ÅËËÇÍÉÊÏ LINUX Sound HOWTO
  Jeff Tranter, tranter@pobox.com
  v1.19, 23 Éáíïõáñßïõ 1998

  Ôï êåßìåíï áõôü ðåñéãñÜöåé ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ôïõ Linux ãéá Þ÷ï.
  ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá, ðáñïõóéÜæåé áíáëõôéêü ðßíáêá ôïõ õðïóôçñéæüìåíïõ hard-
  ware ãéá Þ÷ï, ôïõ ported hardware Þ÷ïõ, ðåñéãñÜöåé ðþò íá óåôÜñåé
  êáíåßò ôïõò drivers ôïõ ðõñÞíá, êáé ôÝëïò, áðáíôÜ óôéò ðéï óõ÷íÜ
  äéáôõðùìÝíåò åñùôÞóåéò. Ï óêïðüò ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ áõôïý åßíáé íá âïçèÞóåé
  ôïõò íÝïõò ÷ñÞóôåò êáé íá ìåéþóåé ôï öüñôï óôá Usenet news groups êáé
  ôéò ëßóôåò áëëçëïãñáößáò (mailing lists).
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents




















































  1. ÅéóáãùãÞ

     1.1 Åõ÷áñéóôßåò
     1.2 Revision History
     1.3 ÍÝåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ
     1.4 Feedback
     1.5 ÐïëéôéêÞ ÄéáíïìÞò

  2. Ôå÷íïëïãßá êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ

  3. Õðïóôçñéæüìåíï Hardware

     3.1 ÊÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ
     3.2 Åíáëëáêôéêïß Drivers ¹÷ïõ
     3.3 ÌåãÜöùíï õðïëïãéóôÞ
     3.4 ÐáñÜëëçëç èýñá

  4. ÅãêáôÜóôáóç

     4.1 ÅãêáôÜóôáóç ôçò ÊÜñôáò ¹÷ïõ
     4.2 Ñõèìßæïíôáò ôïí ÐõñÞíá
     4.3 Äçìéïõñãßá ôùí Device files
     4.4 Åðáíåêêßíçóç ôïõ Linux êáé ¸ëåã÷ïò ôçò ÅãêáôÜóôáóçò
     4.5 Troubleshooting
        4.5.1 ÂÞìá 1: Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ðñáãìáôéêÜ ôñÝ÷åôå ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ êÜíáôå compile.
        4.5.2 ÂÞìá 2: Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ïé drivers Þ÷ïõ ôïõ ðõñÞíá óõìðåñéëÞöèçóáí óôï compile.
        4.5.3 ÂÞìá 3: Áíáãíþñéóå ï ðõñÞíáò ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç;
        4.5.4 ÂÞìá 4: Ìðïñåßôå íá äéáâÜóåôå äåäïìÝíá áðü ôï dsp device ;
        4.5.5 Oôáí üëá Ý÷ïõí áðïôý÷åé

  5. ÁðáíôÞóåéò óå Óõ÷íÜ ÄéáôõðùìÝíåò ÅñùôÞóåéò

     5.1 Ôé åßíáé ôá sound device files;
     5.2 Ðþò ìðïñþ  íá ðáßîù Ýíáí Þ÷ï ;
     5.3 Ðþò ìðïñþ  íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóù Ýíáí Þ÷ï ;
     5.4 Ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ìßá êÜñôåò ;
     5.5 Error: No such file or directory for sound devices
     5.6 Error: No such device for sound devices
     5.7 Error: No space left on device for sound devices
     5.8 Error: Device busy for sound devices
     5.9 Åîáêïëïõèþ íá âëÝðù device busy errors!
     5.10 ÌåñéêÞ åêôÝëåóç ôïõ (Partial playback) øçöéïðïéçìÝíïõ Þ÷ïõ
     5.11 ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéáêïðÝò üôáí ðáßæù MOD áñ÷åßá
     5.12 ËÜèç compile êáôÜ ôï compilation åöáñìïãþí Þ÷ïõ
     5.13 SEGV üôáí ôñÝ÷ù åêôåëÝóéìá áñ÷åßá Þ÷ïõ ôá ïðïßá äïýëåõáí ðáëéüôåñá
     5.14 Ðïéá bugs Þ ðåñéïñéóìïß åßíáé ìÝ÷ñé ôþñá ãíùóôÜ óôïõò drivers Þ÷ïõ;
     5.15 Ðïý âñßóêåôáé ç ôåêìçñßùóç ôùí sound driver ioctls() êëð. ;
     5.16 Ôé CPU resources áðáéôïýíôáé þóôå íá ðáßæù Þ íá ç÷ïãñáöþ Þ÷ïõò ÷ùñßò äéáêïðÝò;
     5.17 ÐñïâëÞìáôá ìå ôïí PAS16 êáé ôïí Adaptec 1542 SCSI host adaptor
     5.18 Åßíáé äõíáôü íá äéáâÜæù êáé íá ãñÜöù äåßãìáôá (samples) ôáõôü÷ñïíá;
     5.19 Ç SB16 ìïõ Ý÷åé IRQ 2, áëëÜ ôï configure äåí åðéôñÝðåé áõôÞ ôçí ôéìÞ
     5.20 Õðïóôçñßæåôáé ç "SoundBlaster AWE32" Þ ç "SoundBlaster16 ASP";
     5.21 Áí ôñÝîù Linux êáé ìåôÜ îåêéíÞóù ìå DOS, ðáßñíù ëÜèç êáé/Þ ïé åöáñìïãÝò Þ÷ïõ ðïõ Ý÷ù äåí äïõëåýïõí óùóôÜ
     5.22 ÐñïâëÞìáôá ìå ôï DOOM êÜôù áðü Linux
     5.23 Ðþò ìðïñþ íá ìåéþóù ôï èüñõâï ðïõ êÜíåé ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ìïõ;
     5.24 Ìðïñþ  íá ðáßîù Þ÷ïõò, áëëÜ ü÷é íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóù
     5.25 Ç "óõìâáôÞ" êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ìïõ äïõëåýåé ìüíï áí ôçí áñ÷éêïðïéÞóù ðñþôá óôï MS-DOS.
     5.26 Ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ìïõ, ç ïðïßá åßíáé óõìâáôÞ ìå ôçí 16-bit SoundBlaster, äïõëåýåé ìüíï óå 8-bit mode êÜôù áðü Linux.
     5.27 Ðïý ìðïñþ  íá âñù åöáñìïãÝò Þ÷ïõ ãéá Linux ;
     5.28 Ìðïñþ íá êÜíù compile ôï driver ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ þóôå íá öïñôþíåôáé óá module;
     5.29 Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ãéá íá áíôéêáôáóôÞóù ôï ìðéð ôçò êïíóüëáò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò;
     5.30 Té åßíáé ôï VoxWare
     5.31 Õðïóôçñßæïíôáé Plug and Play êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ;
     5.32 Ôï Sox/Play/Vplay âãÜæåé ìÞíõìá "invalid block size 1024"
     5.33 Ãéáôß ï driver Þ÷ïõ Ý÷åé ôï äéêü ôïõ ðñüãñáììá ãéá óåôÜñéóìá;>
     5.34 Ïé ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ mixer áñ÷éêïðïéïýíôáé êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ öïñôþíù ôï module ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ
     5.35 Ìüíï ï ÷ñÞóôçò root ìðïñåß íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóåé Þ÷ï
     5.36 Õðïóôçñßæåôáé Þ÷ïò óôï IBM ThinkPad;

  6. ÐáñáðïìðÝò



  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  ÅéóáãùãÞ


  Áõôü ôï êåßìåíï åßíáé ôï Linux Sound HOWTO. Åßíáé Ýíá óýíôïìï
  åã÷åéñßäéï ðïõ êáëýðôåé ïôéäÞðïôå ÷ñåéÜæåôáé êáíåßò íá îÝñåé ãéá ôçí
  åãêáôÜóôáóç êáé ñýèìéóç Þ÷ïõ êÜôù áðü Linux.  ÁðáíôÜìå óôéò ðéï óõ÷íÜ
  äéáôõðùìÝíåò åñùôÞóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç  Þ÷ïõ óå Linux, êáé
  ðáñáðÝìðïõìå óå Üëëåò ðçãÝò ðëçñïöïñßáò ðÜíù óå äéÜöïñá èÝìáôá ó÷åôéêÜ
  ìå ôïí Þ÷ï êáé ôç ìïõóéêÞ ðïõ ðáñÜãåôáé áðü ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ.

  Ç åóôßáóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ ãßíåôáé ãéá êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ pertaining to Linux.
  Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ðÜíù óôéò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ êáé ôç äçìéïõñãßá
  ìïõóéêÞò, äéáâÜóôå ôá êåßìåíá ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé óôï êåöÜëáéï ÐáñáðïìðÝò.



  1.1.  Åõ÷áñéóôßåò


  Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ðñïÞëèáí áðü ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç
  (documentation) ðïõ õðÞñ÷å óôïí êþäéêá ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ, ðïõ Ýãñáøå ï
  Hannu Savolainen  (hannu@voxware.pp.fi).  Åõ÷áñéóôïýìå ôïí Hannu êáé
  üëïõò üóïõò áíÝðôõîáí ôïõò drivers Þ÷ïõ êáé âïçèçôéêÝò åöáñìïãÝò
  (utilities) ãéá ôïí ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux.

  ×Üñç óôï ðáêÝôï SGML Tools, áõôü ôï HOWTO äéáôßèåôáé óå äéÜöïñá
  formats ôá ïðïßá ðáñÜ÷èçêáí üëá áðü Ýíá êïéíü áñ÷åßï ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá
  (source file).



  1.2.  Revision History




     1ç ¸êäïóç
        . ÓôÜëèçêå ìüíï óôç mailing list "SOUND channel of Linux
        activists"



     ¸êäïóç 1.2
        ìéêñÝò áëëáãÝò. H ðñþôç Ýêäïóç äéáèÝóéìç óå archive sites



     ¸êäïóç 1.3
        ìåôáôñÜðçêå óå SGML. ÄéáèÝóéìç ðéá óå äéÜöïñá formats
        ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá åñãáëåßá Linuxdoc-SGML ôïõ Matt Welsh's.
        ¢Üëëáîå ðïëý ç åìöÜíéóç ëüãù ôïõ íÝïõ format, åíþ ôï ðåñéå÷üìåíï
        Üëëáîå åëÜ÷éóôá



     ¸êäïóç 1.4
        minor tweaking of SGML. ÐñïóôÝèçêå ç áðÜíôçóç ãéá ôéò
        áóõìâáôüôçôåò ôïõ PAS16 êáé Adaptec1542A SCSI adaptor



     ¸êäïóç 1.5
        ç Ýêäïóç 2.5a ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôéò äéáíïìÝò ìå
        ðõñÞíá 1.1. Óçìåßùóç ãéá ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç GUS-MAX. ¢Üëëåò ìéêñÝò
        áëëáãÝò



     ¸êäïóç 1.6
        ðñïóôÝèçêå ç ðëçñïöïñßá ãéá ôï ëÜèïò "no space on device".
        ÐñïóèÞêç óçìåßùóçò ðùò ôï Hacker's Guide âñßóêåôáé óå "êñõììÝíï"
        directory.  ÐñïóèÞêç åñþôçóçò ãéá áìößäñïìï (bidirectional)
        mode. Ðëçñïöïñßá ãéá ôá ëÜèç "device busy". ¢Üëëåò ìéêñÝò
        áëëáãÝò



     ¸êäïóç 1.7
        ðñïóôÝèçêå ðëçñïöïñßá ãéá ôéò ASP êáé AWE32.  Ôï VoxWare 2.9
        åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï. ÁðÜíôçóç óôçí åñþôçóç ãéá ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ IRQ2.
        ÁíáöïñÝò óå Sound êáé SCSI HOWTOs



     ¸êäïóç 1.8
        ðñïóôÝèçêå ç åñþôçóç ãéá ëÜèç êÜôù áðü ôï DOS. ¸ãéíáí ðïëëÝò
        ìéêñÝò áëëáãÝò þóôå íá ôáéñéÜæåé ìå ôçí Ýêäïóç 2.90 ôïõ driver
        Þ÷ïõ.  Ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï DOOM. ÁðÜíôçóç ãéá ôç ìåßùóç ôïõ
        èïñýâïõ



     ¸êäïóç 1.9
        åñùôÞóåéò ãéá ôçí ç÷ïãñÜöçóç êáé ãéá clone cards



     ¸êäïóç 1.10
        áíáöÝñåôáé üôé ôï HOWTO åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï óôï WWW, óå åêôõðùìÝíá
        áíôßãñáöá, êáé óå ìåôÜöñáóç. Ðëçñïöïñßá ãéá ôï DMA conflict ìå
        ôïí QIC tape driver. Ðëçñïöïñßá ãéá ôçí Sound Galaxy NX Pro êáé
        Logitech BusMouse



