíáöÝñåôå Ýíá ìÞíõìá ôïõ ôýðïõ `unable to handle kernel paging
request' áêïëïõèÞóôå ôéò ïäçãßåò ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôï Linux kernel
sources README ãéá ôçí ìåôáôñïðÞ ôùí áñéèìþí óå êÜôé ðïõ åßíáé ðéï
êáôáíïçôü.Áí äåí ôï êÜíåôå áõôü êáíåßò äåí èá ìðïñåß íá ôï êÜíåé ãéá
óÝíá ìéá ðïõ ç áíôéóôïé÷ßá ôùí áñéèìþí ìå ôá ïíüìáôá óõíáñôÞóåùí
ðïéêßëåé áðü Ýíá kernel óå Üëëï.

ÔïðïèåôÞóôå ìéá ðåñéëçðôéêÞ ðáñÜãñáöï óôçí êïñõöÞ ôçò áíáêïßíùóçò.

Óôï ôÝëïò, æçôÞóôå ãéá áíôáðïêñßóåéò ìÝóù mail êáé ðåßôå üôé èá
áíáêïéíþóåôå ìéá ðåñßëçøç. ÐÜñôå Ýíá áíôßãñáöï áõôïý ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
Followup-To: áðïóôïëÝá. ¸ðåéôá óôåßëôå ìéá ðåñßëçøç óå ëßãåò ìÝñåò Þ
ìéá âäïìÜäá.Ìçí åíþíåôáé áðëþò ôá mail--kÜíôå ðåñßëçøç.Ôï íá âÜëåôå
ôçí ëÝîç ÐÅÑÉËÇØÇ( ðåñßëçøçò åßíáé ìéá êáëÞ éäÝá.Óêåöôåßôå íá óôåßëåôå
ôçí ðåñßëçøç óôç comp.os.linux.announce.

ÐñïóÝ÷åôå üôé ôï mail óáò Ý÷åé óùóôÞ åðéêåöáëßäá. Áõôü êáôçãïñéïðïéåß
ôï Üñèñï óïõ óáí ìÝñïò Üñèñïõ ôï ïðïßï áíáöÝñåôáé, ãåãïíüò ôï ïðïßï
Ý÷åé áðïôÝëåóìá íá èåùñçèåß Ü÷ñçóôï áðü ôïõò áíáãíþóôåò ìå ôï õðüëïéðï
åíüò âáñåôïý êïììáôéïý.

Ìðïñåßôå íá áíáöÝñåôå üôé Ý÷åôå äéáâÜóåé áõôü ôï FAQ êáé ôá êáôÜëëçëá
HOWTOs-- áõôü äßíåé óôïõò Üëëïõò Ýíáõóìá íá ìçí áðïññßøïõí ôï mail
óáò.

èõìçèåßôå üôé äåí ðñÝðåé íá êïéíïðïéåßôå email ôá ïðïßá óôÜëèçêáí
ðñïóùðéêÜ óå åóÜò ÷ùñßò ôçí Üäåéá ôïõ áðïóôïëÝá.

[1m12.3. ÈÝëù íá óôåßëù mail óå êÜðïéïí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï ðñüâëçìÜ ìïõ.[0m

ÐñïóðÜèçóå íá âñåéò ôïí óõããñáöÝá Þ ôïí ðñïãñáììáôéóôÞ ïðïéïõäÞðïôå
ðñïãñÜììáôïò Þ ìÝñïò ôïõ óå äõóêïëåýåé. Áí Ý÷åéò êÜðïéo óçìåßï åðáöÞò
ãéá ôï Linux distribution ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßò, èá ðñÝðåé íá ôï
÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåéò.

Ðáñáêáëþ âÜëå ïôéäÞðïôå óôï mail óïõ ðïõ èá Ýâáæåò óå áíáêïßíùóç
æçôþíôáò âïÞèåéá.

ÔåëéêÜ, èõìÞóïõ üôé ðáñÜ ôï ãåãïíüò üôé ïé ðåñéóóüôåñïé óôçí êïéíüôçôá
ôïõ Linux åßíáé ðñüèõìïé íá âïçèÞóïõí,èá æçôÜò âïÞèåéá áðü êÜðïéïí ðïõ
ôï êÜíåé ïéêåéïèåëþò, þóôå äåí ðñÝðåé íá ðåñéìÝíåéò ïðùóäÞðïôå
áðÜíôçóç.

[1m13. Ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï FAQ, Üäåéá ÷ñÞóçò êáé õðïìíÞóåéò.[0m

[1m13.1. Ôá ó÷üëéá åßíáé åõðñüóäåêôá[0m

Óôåßëôå ìïõ ôá ó÷üëéá ãéá áõôü ôï FAQ.

ÄÝ÷ïìáé êÜèå óõíåéóöïñÜ ãéá ôï FAQ óå ïðïéïäÞðïôå ìïñöÞ. ¼ëá ôá ó÷üëéá
êáé ïé äéïñèþóåéò åßíáé äåêôÝò.