     ¸êäïóç 1.11
        Ìéá ðïëý êáèõóôåñçìÝíç åíçìÝñùóç (¹ìïõí ðïëý áðáó÷ïëçìÝíïò).  Ôï
        êåßìåíï ôÝèçêå êÜôù áðü Üäåéá GPL êáé óõã÷ñïíßóôçêå ìå ôçí
        Ýêäïóç 3.0 ãéá driver Þ÷ïõ.  Ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá drivers ðïõ
        õðïóôçñßæïõí ðïëëÝò íÝåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ. Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
        ãéá configuration êáé troubleshooting. ÐñïóôÝèçêáí ðïëëÜ HTML
        links. Óõììïñöþèçêå óýìöùíá ìå ôï format ôïõ CD-ROM HOWTO



     ¸êäïóç 1.12
        ÍÝïé drivers Þ÷ïõ óôïí ðõñÞíá 1.3.34. ÍÝá ïíüìáôá sound device.
        Ç 1542 address åßíáé ç 334 êáé ü÷é ç 333. Äéåõêñéíßóôçêå ç
        êáôÜóôáóç ôçò Creative Labs Emu êáé ASP. Äåßêôçò ðñïò ôá Web
        sites ôçò Creative Labs êáé MediaTrix



     ¸êäïóç 1.13
        Óçìåßùóç ãéá ôï üíïìá VoxWare. ÅíçìÝñùóç ìå üëåò ôéò
        õðïóôçñéæüìåíåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ êáé ôéò åðéëïãÝò óôéò ñõèìßóåéò.
        Åñþôçóç ãéá õðïóôÞñéîç Plug and Play. Åñþôçóç ãéá ôï ðñüâëçìá
        ôïõ block size. ÍÝåò åðéëïãÝò óôï xconfig êáé menuconfig. Ôï
        modutils Ý÷åé õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá sound device. ¸öõãå ç mailing list
        vger. Äüèçêå Ýìöáóç óôï Web site ôïõ óõããñáöÝá.  ÄéÜöïñåò Üëëåò
        ìéêñÝò áëëáãÝò


     ¸êäïóç 1.14
        Ç Audio Excell DSP16 äåí õðïóôçñßæåôáé ãéá ôçí þñá (èá ðñÝðåé íá
        äïõëÝøåé ðÜëé óå ìåñéêïýò ìÞíåò). ÁëëáãÝò óôï ðñüãñáììá
        configure. ÄéáèÝóéìç ç Ýêäïóç ôïõ Éôáëéêïý HOWTO. ÔÝ÷íáóìá ãéá
        íá èÝôïõìå ôçí åíßó÷õóç ôïõ ìßêôç (mixer) üôáí öïñôþíåôáé ôï
        module ôïõ Þ÷ïõ. Ï ôåëåõôáßïò óôáèåñüò ðõñÞíáò åßíáé ï 2.0. ÍÝï
        üíïìá ãéá ôï driver Þ÷ïõ. Åñþôçóç ãéá ôá äéêáéþìáôá ôïõ root óôá
        áñ÷åßá sound device



     ¸êäïóç 1.15
        áöáéñÝèçêáí êÜðïéåò åñùôÞóåéò ðïõ Þôáí ðïëý ðáëéÝò êáé Ü÷ñçóôåò
        ðéá. Ç íÝá çëåêôñïíéêÞ äéåýèõíóç ôïõ óõããñáöÝá. Äéïñèþèçêáí
        ìåñéêÜ links ðïõ äåß÷íïõí óôá ðéï ðñüóöáôá ðáêÝôá ëïãéóìéêïý.
        Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï âéâëßï ãéá ðïëõìÝóá. ÌéêñÝò
        áëëáãÝò óôçí ïñèïãñáößá êáé ôç óýíôáîç


     ¸êäïóç 1.16
        ÐïëëÝò áëëáãÝò êáé äéïñèþóåéò áðü ôïí Hannu Savolainen.
        ÐñïóôÝèçêå åîáìçíéáßá "ýðáñîç-ðéï-ðñüóöáôçò-Ýêäïóçò-ìåôÜ-áðü"
        çìåñïìçíßá. ÍÝá URL óå web óåëßäá ãéá ôï âéâëßï.  link óôçí
        éóðáíéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç. ÌéêñÝò áëëáãÝò óôçí ïñèïãñáößá êáé ôç
        óýíôáîç



     ¸êäïóç 1.17
        ÄéáèÝóéìç ç êéíÝæéêç Ýêäïóç. Åíáëëáêôéêüò GUS driver. Packet
        radio modem.  Ôï Linux Multimedia guide äéáôßèåôáé óôá ãáëëéêÜ
        êáé ãéáðùíÝæéêá. ÁíáöïñÝò óå äõï ó÷åôéêÜ mini-HOWTOs.  Äåßêôçò
        ãéá ôï IBM ThinkPad



     ¸êäïóç 1.18
        ÄéáèÝóéìç ç êïñåÜôéêç ìåôÜöñáóç. Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá
        ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïí Þ÷ï óôï MIPS. Åíçìåñþèçêáí ïé
        ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá õðïóôÞñéîç ðïëëáðëþí êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ.  Èá ðñÝðåé íá
        åßóôå root üôáí ôñÝ÷åôå ôï fuser



     ¸êäïóç 1.19
        ÐñïóôÝèçêáí åããñáöÝò óôï åõñåôÞñéï. ÔÝèçêå êÜôù áðü êáèåóôþò LDP
        áíôß GPL




  1.3.  ÍÝåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ


  ÍÝåò åêäüóåéò áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ èá óôÝëíïíôáé ðåñéïäéêÜ óôï
  comp.os.linux.answers newsgroup. Åðßóçò, èá óôÝëíïíôáé óå äéÜöïñá
  áíþíõìá ftp sites ðïõ óõãêåíôñþíïõí ôÝôïéåò ðëçñïöïñßåò üðùò êáé ôï
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/>.

  Hypertext åêäüóåéò áõôïý êáé Üëëùí Linux HOWTOs åßíáé äéáèÝóéìåò óå
  ðïëëÜ World-Wide-Web sites, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ êáé ôïõ
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/>. Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò äéáíïìÝò Linux CD-ROM
  ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôá HOWTOs, óõíÞèùò êÜôù áðü ôï directory /usr/doc, áëëÜ
  ìðïñåßôå íá áãïñÜóåôå êáé ôõðùìÝíá áíôßãñáöá áðü äéÜöïñïõò ðùëçôÝò.
  ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ôá HOWTOs ðïõ äéáôßèåíôáé áðü ôïõò ðñïìçèåõôÝò ôùí CD-
  ROM, ftp sites, êáé ç åêôõðùìÝíç ìïñöÞ åßíáé ðáñù÷çìÝíá. Áí ç
  çìåñïìçíßá áõôïý ôïõ HOWTO åßíáé ðáëáéüôåñç áðü Ýîé ìÞíåò áðü óÞìåñá,
  ôüôå ðïëý ðéèáíÜ ìéá íåüôåñç Ýêäïóç íá âñßóêåôáé óôï Internet.

  ÃáëëéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ äéáôßèåôáé óôï
  <ftp://ftp.ibp.fr/pub2/linux/french/docs/HOWTO/>.


  ÃéáðùíÝæéêç ìåôÜöñáóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ äéáôßèåôáé óôï
  <http://yebisu.ics.es.osaka-u.ac.jp/linux/>.

  ÉôáëéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ äéáôßèåôáé óôï
  <http://www.psy.unipd.it/ildp/docs/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO.html>.

  ÉóðáíéêÞ ìåôÜöñáóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ äéáôßèåôáé óôï
  <http://www.insflug.nova.es/howtos/online/sonido/sonido-COMO.html>.

  ÊéíÝæéêç ìåôÜöñáóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ äéáôßèåôáé óôï
  <http://linux.ntcic.edu.tw/~yorkwu/linux/howto/sound/>.


  ÊïñåÜôéêç ìåôÜöñáóç ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ äéáôßèåôáé óôï
  <http://members.iWorld.net/mangchi/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO.html>.

  Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò ìåôáöñÜóåéò áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ êáé Üëëùí Linux HOWTOs
  âñßóêïíôáé óôï
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations/> êáé óôï
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/translations/>.

  Áí ìåôáöñÜóåôå áõôü ôï êåßìåíï óå Üëëç ãëþóóá, åéäïðïéÞóôå ìå þóôå íá
  êÜíù ìéá áíáöïñÜ óå áõôü.



  1.4.  Feedback


  Ãéá ó÷üëéá, ðáñáôçñÞóåéò, äéïñèþóåéò, åíçìåñþóåéò ðåñß ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò
  ìåôÜöñáóçò áõôïý ôïõ HOWTO, óôåßëôå email óôçí Âïýëá ÓáíéäÜ :
  voulariba@hellug.gr Þ óôïí Åõñéðßäç Ðáðáêþóôá : evris@hellug.gr êáé
  åíáëëáêôéêÜ : ep@rocketmail.com

  Áõôü ôï HOWTO ìðïñåß íá âåëôéùèåß êáé íá åßíáé ðñáãìáôéêÜ ÷ñÞóéìï ìå
  ôç âïÞèåéá ôïõ áíáãíþóôç.  Áí Ý÷åôå ïðïéáäÞðïôå ðñüôáóç, äéüñèùóç, Þ
  ó÷üëéá, ðáñáêáëþ óôåßëôå ôá óôï tranter@pobox.com, êáé èá ðñïóðáèÞóù
  íá ôá åíóùìáôþóù óôçí åðüìåíç Ýêäïóç áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ.

  Åßìáé ðñüèõìïò, áí ìðïñþ, íá áðáíôÞóù óå ãåíéêÝò åñùôÞóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå
  ôéò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ êÜôù áðü ôï Linux.  Ðñéí ìå ñùôÞóåôå, äéáâÜóôå
  ðáñáêáëþ üëåò ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åé áõôü ôï HOWTO, êáé óôåßëôå
  ìïõ ëåðôïìåñåßò ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï ðñüâëçìÜ óáò. Ðáñáêáëþ ìç ìå ñùôÜôå
  ãéá ÷ñÞóç êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ óå Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá åêôüò ôïõ Linux.

  ÅÜí äçìïóéïðïéÞóåôå áõôü ôï êåßìåíï óå CD-ROM Þ óå ÷áñôß, èá åêôéìïýóá
  ôçí áðïóôïëÞ åíüò áíôéãñÜöïõ.  ÃñÜøôå ìïõ ãéá ôïí ôá÷õäñïìéêü ìïõ
  êþäéêá. Åðßóçò áíáëïãéóèåßôå ôçí ðåñßðôùóç äùñåÜò ðñïò ôï Linux
  Documentation Project ãéá íá óôçñßîåôå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç ôçò äùñåÜí
  ôåêìçñßùóçò.  ÅðéêïéíùíÞóôå ìå ôïí óõíôïíéóôÞ ôïõ Linux HOWTO, Tim
  Bynum   <mailto:linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu>, ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
  ðëçñïöïñßåò.



  1.5.  ÐïëéôéêÞ ÄéáíïìÞò

  Copyright (c) 1995-1998 áðü ôïí Jeff Tranter.  Áõôü ôï êåßìåíï ìðïñåß
  íá äéáôßèåôáé óýìöùíá ìå ôïõò üñïõò ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöïíôáé óôçí Üäåéá
  ÷ñÞóçò LDP óôï  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/COPYRIGHT.html>.




  2.  Ôå÷íïëïãßá êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ


  Óå áõôü ôï ôìÞìá äßíåôáé ìéá âáóéêÞ ðåñéãñáöÞ ôçò ôå÷íïëïãßáò ôïõ
  øçöéáêïý Þ÷ïõ, ìå óêïðü íá âïçèÞóåé óôçí êáôáíüçóç ôùí åííïéþí ðïõ èá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí ðáñáêÜôù óôï êåßìåíï.  Ãéá êÜðïéïí ðïõ èÝëåé íá ìÜèåé
  ðåñéóóüôåñá, êáëü èá Þôáí íá óõìâïõëåõôåß Ýíá âéâëßï ãéá øçöéáêü Þ÷ï Þ
  øçöéáêÞ åðåîåñãáóßá óÞìáôïò.

  Ï Þ÷ïò åßíáé áíáëïãéêüò, ìðïñåß äçëáäÞ íá ëÜâåé ïðïéáäÞðïôå ôéìÞ óå
  ìßá óõíå÷Þ êëßìáêá.  Ïé õðïëïãéóôÝò åßíáé øçöéáêïß, äïõëåýïõí äçëáäÞ
  ìå äéáêñéôÝò ôéìÝò. Ïé êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ìßá óõóêåõÞ ãíùóôÞ
  ùò ÌåôáôñïðÝáò Áíáëïãéêïý ÓÞìáôïò óå Øçöéáêü ÓÞìá (Analog to Digital
  Converter (A/D Þ ADC)) ãéá íá ìåôáôñÝðåé ôá ðëÜôç (voltages) ôçò
  áíáëïãéêÞò ç÷çôéêÞò êõìáôïìïñöÞò óå øçöéáêÝò Þ áñéèìçôéêÝò ôéìÝò, ïé
  ïðïßåò ìðïñïýí íá áðïèçêåõôïýí óôç ìíÞìç. Ðáñüìïéá, Ýíáò ÌåôáôñïðÝáò
  Øçöéáêïý ÓÞìáôïò óå Áíáëïãéêü (D/A Þ DAC) ìåôáôñÝðåé áñéèìçôéêÝò ôéìÝò
  óå áíáëïãéêÞ ôÜóç ç ïðïßá ìå ôç óåéñÜ ôçò ïäçãåß Ýíá ìåãÜöùíï,
  ðáñÜãïíôáò Þ÷ï.

  Ç äéáäéêáóßá ôçò ìåôáôñïðÞò ôïõ áíáëïãéêïý óÞìáôïò óå øçöéáêü, ãíùóôÞ
  ùò äåéãìáôïëçøßá, åéóÜãåé êÜðïéï óöÜëìá. Äýï ðáñÜãïíôåò êáèïñßæïõí
  ðüóï êáëÜ ôï äåéãìáôïëçðôçìÝíï óÞìá áíôéðñïóùðåýåé ôï áñ÷éêü. Ï ñõèìüò
  äåéãìáôïëçøßáò åßíáé ï áñéèìüò ôùí äåéãìÜôùí ðïõ ðÞñáìå áíÜ ìïíÜäá
  ÷ñüíïõ (óõíÞèùò åêöñÜæåôáé óå äåßãìáôá áíÜ äåõôåñüëåðôï Þ Hertz). ¸íáò
  ÷áìçëüò ñõèìüò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò áíôéðñïóùðåýåé ìå ëéãüôåñç áêñßâåéá ôï
  áíáëïãéêü óÞìá. Åýñïò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò åßíáé ôï åýñïò ôùí ôéìþí ðïõ
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá áíôéðñïóùðåýåé êÜèå äåßãìá, óõ÷íÜ åêöñÜæåôáé óå
  bits.  ¼óï ìåãáëýôåñï åßíáé ôï åýñïò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò, ôüóï áêñéâÝóôåñï
  èá åßíáé ôï øçöéáêü óÞìá.

  Ïé êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí óõíÞèùò åýñïò 8 Þ 16 bit äåéãìÜôùí ìå
  ñõèìïýò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò áðü 4000 ìÝ÷ñé 44,000 äåßãìáôá ôï äåõôåñüëåðôï.
  Ôá äåßãìáôá áõôÜ ìðïñïýí íá ðåñéÝ÷ïõí Ýíá êáíÜëé (mono) Þ äýï
  (stereo).  Óýíèåóç FM (FM Synthesis) åßíáé ìéá ðáëéüôåñç ôå÷íéêÞ ãéá
  ðáñáãùãÞ Þ÷ïõ. Âáóßæåôáé óôï óõíäõáóìü äéáöïñåôéêþí êõìáôïìïñöþí (ð.÷
  çìéôïíéêÞ, triangle, square). Ç FM synthesis åßíáé áðëïýóôåñç óôçí
  õëïðïßçóç óå hardware áðü ôïí D/A ìåôáôñïðÝá, áëëÜ åßíáé ðéï äýóêïëç
  óôïí ðñïãñáììáôéóìü ôçò êáé ëéãüôåñï åõÝëéêôç. ÐïëëÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ
  ðáñÝ÷ïõí FM synthesis ãéá ëüãïõò óõìâáôüôçôáò ìå ðáëéüôåñåò êÜñôåò êáé
  ëïãéóìéêü.  Äßíïíôáé óõíÞèùò åðßóçò êáé ðïëëÝò áíåîÜñôçôåò ãåííÞôñéåò
  Þ÷ïõ Þ öùíÞò.

  Ç óýíèåóç ìå âÜóç ðßíáêåò êõìáôïìïñöþí (Wavetable Synthesis) óõíäõÜæåé
  ôçí åõåëéîßá ôïõ ìåôáôñïðÝá D/A ìå ôçí éêáíüôçôá ðïëëáðëþí êáíáëéþí
  ôçò FM synthesis. Ìå áõôü ôï ó÷Þìá ïé øçöéïðïéçìÝíåò öùíÝò ìðïñïýí íá
  áðïèçêåýïíôáé óå åéäéêÜ áöéåñùìÝíç ìíÞìç, êáé íá ðáßæïíôáé, íá
  óõíäõÜæïíôáé, êáé íá ìåôáâÜëëïíôáé ìå ìéêñÞ åðéâÜñõíóç ôçò CPU. Ïé
  êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ôåëåõôáßáò ôå÷íïëïãßáò õðïóôçñßæïõí üëåò wavetable
  synthesis.  Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ðáñÝ÷ïõí ôç äõíáôüôçôá ãéá
  ìßîç (mixing), óõíäõáóìü óçìÜôùí áðü äéáöïñåôéêÝò ðçãÝò åéóüäïõ  êáèþò
  êáé Ýëåã÷ï ôçò óôÜèìçò åíßó÷õóçò ôùí óçìÜôùí (gain levels).  MIDI
  åßíáé ôá áñ÷éêÜ ôïõ Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ôï ïðïßï
  åßíáé Ýíá êáèéåñùìÝíï ðñùôüêïëëï ôüóï hardware üóï êáé software ãéá íá
  åðéôñÝðåé ôçí ìåôáîý ôùí ìïõóéêþí ïñãÜíùí åðéêïéíùíßá. Ôá óÞìáôá ðïõ
  óôÝëíïíôáé óå Ýíá MIDI êáíÜëé (bus) ìðïñïýí íá áðïèçêåõôïýí óáí MIDI
  áñ÷åßá ãéá ôç ìåôÝðåéôá åðåîåñãáóßá (editing) êáé áíáðáñáãùãÞ
  (playback).  ÐïëëÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ðáñÝ÷ïõí MIDI interface. ÁõôÝò ðïõ äå
  äßíïõí, ìðïñïýí íá ðáßæïõí MIDI áñ÷åßá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò on-board
  äõíáôüôçôåò ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ.  Ôá MOD áñ÷åßá åßíáé Ýíá êïéíü format ãéá
  ôñáãïýäéá ðïõ óõíèÝôïíôáé óå õðïëïãéóôÞ.  Ôá áñ÷åßá áõôÜ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí
  ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôéò íüôåò ðïõ èá ðáé÷ôïýí êáèþò êáé øçöéïðïéçìÝíá
  äåßãìáôá ôùí ïñãÜíùí (Þ öùíþí). Ôá MOD áñ÷åßá ðñïÞëèáí áðü ôá
  computers Amiga, áëëÜ ðáßæïõí ìå ôï êáôÜëëçëï ëïãéóìéêü êáé óå Üëëá
  ëåéôïõñãéêÜ, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ ôïõ Linux.

  3.  Õðïóôçñéæüìåíï Hardware


  Óå áõôü ôï ôìÞìá áêïëïõèåß ìéá ëßóôá ôùí êáñôþí Þ÷ïõêáé interfaces ðïõ
  õðïóôçñßæïíôáé ìÝ÷ñé óÞìåñá áðü ôï Linux. Ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò âáóßæïíôáé
  óôïí ðéï ðñüóöáôï ðõñÞíá Linux, ôç óôéãìÞ ôçò óõããñáöÞò ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ.

  Ï driver Þ÷ïõ Ý÷åé ôç äéêÞ ôïõ áñßèìçóç åêäüóåùí (versioning). Ç ðéï
  ðñüóöáôç Ýêäïóç óôáèåñïý ðõñÞíá Linux åßíáé ç Ýêäïóç 2.0.33, êáé
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ ìå Ýêäïóç 3.5.4-960630.

  Ï Hannu Savolainen Ýãñáøå ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ êáé äéáèÝôåé ôéò íÝåò beta
  åêäüóåéò ôïõ driver ðñéí íá åíóùìáôùèïýí óå äéáíïìÞ íÝïõ óôáèåñïý
  ðõñÞíá Linux. Ç ðéï åíçìåñùìÝíç ëßóôá ôùí õðïóôçñéæüìåíùí êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ
  âñßóêåôáé óôï  <http://www.4front-tech.com/ossfree/new_cards.html>
  (USA) Þ óôï <http://personal.eunet.fi/pp/voxware/new_cards.html>
  (Åõñþðç). ÁõôÝò ïé óåëßäåò äåß÷íïõí ðïéá Ýêäïóç ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ
  áðáéôåßôáé ãéá ôï óõãêåêñéìÝíï ôýðï êÜñôáò Þ áí ç õðïóôÞñéîç ôçò
  êÜñôáò âñßóêåôáé õðü êáôáóêåõÞ - áíÜðôõîç. Ôï áñ÷åßï
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound/Readme.cardsôï ïðïßï äéáíÝìåôáé ìå ôïí
  sound driver ôïõ áíôßóôïé÷ïõ ðõñÞíá ðåñéÝ÷åé ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôéò
  õðïóôçñéæüìåíåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ áëëÜ äåí åßíáé ðÜíôá ç ðéï ðñüóöáôç
  Ýêäïóç.

  Ïé ðëçñïöïñßåò óå áõôü ôï HOWTO åßíáé Ýãêõñåò ãéá Linux ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé óå
  ðëáôöüñìá Intel.

  Ï driver Þ÷ïõ ðñÝðåé íá äïõëåýåé åðßóçò ìå ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò êÜñôåò
  Þ÷ïõ óå ðëáôöüñìá Alpha.  Ðáñüëá áõôÜ, ìåñéêÝò êÜñôåò ìðïñåß íá Ý÷ïõí
  óýãêñïõóç (conflict) ìå ôéò èýñåò åéóüäïõ-åîüäïõ (I/O ports) Üëëùí
  óõóêåõþí óôá óõóôÞìáôá Alpha áêüìç êáé áí äïõëåýïõí ôÝëåéá óå ìç÷áíÝò
  i386, ãé' áõôü ãåíéêÜ äåí åßíáé äõíáôü íá ðåé êáíåßò ìå óéãïõñéÜ áí
  ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç êÜñôá èá äïõëÝøåé Þ ü÷é ÷ùñßò íá ôï äïêéìÜóåé.  Ôç
  óôéãìÞ ðïõ ãñÜöåôáé ôï êåßìåíï, ï driver Þ÷ïõ äå äïõëåýåé áêüìç ãéá
  ôçí Ýêäïóç ôïõ Linux ãéá PowerPC, áëëÜ óôï ìÝëëïí èá õðïóôçñßæåôáé. Ç
  õðïóôÞñéîç Þ÷ïõ ðáñÝ÷åôáé êáé ãéá óôçí ìåôáöïñÜ (port) ôïõ Linux ãéá
  MIPs, êáé ìåñéêÝò ìç÷áíÝò MIPs Ý÷ïõí EISA slots êáé/Þ åíóùìáôùìÝíï
  hardware Þ÷ïõ. ÐëçñïöïñÞèçêá ðùò ç ïìÜäá áíÜðôõîçò ôïõ Linux-MIPs
  åíäéáöÝñåôáé íá ðñïóèÝóåé óôï ìÝëëïí õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá Þ÷ï.

  Ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ Linux ðåñéëáìâÜíåé Ýíá îå÷ùñéóôü driver ãéá Atari êáé
  Amiga ðïõ õëïðïéåß Ýíá óõìâáôü õðïóýíïëï ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ ôçò
  ðëáôöüñìáò Intel, ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï åíóùìáôùìÝíï (built-in) sound
  hardware áõôþí ôùí ìç÷áíþí.

  Ç áíôßóôïé÷ç ìåôáöïñÜ (port) ôïõ Linux ãéá SPARC äåí õðïóôçñßæåé Þ÷ï.
  ¼ðùò óôçí Amiga êáé óôá Atari, ïé ìç÷áíÝò SPARC Ý÷ïõí åíóùìáôùìÝíï
  hardware Þ÷ïõ, êáé Ýôóé ç õðïóôÞñéîç èá ìðïñïýóå íá ãßíåé ìå ôçí
  äçìéïõñãßá åíüò íÝïõ driver (ç åéñùíåßá åßíáé ðùò óôï Linux ôï
  /dev/dsp ðñïóïìïéþíåé ôï sound device ôïõ SunOS!).