Please send them to <kiesling@terracom.net>.

Aí åðéèõìåßôå íá áíáöåñèåßôå óå åñþôçóç(åéò) ãéá ôï FAQ åßíáé ðéï
âïëéêü ãéá ìÝíá áí áíáöÝñåóôå óôïí ôßôëï ôçò åñþôçóçò ðáñÜ óôïí
áñéèìü, ìéá ðïõ ïé áñéèìïß äçìéïõñãïýíôáé áõôüìáôá êáé äåí ôïõò âëÝðù
óôï ðçãáßï áñ÷åßï ôï ïðïßï äïõëåýù.

I prefer comments in English to patchfiles -- I write the FAQ in a
different internal format anyway, so I can't use a patchfile.

[1m13.2. ÌïñöÝò ðïõ ôï FAQ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï.[0m

Áõôü ôï êåßìåíï (ôï áããëéêü) åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï óå áñ÷åßï êåéìÝíïõ
ASCII,óå áñ÷åßï ôýðïõ Emacs Info, óå HTML World Wide Web óåëßäá,
PostScript êáé óáí USENET news posting.

To ASCII,Emacs Info, HTML êáé posted åêäüóåéò êáé Ýíá Lout typesetter
áñ÷åßï (áðü ôï ïðïßï ðñïÞëèå ôï PostScript) ðñïÞëèáí áõôüìáôá áðü Ýíá
ðñüãñáììá óå Perl ôï ïðïßï ðáßñíåé óáí åßóïäï áñ÷åßá óå ìïñöÞ Bizarre
with No Name.

Tá áñ÷åßá åîüäïõ linux-faq.ascii, .info êáé .ps êáé Ýíá áñ÷åßï ôýðïõ
tar linux-faq.source.tar.gz, ôá ïðïßá ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôá BFNN ðçãáßá áñ÷åßá
êáé ôï ðñüãñáììá ìåôáôñïðÞò ãñáììÝíï óå Perl, åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óå
êáôáëüãïõò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå áíáöïñÝò,óå ìåãÜëá Linux FTP sites.

The HTML version of this FAQ is available as
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/iwj10/linux-faq/index.html and is
mirrored at www.li.org and other sites.

H USENET Ýêäïóç áíáêïéíþíåôáé ôáêôéêÜ óôï comp.linux.announce,
comp.os.linux.answers, comp.answers êáé news.answers.

[1m13.3. Authorship and acknowledgements.[0m

This FAQ is compiled by Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>, with
assistance and comments from others too numerous to mention.

Special thanks are due to Matt Welsh, who moderated
comp.os.linux.announce and comp.os.linux.answers, used to coordinate
the HOWTOs and has written substantial portions of many of them, to
Greg Hankins, who currently coordinates the HOWTOS, to Lars Wirzenius,
who currently moderates comp.os.linux.announce, to Marc-Michel
Corsini, who wrote the original Linux FAQ, and to Ian Jackson, the
previous FAQ-maintainer.

Thanks also to the many people who have sent comments and suggestions;
they are too numerous to list here, but their input has been
invaluable.

Last but not least, thanks to Linus Torvalds and the other
contributors to Linux for giving us something to write about !

[1m13.4. ***Disclaimer and Copyright.[0m

Note that this document is provided ``as is''. The information in it
is *not* warranted to be correct. Use it at your own risk.

Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers is copyright (C) 1997 by
Robert Kiesling <kiesling@terracom.net>. Portions are Copyright 1994,
1995, 1996 by Ian Jackson, the previous Linux FAQ maintainer.

Linux Frequently Asked Questions with Answers may be reproduced and
distributed in its entirety (including this authorship, copyright, and
permission notice), provided that no charge is made for the document
itself, without the author's consent. Portions may be reproduced for
such purposes as reviews, advertising, and derivative works like
translations, with the author's consent.

Note that this restriction is not intended to prohibit charging for
the service of printing or copying a document supplied by your
customer.

Exceptions to these rules may be granted. I would be happy to answer
any questions about this copyright. Email me at
<kiesling@terracom.net>. These restrictions are here to protect the
contributors, not to restrict you as educators and learners.

[1m14. Ãéá ôçí ÅëëçíéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç[0m

Ç ÅëëçíéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç åßíáé âáóéóìÝíç óôï Linux-FAQ, ôïõ Robert
Kiesling. Ôï Linux-Hellenic-FAQ èá ðñÝðåé íá äéáâÜæåôáé óå óõíäõáóìü
ìå ôï Hellenic-HOWTO, ðïõ åðéëýåé ëåðôïìåñþò ðñïâëÞìáôá ÅëëÞíùí
÷ñçóôþí.