  3.1.  ÊÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ



  ·  Ïé ðáñáêÜôù êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü ôïí Linux kernel sound
     driver:

  ·  ATI Stereo F/X (äåí êáôáóêåõÜæåôáé ðéá)

  ·  AdLib (äåí êáôáóêåõÜæåôáé ðéá)

  ·  Ensoniq SoundScape (êáé ïé óõìâáôÝò ðïõ êáôáóêåõÜóôçêáí áðü ôéò
     Reveal êáé Spea)

  ·  Gravis Ultrasound

  ·  Gravis Ultrasound ACE

  ·  Gravis Ultrasound Max

  ·  Gravis Ultrasound ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ äåéãìáôïëçøßáò óôá 16 bit

  ·  Logitech Sound Man 16

  ·  Logitech SoundMan Games

  ·  Logitech SoundMan Wave

  ·  MAD16 Pro (OPTi 82C928, 82C929, 82C930, 82C924 chipsets)

  ·  Media Vision Jazz16

  ·  MediaTriX AudioTriX Pro

  ·  Microsoft Windows Sound System (MSS/WSS)

  ·  Mozart (OAK OTI-601)

  ·  Orchid SW32

  ·  Personal Sound System (PSS)

  ·  Pro Audio Spectrum 16

  ·  Pro Audio Studio 16

  ·  Pro Sonic 16

  ·  Roland MPU-401 MIDI interface

  ·  Sound Blaster 1.0

  ·  Sound Blaster 16

  ·  Sound Blaster 16ASP

  ·  Sound Blaster 2.0

  ·  Sound Blaster AWE32

  ·  Sound Blaster Pro

  ·  TI TM4000M notebook

  ·  ThunderBoard

  ·  Turtle Beach Tropez ("êëáóóéêÞ" áëëÜ ü÷é Plus)

  ·  Turtle Beach Maui

  ·  Yamaha FM synthesizers (OPL2, OPL3 êáé OPL4)

  ·  6850 UART MIDI Interface


  ÐñÝðåé íá óçìåéùèåß üôé ïé Plug and Play (PnP) êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ äåí åßíáé
  ðëÞñùò óõìâáôÝò ìå ôá ðáëéüôåñá ìïíôÝëá (ìç PnP) ôçò ßäéáò óõóêåõÞò.
  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç SoundBlaster16 PnP äåí åßíáé ðëÞñùò óõìâáôÞ ìå ôçí
  SoundBlaster16. Ôï ßäéï éó÷ýåé ãéá ôéò êÜñôåò Soundscape PnP êáé GUS
  PnP.  Ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôéò Plug and Play êÜñôåò, èá
  âñåßôå ðáñáêÜôù.

  Ïé ðáñáêÜôù êÜñôåò äåí õðïóôçñßæïíôáé, åßôå ãéáôß åßíáé ðïëý ðáëéÝò
  åßôå åðåéäÞ ï êáôáóêåõáóôÞò äåí èá åêäþóåé ôéò ðñïãñáììáôéóôéêÝò
  ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ðïõ áðáéôïýíôáé ãéá íá ãñáöôåß Ýíáò driver:



  ·  Pro Audio Spectrum (original)

  ·  Pro Audio Spectrum+

  ·  ðáëéÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ (Sierra Aria based) ôçò Diamond


  ¢Üëëåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ðïõ éó÷õñßæïíôáé üôé åßíáé óõìâáôÝò ìå êÜðïéá áðü
  ôéò õðïóôçñéæüìåíåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ìðïñåß íá äïõëÝøïõí áí åßíáé óõìâáôÝò
  óå åðßðåäï hardware (i.e. register level).

  Ðáñüëï ðïõ ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ éó÷õñßæïíôáé üôé åßíáé óõìâáôÝò
  ìå ôç "SoundBlaster", ðïëý ëßãåò áð' áõôÝò åßíáé åðáñêþò óõìâáôÝò þóôå
  íá äïõëÝøïõí ìå ôïí Linux SoundBlaster driver.  ÁõôÝò ïé êÜñôåò
  óõíÞèùò äïõëåýïõí êáëýôåñá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôïí MSS/WSS Þ MAD16 driver.
  Ìüíï ïé áõèåíôéêÝò êÜñôåò SoundBlaster ðïõ êáôáóêåõÜæïíôáé áðü ôç
  Creative Labs, êáé ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôá Creative's custom chips (ð.÷.
  SoundBlaster16 Vibra), ïé MV Jazz16 êáé ïé ESS688/1688 based êÜñôåò
  äïõëåýïõí ìå ôïí SoundBlaster driver. Ôï íá ðñïóðáèÞóåôå íá óôÞóåôå
  ìßá "16 bit êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óõìâáôÞ ìå SoundBlaster Pro" ìå ôïí
  SoundBlaster driver åßíáé óõíÞèùò ÷Üóéìï ÷ñüíïõ.

  Ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ Linux õðïóôçñßæåé ôç èýñá SCSI ðïõ ðáñÝ÷ïõí ìåñéêÝò
  êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ (ð.÷. ProAudioSpectrum 16) êáé ôï áðïêëåéóôéêÞò
  ôå÷íïëïãßáò (proprietary) interface ãéá ìåñéêïýò ïäçãïýò CD-ROM (ð.÷.
  Soundblaster Pro). Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò  äåßôå ôï SCSI HOWTO
  êáé to CDROM HOWTO.

  ¸íá loadable module ôïõ ðõñÞíá ãéá õðïóôÞñéîç èýñáò joystick,
  óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíçò êáé áõôÞò ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åôáé áðü ìåñéêÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ,
  åßíáé åðßóçò äéáèÝóéìï.

  Óçìåéþóôå åðßóçò ðùò ïé drivers ãéá SCSI, CD-ROM, joystick êáé Þ÷ïõ,
  åßíáé åíôåëþò áíåîÜñôçôïé ìåôáîý ôïõò.  Ãéá ôéò ðéï ðñüóöáôåò
  ðëçñïöïñßåò  ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïõò drivers ôùí êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ äåßôå ôï WWW site
  ôïõ Hannu Savolainen ðïõ áíáöÝñåôáé óôï ôìÞìá ôùí Ðáñáðïìðþí.



  3.2.  Åíáëëáêôéêïß Drivers ¹÷ïõ


  ÕðÜñ÷ïõí ìåñéêïß "áíåðßóçìïé" drivers Þ÷ïõ äéáèÝóéìïé, äåí
  óõìðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé óå åðßóçìåò äéáíïìÝò Linux, êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé
  áíôß ôïõ êáèéåñùìÝíïõ driver Þ÷ïõ.

  Ìéá åìðïñéêÞ Ýêäïóç ôïõ Linux driver Þ÷ïõ ðùëåßôáé áðü ôç 4Front
  Technologies.  ÐñïóöÝñåé êÜðïéá åðéðëÝïí ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ áðü ôç äùñåÜí
  Ýêäïóç ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ Linux.  Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
  ðëçñïöïñßåò  åðéóêåöôåßôå ôç Web óåëßäá ôçò 4Front Technologies óôï
  <http://www.4front-tech.com/>.

  Ï Markus Mummert (mum@mmk.e-technik.tu-muenchen.de) Ý÷åé ãñÜøåé Ýíá
  ðáêÝôï (package) ãéá driver ôùí êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ Turtle Beach MultiSound
  (classic), Tahiti, êáé Monterey.  Ç ôåêìçñßùóç ôïõ áíáöÝñåé:


       "¸÷åé ó÷åäéáóôåß ãéá õøçëÞò ðéóôüôçôáò áíáðáñáãùãÞ êáé
       ç÷ïãñÜöçóç óå óêëçñü äßóêï ÷ùñßò ðñïâëÞìáôá óõã÷ñïíéóìïý
       áêüìá êáé óå Ýíá áðáó÷ïëçìÝíï óýóôçìá. ¶ëëá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ
       üðùò wave synthesis, MIDI êáé åðåîåñãáóôÞò øçöéáêïý óÞìáôïò
       (digital signal processor - DSP) äåí ìðïñïýí íá
       ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí.  Åðßóçò, ç ôáõôü÷ñïíç ç÷ïãñÜöçóç êáé
       áíáðáñáãùãÞ äåí åßíáé äõíáôÞ. ÌÝ÷ñé ôþñá áíôéêáèéóôÜ ôï
       VoxWare êáé Ý÷åé äïêéìáóôåß ìå äéÜöïñïõò ðõñÞíåò Ýêäïóçs ðïõ
       êõìáßíåôáé áðü 1.0.9 Ýùò 1.2.1.  Åðßóçò, åßíáé äõíáôüí íá
       åãêáôáóôáèåß óå óõóôÞìáôá UN*X SysV386R3.2."



  Ìðïñåßôå íá ôïõò âñåßôå óôï
  <http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~mccreary/tbeach>.

  Ï Kim Burgaard (burgaard@daimi.aau.dk) Ý÷åé ãñÜøåé Ýíá device driver
  êáé âïçèçôéêÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá (utilities) ãéá ôï MIDI interface Roland
  MPU-401. Ç áíôßóôïé÷ç åããñáöÞ óôï Linux software map áíáöÝñåé:


       "¸íáò device driver ãéá áëçèéíÜ óõìâáôÜ MIDI interfaces ìå
       ôï Roland MPU-401 (óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ ôïõ Roland SCC-1 êáé
       ôïõ RAP-10/ATW-10). Äéáôßèåôáé ìå ìéá ÷ñÞóéìç óõëëïãÞ áðü
       âïçèçôéêÝò åöáñìïãÝò, óõìðåñéëáìâáíüìåíïõ åíüò êëáóóéêïý
       MIDI File player êáé recorder.



       ÐïëëÝò âåëôéþóåéò Ý÷ïõí ãßíåé áðü ôçí Ýêäïóç 0.11a. Ìåôáîý
       ôùí Üëëùí, ï driver ôþñá õðüó÷åôáé ðïëéôéêÞ äõíáôüôçôáò
       äéáìïéñáóìïý IRQ (IRQ sharing policy) êáé áêïëïõèåß ôá stan-
       dards ôïõ íÝïõ interface ãéá ôá modules ôïõ ðõñÞíá. ¾ðáñîç
       ìåôñïíüìïõ, äõíáôüôçôá ãéá óõã÷ñïíéóìü ð.÷. ãñáöéêþí áíÜ
       ÷ôýðï (beat) ÷ùñßò áðþëåéá áêñßâåéáò, ðñï÷ùñçìÝíï interface
       replay/record/overdub êáé ðïëëÜ, ðïëëÜ Üëëá."


  Èá ôïí âñåßôå óôï
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/sound/mpu401-0.2.tar.gz>.

  Ï Jaroslav Kysela êáé ìåñéêïß Üëëïé Ýãñáøáí Ýíáí åíáëëáêôéêü driver
  Þ÷ïõ ãéá ôçí êÜñôá Gravis UltraSound. Ðëçñïöïñßåò  èá âñåßôå óôï
  <http://romeo.pf.jcu.cz/~perex/ultra>, ôçí home page ôïõ Linux
  UltraSound Project.

  Ìéá íÝá ÷ñÞóç ãéá êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ êÜôù áðü Linux åßíáé ùò modem ãéá packet
  radio.  Ïé ðñüóöáôïé ðõñÞíåò 2.1.x ðåñéÝ÷ïõí Ýíá driver ðïõ äïõëåýåé
  ìå ôç SoundBlaster êáé ôéò óõìâáôÝò ìå Windows Sound System, ðïõ
  õëïðïéåß ôá ðñùôüêïëëá 1200 bps AFSK êáé 9600 bps FSK.  Äåßôå ôï Linux
  AX25 HOWTO ãéá ëåðôïìÝñåéåò (Åðß ôé åõêáéñßá, åßìáé êáé åãþ
  ñáäéïåñáóéôÝ÷íçò -- callsign VE3ICH).

  3.3.  ÌåãÜöùíï õðïëïãéóôÞ


  ¸íáò åíáëëáêôéêüò driver Þ÷ïõ åßíáé äéáèÝóéìïò, ðïõ äåí áðáéôåß
  åðéðëÝïí hardware Þ÷ïõ. ×ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï åóùôåñéêü ç÷åßï ôïõ
  õðïëïãéóôÞ. Åßíáé óõìâáôüò êõñßùò óå åðßðåäï software ìå ôïí driver
  ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ, áëëÜ, üðùò åßíáé êáé áíáìåíüìåíï, ðáñÝ÷åé Ýîïäï ðïëý
  ÷åéñüôåñçò ðïéüôçôáò êáé ðñïêáëåß ðïëý ìåãáëýôåñç åðéâÜñõíóç óôç CPU.
  Ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ðïéêßëïõí, êáé åßíáé áíÜëïãá ôùí ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêþí ôùí
  õðáñ÷üíôùí åóùôåñéêþí ç÷åßùí. Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò , äåßôå ôçí
  ôåêìçñßùóç ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åôáé ìå ôçí Ýêäïóç ôïõ driver.

  Ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá Ýêäïóç åßíáé ç 1.1, êáé èá ôç âñåßôå óôï
  <ftp://ftp.informatik.hu-berlin.de/pub/os/linux/hu-sound/>




  3.4.  ÐáñÜëëçëç èýñá


  Ìéá Üëëç åðéëïãÞ åßíáé ç äçìéïõñãßá åíüò øçöéïáíáëïãéêïý ìåôáôñïðÝá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ìéá ðáñÜëëçëç èýñá åêôõðùôÞ êáé êÜðïéá åðéðëÝïí õëéêÜ.
  Áõôü ðáñÝ÷åé áõîçìÝíç ðïéüôçôá Þ÷ïõ áðü üôé ôï åóùôåñéêü ç÷åßï ôïõ PC,
  áëëÜ äçìéïõñãåß åðßóçò ìåãÜëç åðéâÜñõíóç óôç CPU.  Ï driver Þ÷ïõ ãéá
  PC, ðïõ áíáöÝñèçêå ðáñáðÜíù, õðïóôçñßæåé áõôÞ ôç äõíáôüôçôá êáé
  óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåé ïäçãßåò ãéá ôçí êáôáóêåõÞ ôïõ áíáãêáßïõ hardware.



  4.  ÅãêáôÜóôáóç



  Ãéá íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï Linux þóôå íá õðïóôçñßæåé Þ÷ï áêïëïõèåßôå ôá
  ðáñáêÜôù âÞìáôá:


  1. ÅãêáôáóôÞóôå ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ.

  2. Ñõèìßóôå êáé ÷ôßóôå ôïí ðõñÞíá þóôå íá õðïóôçñßæåé Þ÷ï.

  3. ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå ôá device files.

  4. Åðáíåêêßíçóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá Linux êáé Ýëåã÷ïò ôçò åãêáôÜóôáóçò.

  Óôá åðüìåíá ôìÞìáôá èá ðáñïõóéÜóïõìå êÜèå Ýíá áðü áõôÜ ôá âÞìáôá
  áíáëõôéêÜ.



  4.1.  ÅãêáôÜóôáóç ôçò ÊÜñôáò ¹÷ïõ


  ÁêïëïõèÞóôå ôéò ïäçãßåò ôïõ êáôáóêåõáóôÞ ãéá ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ
  hardware Þ æçôÞóôå áðü ôïí áíôéðñüóùðï ðïõ áãïñÜóáôå ôç óõóêåõÞ íá óáò
  ôçí åãêáôáóôÞóåé.

  Ïé ðáëéüôåñåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ Ý÷ïõí óõíÞèùò äéáêüðôåò Þ jumpers ãéá ôï
  IRQ, êáíÜëé DMA, êëð. ÊáôáãñÜøôå ôéò ôéìÝò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóáôå. Áí äåí
  åßóáóôå óßãïõñïé, ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôéò ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíåò, áðü ôï
  åñãïóôÜóéï, ôéìÝò. ÐñïóðáèÞóôå íá áðïöýãåôå ôá conflicts ìå Üëëåò
  óõóêåõÝò (ð.÷. êÜñôåò äéêôýïõ ethernet , êÜñôåò SCSI, ðáñÜëëçëåò êáé
  óåéñéáêÝò èýñåò) üóï åßíáé äõíáôü.


  ÓõíÞèùò èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôéò ßäéåò ñõèìßóåéò ãéá I/O port,
  IRQ, êáé DMA, ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå óôï DOS. Óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò,
  ðáñüëá áõôÜ, (åéäéêÜ ãéá ôéò PnP êÜñôåò) ßóùò ÷ñåéáóôåß íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ñõèìßóåéò ãéá íá êÜíåôå ôá ðñÜãìáôá íá
  äïõëÝøïõí êÜôù áðü Linux.



  4.2.  Ñõèìßæïíôáò ôïí ÐõñÞíá


  Ìå êÜèå íÝá åãêáôÜóôáóç Linux Ý÷åôå óõíÞèùò Ýíá precompiled ðõñÞíá.
  Áõôïß ïé ðõñÞíåò äåí õðïóôçñßæïõí Þ÷ï. Åßíáé ðñïôéìüôåñï íá êÜíåôå
  compile ôïí ðõñÞíá ìüíïé óáò îáíÜ ìå ôïõò drivers ðïõ èÝëåôå. Ìðïñåß
  íá èÝëåôå íá êÜíåôå compile îáíÜ ôïí ðõñÞíá ãéá íá áíáâáèìéóôåßôå óå
  ìéá íÝá Ýêäïóç Þ íá åëåõèåñþóåôå ðüñïõò ìíÞìçò ìéêñáßíïíôáò ôï ìÝãåèïò
  ôïõ ðõñÞíá.

  Èá ðñÝðåé íá óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôï Linux Kernel HOWTO
  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Kernel-HOWTO.html> ãéá ôéò
  ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ôïõ ÷ôéóßìáôïò åíüò ðõñÞíá. Èá áíáöÝñù áðëÜ ìåñéêÜ èÝìáôá
  ðïõ Üðôïíôáé ìüíï óôéò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ.

  Áí äåí Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé ðïôÝ ôïí ðõñÞíá þóôå íá õðïóôçñßæåé Þ÷ï, åßíáé
  êáëÞ éäÝá íá äéáâÜóåôå üëá ôá áñ÷åßá Readme ðïõ óõìðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé ìå
  ôïõò drivers Þ÷ïõ ôïõ ðõñÞíá, åéäéêÜ ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïí
  ôýðï ôçò êÜñôáò óáò.  Ôá ðáñáêÜôù áñ÷åßá ôåêìçñßùóçò âñßóêïíôáé óôï
  kernel sound driver directory, óõíÞèùò óôï
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound:


  CHANGELOG         - ðåñéãñáöÞ ôùí áëëáãþí êÜèå Ýêäïóçò
  COPYING           - copying êáé copyright restrictions
  Readme            - ôá ðéï ðñüóöáôá êáé óçìáíôéêÜ íÝá
  Readme.aedsp16    - ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Audio Excel DSP 16
  Readme.cards      - ðáñáôçñÞóåéò ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç óõãêåêñéìÝíùí êáñôþí
  Readme.linux      - ðáñáôçñÞóåéò ãéá ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç drivers Þ÷ïõ äéáöïñåôéêþí åêäüóåùí
  Readme.modules    - ðþò íá êÜíåôå build Ýíá driver óá loadable kernel module
  Readme.v30        - íÝá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ óôçí Ýêäïóç 3.0 ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ
  experimental.txt  - ðáñáôçñÞóåéò óå ðåéñáìáôéêÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ




  ÁêïëïõèÞóôå ôçí ôõðéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá ãéá ôï ÷ôßóéìï ôïõ ðõñÞíá. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí
  ùò ôþñá 3 äéáöïñåôéêÜ interfaces ãéá ôç äéáäéêáóßá ñýèìéóçò. ÃñÜöïíôáò
  "make xconfig", Ý÷åôå Ýíá ãñáöéêü user interface ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé óôá X11.
  Ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ "make menuconfig" îåêéíÜôå Ýíá menu-based system ðïõ
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ìüíï áðåéêüíéóç menu êáé êåéìÝíïõ. Ç êëáóéêÞ ìÝèïäïò,
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï "make config", ðñïóöÝñåé Ýíá áðëü interface ìüíï ìå
  êåßìåíï.

  Èá ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóÝîåôå éäéáßôåñá üôáí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï "make xconfig"
  Þ ôï "make menuconfig". ¼ëåò ïé ÍÁÉ/Ï×É åñùôÞóåéò ðñÝðåé íá åîåôáóôïýí
  ðñïóåêôéêÜ. Ç ðñïåðéëåãìÝíç áðÜíôçóç ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ïé åíôïëÝò åßíáé ðÜíôá
  Ï×É, ôï ïðïßï äåí åßíáé ôï êáôÜëëçëï ãéá üëåò ôéò ðåñéðôþóåéò.
  ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá ç åðéëïãÞ "/dev/dsp êáé /dev/audio support"
  (CONFIG_AUDIO) ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé óõíÞèùò ÍÁÉ.

  ÕðïèÝôïõìå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí êëáóóéêÞ äéáäéêáóßá ãéá íá êÜíåôå
  compile, ãñÜöïíôáò "make config", áí êáé ç äéáäéêáóßá åßíáé ðáñüìïéá
  ãéá êÜèå ðåñßðôùóç.

  ÕðÜñ÷ïõí åðßóçò äýï äéáöïñåôéêïß ôñüðïé ãéá íá ñõèìßóåôå ôïí Þ÷ï. Ï
  ðñþôïò åßíáé ï "ðáëéüò" ôñüðïò (ï ìüíïò ðïõ õðÞñ÷å ðñéí ôïõò ðõñÞíåò
  2.0.0). ×ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá standalone ðñüãñáììá ôï ïðïßï åßíáé ìÝñïò ôïõ
  driver Þ÷ïõ. ÁõôÞ ç ìÝèïäïò äïõëåýåé ìå ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ
  åêôüò áðü åëÜ÷éóôåò ðïõ áðáéôïýí åðéðëÝïí drivers "÷áìçëïý åðéðÝäïõ"
  (miroSOUND, AWE32, êáé AEDSP16 cards).

  Ï äåýôåñïò åßíáé ç "íÝá" êáé êáëýôåñç ìÝèïäïò ç ïðïßá åßíáé
  åíóùìáôùìÝíç ìå ôï configuration ìÝóï ìåíïý ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êáé
  ãéá ôïí õðüëïéðï ðõñÞíá. Áõôüò ï ôñüðïò äå äïõëåýåé ìå êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ðïõ
  æçôïýí áñ÷åßï firmware. Áõôü ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ôéò êÜñôåò PSS, SM Wave,
  AudioTrix Pro êáé TurtleBeach Tropez/Maui. Ìå áõôÝò ôéò êÜñôåò ðñÝðåé
  íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ç ðáëéÜ ìÝèïäïò.

  Ç íÝá ìÝèïäïò ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ðÜíôá áðü ôï "make xconfig". ¼ôáí
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï "make menuconfig" ìðïñåßôå íá åðéëÝîåôå ìåôáîý ôïõ
  "ðáëéïý" êáé "íÝïõ" ôñüðïõ óôçí õðïïèüíç ãéá Þ÷ï.  ¼ôáí ôñÝ÷åôå "make
  config" ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áõôüìáôá ç "ðáëéÜ" ìÝèïäïò.  Ðáñüëá áõôÜ, áí
  Ý÷åôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôç "íÝá" ìÝèïäï ìéá öïñÜ, èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß êáé
  áðü ôï  "make config" åðßóçò. Ìðïñåßôå íá ãõñßóåôå óôïí ðáëéü ôñüðï
  ôñÝ÷ïíôáò ôï "make menuconfig" êáé åðéëÝãïíôáò ôïí "ðáëéü" ôñüðï.

  Ï ôñüðïò ðïõ ðñïôåßíïõìå åßíáé ç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ "make menuconfig" ìáæß ìå
  ôçí "ðáëéÜ" ìÝèïäï ñýèìéóçò Þ÷ïõ. ÐïëëÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá åãêáôÜóôáóçò
  ïöåßëïíôáé (ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí óå êÜðïéï ðïóïóôü) óå ëáíèáóìÝíç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ
  íÝïõ ôñüðïõ.

  Åßíáé åðßóçò äõíáôü íá öïñôþóåôå ôï driver Þ÷ïõ óáí loadable module
  ôïõ ðõñÞíá. Óõíéóôþ áñ÷éêÜ íá ÷ôßóåôå ôï driver óôïí ðõñÞíá. Áöïý
  åëÝãîåôå üôé äïõëåýåé, ìðïñåßôå íá ðåéñáìáôéóôåßôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí
  åðéëïãÞ kernel module.

  ¼ôáí ôñÝ÷åôå make config, åíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôçí õðïóôÞñéîç Þ÷ïõ áðáíôþíôáò
  íáé "y" óôçí åñþôçóç



       Sound card support (CONFIG_SOUND) [M/n/y/?]





  Óôï ôÝëïò ôùí åñùôÞóåùí ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá,  èá ãßíåé compile
  Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ñýèìéóçò Þ÷ïõ, èá ôñÝîåé, êáé èá óáò ñùôÞóåé ôéò
  ðáñáìÝôñïõò ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæïíôáé ãéá ôçí êÜñôá óáò. Ðñïóï÷Þ óôéò áðáíôÞóåéò
  óáò ìéá êáé áí áðáíôÞóåôå  ìßá åñþôçóç ëÜèïò ìðïñåß íá óáò åìðïäßóåé
  íá áðáíôÞóåôå óå ìåñéêÝò åñùôÞóåéò ðïõ áêïëïõèïýí. Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ìçí
  áðáíôÞóåôå íáé "yes" óôçí ðñþôç åñþôçóç (PAS16) áí äåí Ý÷åôå PAS16.
  Ìçí åíåñãïðïéåßôå ðåñéóóüôåñåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ áðü üóåò ÷ñåéÜæåóôå, ìéá
  êáé óðáôáëïýí ìíÞìç. Åðßóçò ìåñéêïß drivers (üðùò ï MPU-401) ìðïñåß íá
  êÜíïõí conflict ìå ôïí åëåãêôÞ SCSI êáé íá åìðïäßæïõí ôïí ðõñÞíá íá
  êÜíåé boot.