Ôï áããëéêü êåßìåíï äåí åßíáé üôé êáëýôåñï õðÜñ÷åé, ãéáôß Ý÷åé ìåßíåé
ãéá ìåãÜëï êáéñü Ýîù áðü ôéò åîåëßîåéò, áëëÜ êáé ãéáôß äåí ìðïñåß íá
äþóåé ëïãéêÝò áðáíôÞóåéò óå ¸ëëçíåò ÷ñÞóôåò. Áõôü óõìâáßíåé éäéáßôåñá
óå èÝìáôá ìå FTP sites, ëßóôåò êëð. Ãéá áõôü ôï ëüãï, óå ðïëëÜ óçìåßá
õðÜñ÷åé ôï "Ó.ô.Ì." äçëáäÞ ó÷üëéá ôïõ ìåôáöñáóôÞ ðïõ Ý÷ïõí óêïðü íá
õðïäåßîïõí ôçí óùóôÞ áðÜíôçóç/åñìçíåßá.

Ãéá ôï êåßìåíï áõôü óõíåñãÜóôçêáí ïé:

· 1,2,3 gef@hellug.gr, Åêêßíçóç ôïõ FAQ êáé óõíôÞñçóç.

· 4 emav@

· 5 louther@/mike@

· 6,7,8 mike@

· 10,11,12,13 sakalis@

· 14 gef@

[1m14.1. TODO[0m

ÁõôÝò åßíáé ïé äïõëåéÝò ðïõ ìÝíïõí íá ãßíïõí:

· 3.6 ÌåôÜöñáóç (gef)

· 9 louther@

· 13.3, 13.4 (gef)

· 14 +credits (gef)

· ¸ëåã÷ïò ïñèïãñáößáò (ìýíçìá, óõíäõáóìüò?), ôïíéóìüò êëð.

· ÄéÜâáóìá üëïõ ôïõ FAQ, åýñåóç áíáêñéâåéþí/ðñïâëçìÜôùí.

· ÊáèéÝñùóç ïñïëïãßáò.

· Óõã÷ñïíéóìüò ìå ôï Áããëéêü êåßìåíï.

[1m14.2. Ôá ó÷üëéá åßíáé åõðñüóäåêôá[0m

Ðáñáêáëþ óôåßëôå ôá ó÷üëéá óáò ãéá ôçí ìåôÜöñáóç ôïõ FAQ.

¼ëåò ïé óõíäñïìÝò, ó÷üëéá, ðáñáôçñÞóåéò êáé äéïñèþóåéò åßíáé äåêôÝò.
Ðáñáêáëþ óôåßëôå ôéò óôï <gef@hellug.gr>.

ÅÜí èÝëåôå íá áíáöåñèåßôå óå êÜðïéá åñþôçóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ, åßíáé ðéï
÷ñÞóéìç ç áíáöïñÜ ôïõò ìå âÜóç ôïí ôßôëï êáé ü÷é ìå âÜóç ôï íïýìåñï,
ãéáôß ôá íïýìåñá ðáñÜãïíôáé áõôüìáôá êáé äåí öáßíïíôáé êáí óôï áñ÷éêü
êåßìåíï.

Ìçí óôÝëíåôå patchfiles, HTML Þ Üëëï öïñìáñéóìÝíï êåßìåíï, ãéáôß ôï
FAQ ãñÜöåôáé Ýôóé êáé áëëéþò óå SGML.

[1m14.3. ÌïñöÝò óôéò ïðïßåò äéáôßèåôáé áõôü ôï êåßìåíï[0m

Áõôü ôï êåßìåíï åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï óáí áñ÷åßï ASCII, Emacs Info áñ÷åßï,
HTML óåëßäá, Postscript êáé óáí news óôï USENET
(comp.os.linux.answers)

Ïé ASCII, Emacs Info, HTML åêäüóåéò äçìéïõñãïýíôáé áõôüìáôá ìå ÷ñÞóç
ôïõ ðáêÝôïõ SGMLTOOLS, êáé åíüò Makefile ðïõ èá âñåßôå ìáæß ìå ôïí
ðçãáßï SGML êþäéêá ôïõ FAQ.

Ôï FAQ áõôü õðÜñ÷åé óôéò åîÞò ìïñöÝò:

· Linux-Hellenic-FAQ.html html ìå ÅëëçíéêÜ 928 (ìïéÜæïõí ìå ôá
windows-1253)

· Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.html html, áëëÜ åßíáé greeklish êáé
åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìï ðñéí óôçèïýí ôá åëëçíéêÜ

· Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.txt txt, greeklish Áõôü åßíáé åðßóçò
greeklish, êáé åßíáé Ýíá áñ÷åßï 70Kb.

· Linux-Hellenic-FAQ_greeklish.sgml sgml, Åßíáé ï ðçãáßïò êþäéêáò ôïõ
FAQ, ðïõ óå óõíäõáóìü ìå ôï Makefile êáé ôá sgml-tools ðáñÜãåé üëá
ôá õðüëïéðá.