  ÐáñáêÜôù ðáñïõóéÜæù ìéá óýíôïìç ðåñéãñáöÞ êÜèå åðéëïãÞò. Óå êÜèå
  åñþôçóç ìðïñåßôå íá áðáíôÞóåôå "y" (íáé) Þ "n" (ü÷é). Ç ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíç
  áðÜíôçóç "[Y/n/?]" óçìáßíåé "y" êáé ç "[N/y/?]"  óçìáßíåé ðùò ç
  ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíç áðÜíôçóç åßíáé "n". Ãéá íá äéáëÝîåôå ôçí ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíç
  ôéìÞ, áðëÜ ðáôÞóôå Enter, áëëÜ èõìçèåßôå üôé ç ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíç ôéìÞ äåí
  åßíáé áðáñáßôçôá êáé ç óùóôÞ.

  Áí ãñÜøåôå Ýíá åñùôçìáôéêü ("?") èá äéáâÜóåôå ìéá óýíôïìç ðåñéãñáöÞ
  ãéá ôç óõãêåêñéìÝíç åðéëïãÞ.

  Óçìåéþóôå åðßóçò üôé ìðïñåß íá ìçí åñùôçèåßôå üëåò ôéò åñùôÞóåéò. Ôï
  ðñüãñáììá ìðïñåß íá áêõñþóåé ìåñéêÝò åñùôÞóåéò ïé ïðïßåò åîáñôþíôáé
  áðü íùñßôåñç áðÜíôçóÞ óáò. Ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá äéáëÝîåé ìåñéêÝò åðéëïãÝò
  ãéá óáò, áõôüìáôá.

     Old configuration exists in /etc/soundconf. Use it [Y/n/?]
        Áí Ý÷åôå  êÜíåé compile ðñïçãïõìÝíùò ôïí ðõñÞíá ìå õðïóôÞñéîç
        Þ÷ïõ, ôüôå ç ðñïçãïýìåíç óáò ñýèìéóç ìðïñåß íá óùèåß. Áí èÝëåôå
        íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí ðñïçãïýìåíç åãêáôÜóôáóç, ðáôÞóôå íáé "y".
        Áí èÝëåôå íÝá ñýèìéóç Þ Ý÷åôå áíáâáèìéóôåß óå íÝï ðõñÞíá, èá
        ðñÝðåé íá áðáíôÞóåôå ü÷é "n" êáé íá óõíå÷ßóåôå ôç äéáäéêáóßá
        åãêáôÜóôáóçò.


     ProAudioSpectrum 16 support [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå íáé "y" ìüíï áí Ý÷åôå a Pro Audio Spectrum 16,
        ProAudio Studio 16 or Logitech SoundMan 16. Ìçí áðáíôÜôå 'y' áí
        Ý÷åôå êÜðïéá Üëëç êÜñôá êáôáóêåõáóìÝíç áðü ôçí Media Vision Þ
        ôçí Logitech ìéá ðïõ äåí åßíáé óõìâáôÝò ìå PAS16.



     SoundBlaster support [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå íáé "y" áí Ý÷åôå ìéá ãíÞóéá êÜñôá SoundBlaster ôçò
        Creative Labs Þ ìéá óõìâáôÞ 100% (üðùò ç Thunderboard Þ ç SM
        Games).  Áí ç êÜñôá óáò åßíáé óôçí ëßóôá ôùí õðïóôçñéæüìåíùí
        êáñôþí êïéôÜîôå ôéò ïäçãßåò ãéá áõôÞí óôï áñ÷åßï Readme.cards
        ðñéí áðáíôÞóåôå óå áõôÞ ôçí åñþôçóç.  Ãéá ìéá Üãíùóôç êÜñôá
        ìðïñåßôå íá áðáíôÞóåôå "y'" áí ç êÜñôá éó÷õñßæåôáé ðùò åßíáé
        óõìâáôÞ ìå SoundBlaster.



     Gravis Ultrasound support [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå GUS Þ GUS MAX. ÁðáíôÞóôå "n" áí äåí Ý÷åôå
        GUS ìéá ðïõ ï driver êáôáíáëþíåé ðïëý ìíÞìç.



     MPU-401 support (NOT for SB16) [Y/n/?]
        Ðñïóï÷Þ óå áõôÞí ôçí åñþôçóç. Ôï MPU-401 interface õðïóôçñßæåôáé
        áðü üëåò ó÷åäüí ôéò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ.  Ðáñüëá áõôÜ, êÜðïéåò êÜñôåò
        ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïíôáé åããåíþò (natively)Ý÷ïõí ôïõò äéêïýò ôïõò
        drivers ãéá ôï MPU-401. Ç åíåñãïðïßçóç ôçí åðéëïãÞ MPU-401 óå
        áõôÝò ôéò êÜñôåò èá äçìéïõñãÞóåé conflict.  Åðßóçò, ç
        åíåñãïðïßçóç ôïõ MPU-401 óå Ýíá óýóôçìá ðïõ äåí Ý÷åé ðñáãìáôéêÜ
        MPU-401 èá ìðïñïýóå íá äçìéïõñãÞóåé êÜðïéá ðñïâëÞìáôá. Áí ç
        êÜñôá óáò äåí åßíáé óôç ëßóôá ôùí õðïóôçñéæüìåíùí êáñôþí,
        êïéôÜîôå ôéò ïäçãßåò ãéá ôçí óõãêåêñéìÝíç êÜñôá óôï áñ÷åßï
        Readme.cards. Åßíáé áóöáëÝò íá áðáíôÞóåôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå ìéá êÜñôá
        ìå áëçèéíü MPU-401 MIDI interface.


     6850 UART Midi support [Y/n/?]
        Åßíáé áóöáëÝò íá áðáíôÞóåôå "n" óå áõôÞí ôçí åñþôçóç, óå êÜèå
        ðåñßðôùóç.  Ôï 6850 UART interface óðÜíéá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé.



     PSS (ECHO-ADI2111) support [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" ìüíï áí Ý÷åôå Orchid SW32, Cardinal DSP16 Þ êÜðïéá
        Üëëç êÜñôá ðïõ âáóßæåôáé óôï PSS chipset (AD1848 codec +
        ADSP-2115 DSP chip + Echo ESC614 ASIC CHIP).



     16 bit sampling option of GUS (not GUS MAX) [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå åãêáôåóôçìÝíç ôçí 16 bit sampling
        daughtercard óôçí GUS. ÁðáíôÞóôå ü÷é "n" áí Ý÷åôå GUS MAX.
        Åíåñãïðïéþíôáò áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ, áðåíåñãïðïéåßôáé ç õðïóôÞñéîç
        ãéá GUS MAX.
     GUS MAX support [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" ìüíï áí Ý÷åôå GUS MAX.



     Microsoft Sound System support [Y/n/?]
        Óêåöôåßôå ðñïóåêôéêÜ êáé åäþ, ðñéí áðáíôÞóåôå "y" óå áõôÞ ôçí
        åñþôçóç. Åßíáé áóöáëÝò íá áðáíôÞóåôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå ôçí ãíÞóéá
        Windows Sound System card ôçò Microsoft Þ ôçò Aztech, SG 16 Pro
        (Þ NX16 Pro).  Åðßóçò ìðïñåßôå íá áðáíôÞóåôå "y" óå ðåñßðôùóç
        ðïõ ç êÜñôá óáò äåí áíáöÝñåôáé ðïõèåíÜ ìÝ÷ñé ôþñá óå áõôü ôï
        êåßìåíï. Ãéá êÜñôåò ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïõí åããåíþò VoxWare,
        óõìâïõëåõôåßôå ôéò ïäçãßåò ôéò óõãêåêñéìÝíçò êÜñôáò óôï
        Readme.cards. Ìåñéêïß drivers ðáñÝ÷ïõí äéêéÜ ôïõò õðïóôÞñéîç MSS
        êáé åíåñãïðïéþíôáò áõôÞí ôçí åðéëïãÞ èá äçìéïõñãÞóåé conflict.



     Ensoniq Soundscape support [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ âáóéóìÝíç óôï chipset Ensoniq
        SoundScape. ÔÝôïéåò êÜñôåò êáôáóêåõÜæïíôáé ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí áðü ôçí
        Ensoniq, Spea êáé ôçí Reveal (ç Reveal êáôáóêåõÜæåé åðßóçò êáé
        äéêÝò ôçò êÜñôåò).



     MediaTriX AudioTriX Pro support [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå ôçí AudioTriX Pro.




     Support for MAD16 and/or Mozart based cards?
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí ç êÜñôá óáò äéáèÝôåé Mozart (OAK OTI-601) Þ
        MAD16 (OPTi 82C928 Þ 82C929) ôóéð Þ÷ïõ. ÁõôÜ ôá ôóéðò åßíáé
        ðëÝïí ðïëý êïéíÜ êáé ãé' áõôü åßíáé äõíáôüí ðïëëÝò áíþíõìåò
        êÜñôåò íá Ý÷ïõí êÜðïéá áðü ôá ðáñáðÜíù ôóéðò. Åðéðñüóèåôá, ôï
        ôóéð MAD16 ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé êáé óå ìåñéêÝò êÜñôåò ðïõ
        êáôáóêåõÜæïíôáé áðü ãíùóôïýò êáôáóêåõáóôÝò ç Turtle Beach
        (Tropez), ç Reveal (ìåñéêÜ ìïíôÝëá ôçò), ç Diamond (ôá ðéï
        ðñüóöáôá).



     Support for Crystal CS4232 based (PnP) cards [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå êÜñôá âáóéóìÝíç óôï chipset Crystal
        CS4232.



     Support for Turtle Beach Wave Front (Maui, Tropez) synthesizers
        [Y/n/?]"  ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå ïðïéáäÞðïôå áðü áõôÝò ôéò
        êÜñôåò.



     SoundBlaster Pro support [Y/n/?]
        ÅíåñãïðïéÞóôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ áí ç êÜñôá óáò åßíáé ç
        SoundBlaster Pro Þ ç SoundBlaster 16. ÅíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôçí åðßóçò
        ãéá ïðïéáäÞðïôå óõìâáôÞ ìå SoundBlaster Pro. Áí áðáíôÞóåôå "n"
        åîïéêïíïìåßôå ìíÞìç, áëëÜ ç áóöáëÞò áðÜíôçóç åäþ åßíáé "y".



     SoundBlaster 16 support [Y/n/?]
        ÅíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ áí Ý÷åôå ôçí SoundBlaster 16
        (óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé êáé ç AWE32).



     Audio Excel DSP 16 initialization support [Y/n/?]
        ÅíåñãïðïéÞóôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ áí Ý÷åôå ôçí êÜñôá Audio Excel
        DSP16. Äåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï Readme.aedsp16 ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
        ðëçñïöïñßåò.



  To ðñüãñáììá èá óáò ñùôÞóåé ìåñéêÝò åñùôÞóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí
  õðïóôÞñéîç êÜðïéùí áêüìá õðçñåóéþí.  Óáò óõíéóôïýìå íá áðáíôÞóåôå "y"
  óå êÜèå ìéá áðü áõôÝò ôéò åñùôÞóåéò. ÁðáíôÞóôå "n" ìüíï áí ãíùñßæåôå
  üôé äå èá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå áõôÞ ôçí åðéëïãÞ.



     /dev/dsp and /dev/audio support (usually required) [Y/n/?]
        Áí áðáíôÞóåôå "n", áðåíåñãïðïéåßôå ôá /dev/dsp êáé /dev/audio,
        ôïõò ìåôáôñïðåßò A/D êáé D/A. ÁðáíôÞóôå "y".


     MIDI interface support [Y/n/?]
        Áí áðáíôÞóåôå "n", áðåíåñãïðïéåßôå ôá devices /dev/midixx  êáé
        ôçí ðñüóâáóç óå ïðïéåóäÞðïôå èýñåò MIDI ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá
        /dev/sequencer êáé /dev/music. ÁõôÞ ç åðéëïãÞ åðçñåÜæåé åðßóçò
        ïðïéáäÞðïôå óõóêåõÞ MPU-401 êáé/Þ óõìâáôÞ ìå General MIDI.



     FM synthesizer (YM3812/OPL-3) support [Y/n/?]
        Åäþ áðáíôÞóôå "y".



     /dev/sequencer support [Y/n/?]
        Áí áðáíôÞóåôå "n", áðåíåñãïðïéåßôå ôá /dev/sequencer êáé
        /dev/music



     Do you want support for the mixer of SG NX Pro ?
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Sound Galaxy NX Pro êáé
        èÝëåôå õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá ôéò Ýîôñá ëåéôïõñãßåò ôïõ ìßêôç (extended
        mixer functions).



     Do you want support for the MV Jazz16 (ProSonic etc.) ?
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ MV Jazz16.


     Do you have a Logitech SoundMan Games [Y/n/?]
        ÁðáíôÞóôå "y" áí Ý÷åôå ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Logitech SoundMan Games.


  ÌåôÜ ôéò ðáñáðÜíù åñùôÞóåéò ãéá êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ, ôï ðñüãñáììá æçôÜ
  ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç ôçò óõãêåêñéìÝíçò êÜñôáò. ÓõíÞèùò æçôåßôáé
  ç äéåýèõíóç I/O, ïé ôéìÝò ôùí IRQ êáé DMA. Ãéá ìåñéêÝò êÜñôåò, ôï
  ðñüãñáììá æçôÜ ìåñéêÜ áñ÷åßá ðïõ èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèïýí êáôÜ ôçí
  áñ÷éêïðïßçóç ôçò êÜñôáò. ÁõôÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé áðü êÜñôåò ðïõ
  äéáèÝôïõí DSP Þ ìéêñïåðåîåñãáóôÞ ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá áñ÷éêïðïéçèåß
  "öïñôþíïíôáò" Ýíá áñ÷åßï (microcode) óôçí êÜñôá. Óå êÜðïéåò
  ðåñéðôþóåéò ôï áñ÷åßï áõôü ãñÜöåôáé óôï a .h áðü ôï ðñüãñáììá
  ñõèìßóåùí êáé ìåôÜ åíóùìáôþíåôáé óôïí driver êáôÜ ôï compile. Êáé åäþ,
  äéáâÜóôå ôéò óõãêåêñéìÝíåò ðëçñïöïñßåò  ãéá ôçí êÜñôá óáò óôï áñ÷åßï
  Readme.cards.

  Óôï ôÝëïò èá åñùôçèåßôå:



       The sound driver is now configured.
       Save copy of this configuration to /etc/soundconf [Y/n/?]




  ÖõóéïëïãéêÜ èá áðáíôïýóáôå "y" Ýôóé þóôå áí ìåëëïíôéêÜ ÷ñåéáóôåß íá
  êÜíåôå îáíÜ compile ôïí ðõñÞíá, íá Ý÷åôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï ßäéï áñ÷åßï ñõèìßóåùí ãéá ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ.

  ÅÜí áíáâáèìßæåôå ôïí ðáëéü óáò driver Þ÷ïõ, óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ôá
  áñ÷åßá /usr/include/sys/soundcard.h êáé /usr/include/sys/ultrasound.h
  åßíáé óõìâïëéêÜ links óôá áíôßóôïé÷á áñ÷åßá óôï /usr/include/linux, Þ
  áðëÜ üôé ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôéò ãñáììÝò #include <linux/soundcard.h> êáé
  #include <linux/ultrasound.h>, áíôßóôïé÷á.

  Åßóôå ôþñá Ýôïéìïé íá êÜíåôå compile êáé íá óôÞóåôå ôï íÝï ðõñÞíá.



  4.3.  Äçìéïõñãßá ôùí Device files


  Ãéá óùóôÞ ëåéôïõñãßá, ðñÝðåé íá äçìéïõñãçèïýí device file entries ãéá
  ôá sound devices. ÁõôÜ êáíïíéêÜ äçìéïõñãïýíôáé ãéá óáò êáôÜ ôçí
  åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò Linux. ¸íáò óýíôïìïò Ýëåã÷ïò ìðïñåß íá
  ãßíåé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ ðïõ öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù. Áí ôï
  áðïôÝëåóìá åßíáé áõôü ðïõ öáßíåôáé ðáñáêÜôù (ç çìåñïìçíßá èá
  äéáöÝñåé), ôüôå ôá device files åßíáé ó÷åäüí óßãïõñá åíôÜîåé.



       % ls -l /dev/sndstat
       crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root      14,   6 Apr 25  1995 /dev/sndstat




  Óçìåéþóôå üôé ôï íá Ý÷åôå ôá óùóôÜ device files äåí åããõÜôáé ôßðïôá
  áðü ìüíï ôïõ.  Ï driver ôïõ ðõñÞíá ðñÝðåé åðßóçò íá öïñôùèåß Þ íá
  ãßíåé compile ðñéí íá äïõëÝøïõí ôá devices (ðåñéóóüôåñá ãé' áõôü
  ðáñáêÜôù).

  Óå óðÜíéåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, áí ðéóôåýåôå üôé åßíáé ëÜèïò ôá device files,
  ìðïñåßôå íá ôá îáíáäçìéïõñãÞóåôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï ìéêñü shell script
  ðïõ âñßóêåôáé óôï ôÝëïò ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ Readme.linux óôï directory
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound, ôñÝ÷ïíôÜò ôï óá ÷ñÞóôçò root.
  ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò äéáíïìÝò Linux Ý÷ïõí Ýíá script
  /dev/MAKEDEV ôï ïðïßï ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãé' áõôü ôï óêïðü.

  Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôï PC speaker sound driver, äéáâÜóôå ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç
  ðïõ Ýñ÷åôáé ìáæß ìå ôï ðáêÝôï þóôå íá áðïöáóßóåôå áí ðñÝðåé íá
  äçìéïõñãçèïýí ôßðïôá device files.






  4.4.  Åðáíåêêßíçóç ôïõ Linux êáé ¸ëåã÷ïò ôçò ÅãêáôÜóôáóçò


  Èá ðñÝðåé ôþñá íá åßóôå Ýôïéìïé íá îåêéíÞóåôå ôï íÝï ðõñÞíá êáé íá
  åëÝãîåôå ôïõò drivers Þ÷ïõ. ÁêïëïõèÞóôå ôç óõíçèéóìÝíç äéáäéêáóßá
  åãêáôÜóôáóçò êáé åðáíåêêßíçóçò ôïõ íÝïõ ðõñÞíá (êñáôÞóôå öõóéêÜ êÜðïõ
  ôïí ðáëéü ðõñÞíá ãéá ôõ÷üí ðñïâëÞìáôá).

  ÊáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç, åëÝãîôå ãéá ìÞíõìá óáí ôï ðáñáêÜôù on powerup (áí
  ôá ìõíÞìáôá åìöáíßæïíôáé ðïëý ãñÞãïñá êáé äåí ðñïëáâáßíåôå íá ôá
  äéáâÜóåôå, ìðïñåßôå íá ôá äåßôå ãñÜöïíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ dmesg):



       Sound initialization started
       <Sound Blaster 16 (4.13)> at 0x220 irq 5 dma 1,5
       <Sound Blaster 16> at 0x330 irq 5 dma 0
       <Yamaha OPL3 FM> at 0x388
       Sound initialization complete




  Áõôü èá ðñÝðåé íá ôáéñéÜæåé ìå ôïí ôýðï ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ óáò êáé ôá
  jumper settings (áí õðÜñ÷ïõí).

  Óçìåéþóôå üôé ôá ðáñáðÜíù ìçíýìáôá äåí åìöáíßæïíôáé üôáí
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå loadable sound driver module (åêôüò êáé áí ôï
  åíåñãïðïéÞóåôå, ð.÷. ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï "insmod sound trace_init=1).

  ¼ôáí ï driver Þ÷ïõ ãßíåôáé link óôïí ðõñÞíá, ðñÝðåé íá åìöáíéóôïýí ôá
  ìçíýìáôá "Sound initialization started" êáé "Sound initialization
  complete". Áí äåí ôõðþíïíôáé, óçìáßíåé üôé äåí õðÜñ÷åé driver Þ÷ïõ
  óôïí ðõñÞíá. Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç, èá ðñÝðåé íá åëÝãîåôå üôé
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ðñÜãìáôé ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ êÜíáôå compile üôáí
  åíåñãïðïéÞóáôå ôï driver Þ÷ïõ.

  Áí äåí ôõðþíåôáé ôßðïôá ìåôáîý ôùí ãñáììþí "Sound initialization
  started" êáé "Sound initialization complete", óçìáßíåé üôé äåí
  áíé÷íåýèçêáí óõóêåõÝò Þ÷ïõ.  Ðïëý ðéèáíÜ, áõôü óçìáßíåé üôé äåí Ý÷åôå
  åíåñãïðïéÞóåé ôï óùóôü driver, ç êÜñôá äåí õðïóôçñßæåôáé, ôï I/O port
  is bad Þ üôé Ý÷åôå êÜñôá PnP ç ïðïßá äåí ñõèìßóôçêå óùóôÜ.

  Ï driver ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá åìöáíßóåé ìåñéêÜ ìçíýìáôá  ëÜèïõò êáé
  ðñïåéäïðïéÞóåéò (warnings) êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç (boot). ÐñïóÝîôå ãéá
  ôÝôïéá ìçíýìáôá üôáí îåêéíÜ ôï óýóôçìá ãéá ðñþôç öïñÜ ìåôÜ ôç ñýèìéóç
  ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ.

  Ôï åðüìåíï âÞìá åßíáé íá åëÝãîåôå ôï device file /dev/sndstat.  Áí
  äéáâÜóåôå ôï status device file ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ èá óáò äþóåé åðéðëÝïí
  ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï áí ï driver ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ Ý÷åé áñ÷éêïðïéçèåß
  óùóôÜ. ¸íá ôõðéêü áðïôÝëåóìá èá öáßíåôáé üðùò ôï ðáñáêÜôù:














  % cat /dev/sndstat
  Sound Driver:3.5.4-960630 (Sat Jan 4 23:56:57 EST 1997 root,
  Linux fizzbin 2.0.27 #48 Thu Dec 5 18:24:45 EST 1996 i586)
  Kernel: Linux fizzbin 2.0.27 #48 Thu Dec 5 18:24:45 EST 1996 i586
  Config options: 0

  Installed drivers:
  Type 1: OPL-2/OPL-3 FM
  Type 2: Sound Blaster
  Type 7: SB MPU-401

  Card config:
  Sound Blaster at 0x220 irq 5 drq 1,5
  SB MPU-401 at 0x330 irq 5 drq 0
  OPL-2/OPL-3 FM at 0x388 drq 0

  Audio devices:
  0: Sound Blaster 16 (4.13)

  Synth devices:
  0: Yamaha OPL-3

  Midi devices:
  0: Sound Blaster 16

  Timers:
  0: System clock

  Mixers:
  0: Sound Blaster




  Ç ðáñáðÜíù åíôïëÞ ìðïñåß íá áíáöÝñåé ìåñéêÜ ìçíýìáôá ëÜèïõò. Ôï "No
  such file or directory" äåß÷íåé üôé ðñÝðåé íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôá device
  files (äåßôå ôï ôìÞìá 4.3).  Ôï "No such device" óçìáßíåé üôé ï driver
  Þ÷ïõ äåí åßíáé öïñôùìÝíïò Þ äåí Ý÷åé ãßíåé link óôïí ðõñÞíá.
  ÅðéóôñÝøôå óôï ôìÞìá 4.2 ãéá íá ôï äéïñèþóåôå.

  Áí ïé ãñáììÝò óôï "Card config:" ãéá ôï /dev/sndstat âñßóêïíôáé åíôüò
  ðáñÝíèåóçò (üðùò: "(SoundBlaster at 0x220 irq 5 drq 1,5)"), óçìáßíåé
  ðùò ç óõóêåõÞ áõôÞ ðáñüëï ðïõ ñõèìßóôçêå, äåí åíôïðßóôçêå áðü ôï
  óýóôçìá.

  Ôþñá èá ðñÝðåé íá åßóáóôå Ýôïéìïé íá ðáßîåôå Ýíá áðëü áñ÷åßï Þ÷ïõ.
  Âñåßôå Ýíá ôÝôïéï áñ÷åßï êáé óôåßëôå ôï óôçí êÜñôá, óáí Ýíá âáóéêü
  ôåóô ôçò äõíáôüôçôáò ðáñáãùãÞò Þ÷ïõ, ð.÷.:



       % cat endoftheworld >/dev/dsp
       % cat crash.au >/dev/audio




  (Óéãïõñåõôåßôå ðùò äåí ðáñáëåßøáôå ôï ">" óôéò ðáñáðÜíù åíôïëÝò).

  Óçìåéþóôå ðùò ãåíéêÜ, ç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ cat äåí åßíáé ï êáôÜëëçëïò ôñüðïò íá
  ðáßæåôå áñ÷åßá Þ÷ïõ, áëëÜ áðëÜ Ýíá ãñÞãïñï ôåóô. Èá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá
  âñåßôå Ýíá ðñáãìáôéêü ðñüãñáììá Þ÷ïõ (èá ðåñéãñáöïýí áñãüôåñá) ðïõ èá
  êÜíåé êáëýôåñç äïõëåéÜ.

  ÁõôÞ ç åíôïëÞ èá äïõëÝøåé ìüíï áí õðÜñ÷åé ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ìéá óõóêåõÞ óôï
  ôìÞìá ìå ôá audio devices ôïõ /dev/sndstat. Áí ôï ôìÞìá ôùí audio
  devices åßíáé Üäåéï, ðñÝðåé íá åëÝãîåôå ãéáôß ç óõóêåõÞ äåí
  åíôïðßóôçêå.

  Áí ïé ðáñáðÜíù åíôïëÝò åðéóôñÝöïõí "I/O error", èá ðñÝðåé íá êïéôÜîåôå
  óôï ôÝëïò ôùí ìçíõìÜôùí ôïõ ðõñÞíá ðïõ åìöáíßæïíôáé ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ
  "dmesg".  Åßíáé ðïëý ðéèáíü Ýíá ìÞíõìá ëÜèïõò íá åìöáíßæåôáé åêåß.
  Ðïëý óõ÷íÜ ôï ìÞíõìá åßíáé "Sound: DMA (output) timed out - IRQ/DRQ
  config error;". Ôï ðáñáðÜíù ìÞíõìá óçìáßíåé üôé ï driver äåí Ýëáâå ôï
  áíáìåíüìåíï interrupt áðü ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ.  Óôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò
  ðåñéðôþóåéò áõôü óçìáßíåé üôé ôï IRQ Þ ôï êáíÜëé DMA ðïõ ñõèìßóôçêå
  óôïí driver äå äïõëåýåé. Ï êáëýôåñïò ôñüðïò íá ôï êÜíåôå íá äïõëÝøåé
  åßíáé íá äïêéìÜóôå üëá ôá ðéèáíÜ DMAs êáé IRQs ðïõ õðïóôçñßæïíôáé áðü
  ôç óõóêåõÞ.

  ¢ëëïò ðéèáíüò ëüãïò åßíáé üôé ç óõóêåõÞ äåí åßíáé óõìâáôÞ ìå ôç
  óõóêåõÞ ãéá ôçí ïðïßá ñõèìßóôçêå ï driver. ÁõôÞ åßíáé ó÷åäüí ðÜíôá ç
  ðåñßðôùóç üôáí ìéá õðïôéèÝìåíç "óõìâáôÞ ìå SoundBlaster (Pro/16)"
  êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ äå äïõëåýåé ìå ôï driver ãéá SoundBlaster. Óå áõôÞ ôçí
  ðåñßðôùóç, äïêéìÜóôå íá âñåßôå ôç óõóêåõÞ ìå ôçí ïðïßá ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ
  óáò åßíáé óõìâáôÞ (óôÝëíïíôáò, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ìÞíõìá óôï newsgroup
  comp.os.linux.hardware).

  ÌåñéêÜ äåßãìáôá áñ÷åßùí Þ÷ïõ èá âñåßôå óôï
  url="ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/sound/snd-
  data-0.1.tar.Z">

  Ôþñá ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝãîåôå ôçí ç÷ïãñÜöçóç Þ÷ïõ. Áí Ý÷åôå äõíáôüôçôá ãéá
  åßóïäï Þ÷ïõ (sound input), ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå Ýíá ãñÞãïñï ôåóô
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôéò åíôïëÝò:



       # ç÷ïãñáöåß 4 äåõô/ðôá Þ÷ïõ áðü ôï ìéêñüöùíï
       EDT% dd bs=8k count=4 </dev/audio >sample.au
       4+0 records in
       4+0 records out
       # play back sound
       % cat sample.au >/dev/audio




  ÖõóéêÜ ãéá íá äïõëÝøåé êÜôé ôÝôïéï, ÷ñåéÜæåóôå Ýíá ìéêñüöùíï
  óõíäåäåìÝíï óôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óáò êáé èá ðñÝðåé íá ìéëÞóåôå ó' áõôü.
  Ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå Ýíá ðñüãñáììá mixer ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôï ìéêñüöùíï
  ùò ôçí ðçãÞ åéóüäïõ êáé íá ñõèìßóåôå ôçí Ýíôáóç ôçò ç÷ïãñÜöçóçò.

  Áí ôá ôåóô áõôÜ ïëïêëçñùèïýí åðéôõ÷þò, ìðïñåßôå íá åßóáóôå Þóõ÷ïé, óå
  ëïãéêÜ ðëáßóéá âÝâáéá, ðùò ôá D/A êáé A/D hardware êáé software
  äïõëåýïõí.  Áí áíôéìåôùðßóåôå ðñïâëÞìáôá, äéáâÜóôå ôï åðüìåíï ôìÞìá
  áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ.



  4.5.  Troubleshooting

  Áí áêüìá áíôéìåôùðßæåôå ðñïâëÞìáôá ðáñüëï ðïõ áêïëïõèÞóáôå ôéò ïäçãßåò
  ôïõ HOWTO, åäþ õðÜñ÷ïõí ìåñéêÜ ðñÜãìáôá ðïõ ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝãîåôå.  Ïé
  Ýëåã÷ïé áíáãñÜöïíôáé ìå áýîïõóá óåéñÜ ðïëõðëïêüôçôáò. Áí Ýíáò Ýëåã÷ïò
  áðïôý÷åé, ëýóôå ôï ðñüâëçìá ðñéí ðñï÷ùñÞóåôå óôï åðüìåíï âÞìá.






  4.5.1.  ÂÞìá 1: Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ðñáãìáôéêÜ ôñÝ÷åôå ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ
  êÜíáôå compile.


  Ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝãîåôå ôï date stamp ôïõ ðõñÞíá ãéá íá äåßôå üôé
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå áõôüí ðïõ êÜíáôå compile ìå õðïóôÞñéîç Þ÷ïõ.  Áõôü
  ìðïñåßôå íá ôï êÜíåôå ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ uname:



       % uname -a
       Linux fizzbin 2.0.0 #1 Tue Jun 4 16:57:55 EDT 1996 i386




  Þ êïéôþíôáò ôï áñ÷åßï /proc/version:



       % cat /proc/version
       Linux version 2.0.0 (root@fizzbin) (gcc version 2.7.0) #1 Tue Jun 4 16:57:55 EDT 1996





  Áí ôï date stamp äåí ôáéñéÜæåé ìå ôçí çìåñïìçíßá ðïõ êÜíáôå compile
  ôïí ðõñÞíá,  ôüôå ôñÝ÷åôå Ýíáí ðáëéü ðõñÞíá. ÊÜíáôå reboot; Áí
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå LILO ôï îáíáåãêáôáóôÞóáôå (ôõðéêÜ ôñÝ÷ïíôáò
  /etc/lilo/install); Áí îåêéíÞóåôå áðü äéóêÝôá, äçìéïõñãÞóáôå íÝá boot
  äéóêÝôá êáé áí íáé, ôçí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóáôå êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç;



  4.5.2.  ÂÞìá 2: Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ïé drivers Þ÷ïõ ôïõ ðõñÞíá
  óõìðåñéëÞöèçóáí óôï compile.

  Ï áðëïýóôåñïò ôñüðïò ãéá áõôü, åßíáé íá åëÝãîåôå ôçí Ýîïäï ôïõ
  "dev/sndstat" üðùò ðåñéãñÜöçêå íùñßôåñá. Áí ç Ýîïäïò äåí åßíáé ç
  áíáìåíüìåíç ôüôå êÜôé ðÞãå ëÜèïò ìå ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ðõñÞíá Þ ôo
  build ôïõ. Áñ÷ßóôå îáíÜ ôçí äéáäéêáóßá åãêáôÜóôáóçò, îåêéíþíôáò áðü ôï
  configuration êáé to ÷ôßóéìï ôïõ ðõñÞíá.



  4.5.3.  ÂÞìá 3: Áíáãíþñéóå ï ðõñÞíáò ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç;

  Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ åíôïðßóôçêå áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá êáôÜ ôçí
  åêêßíçóç.  Èá ðñÝðåé íá åßäáôå êÜðïéï ìÞíõìá êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç. Áí ôá
  ìçíýìáôá êÜíáíå scroll Ýîù áðü ôçí ïèüíç óáò, ìðïñåßôå íá ôá îáíáäåßôå
  ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ dmesg:



       % dmesg




  Þ



       % tail /var/adm/messages

  Áí ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óáò äåí âñÝèçêå ôüôå êÜôé ðÜåé ëÜèïò. Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò
  Ý÷åé áëçèéíÜ åãêáôáóôáèåß. Áí ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ äïõëåýåé óå DOS ôüôå
  ìðïñåßôå íá åßóáóôå ó÷åôéêÜ óßãïõñïé ðùò ôï hardware äïõëåýåé, êáé Üñá
  ðñüêåéôáé ãéá ðñüâëçìá óôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ðõñÞíá. ¹ äçëþóáôå ôçí êÜñôá
  óáò ùò ëÜèïò ôýðï, Þ ìå ëÜèïò ðáñáìÝôñïõò, Þ ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óáò äåí
  åßíáé óõìâáôÞ ìå êáíÝíáí driver êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ ôïõ ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux.

  Ìßá ðéèáíüôçôá åßíáé üôé ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óáò åßíáé ìéá áðü ôéò "óõìâáôïý"
  ôýðïõ ðïõ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé áñ÷éêïðïßçóç áðü ôï DOS driver. ÄïêéìÜóôå íá
  åêêéíÞóåôå DOS êáé íá öïñôþóåôå ôï driver ðïõ ðáñÝ÷åôáé áðü ôïí ðùëçôÞ
  ôçò êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ. ÌåôÜ åðáíåêêéíÞóôå (soft boot) óå Linux ðáôþíôáò
  Control-Alt-Delete. Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ç äéåýèõíóç I/O ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ,
  ïé ñõèìßóåéò DMA êáé IRQ óôï Linux åßíáé ßäéåò üðùò êáé óôï DOS.
  ÄéáâÜóôå ôï áñ÷åßï Readme.cards áðü ôç äéáíïìÞ ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ôïõ
  driver ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ ãéá ôõ÷üí õðïäåßîåéò ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç  êÜñôáò
  Þ÷ïõ áõôïý ôïõ ôýðïõ.

  Áí ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óáò äå óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óå áõôü ôï êåßìåíï, åßíáé
  ðéèáíü üôé ïé Linux drivers äåí ôçí õðïóôçñßæïõí. Ìðïñåßôå íá ôï
  åëÝãîåôå ìå êÜðïéåò áðü ôéò ðáñáðïìðÝò ðïõ âñßóêïíôáé ãéá âïÞèåéá óôï
  ôÝëïò ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ.


  4.5.4.  ÂÞìá 4: Ìðïñåßôå íá äéáâÜóåôå äåäïìÝíá áðü ôï dsp device ;

  ÐñïóðáèÞóôå íá äéáâÜóåôå áðü ôç óõóêåõÞ /dev/audio ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí
  åíôïëÞ dd ðïõ ðáñïõóéÜóôçêå íùñßôåñá óå áõôü ôï êåßìåíï.  Ç åíôïëÞ
  ðñÝðåé íá ôñÝ÷åé ÷ùñßò ëÜèç.

  Áí äå äïõëåýåé, ôüôå ôï ðéèáíüôåñï åßíáé ðùò ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé IRQ Þ
  DMA conflict Þ êÜðïéï åßäïò áóõìâáôüôçôáò óå åðßðåäï hardware (ç
  óõóêåõÞ äåí õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôï Linux Þ ï driver Ý÷åé ñõèìéóôåß ãéá
  ëÜèïò óõóêåõÞ).

  Ìéá ìéêñÞ ðéèáíüôçôá åßíáé ç ýðáñîç åëáôôùìáôéêïý hardware. ÄïêéìÜóôå
  íá åëÝãîåôå ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óôï DOS, áí åßíáé äõíáôü, þóôå íá
  åîáëåßøåôå áõôÞ ôçí ðéèáíüôçôá.



  4.5.5.  Oôáí üëá Ý÷ïõí áðïôý÷åé

  .

  Áí åîáêïëïõèåßôå íá Ý÷åôå ðñïâëÞìáôá, äåßôå ðáñáêÜôù ìåñéêÝò ôåëéêÝò
  ðñïôÜóåéò ãéá ôï ôé ìðïñåßôå íá äïêéìÜóåôå:


  ·  îáíáäéáâÜóôå ðñïóåêôéêÜ áõôü ôï HOWTO

  ·  äéáâÜóôå ôéò ðáñáðïìðÝò ðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï ôÝëïò ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ, åéäéêÜ
     ôéò web óåëßäåò ôïõ Hannu Savolainen's êáé ôá ó÷åôéêÜ Readme áñ÷åßá
     ôïõ ðçãáßïõ êþäéêá ôïõ ðõñÞíá

  ·  óôåßëôå ìéá åñþôçóç óå Ýíá newsgroup ôïõ comp.os.linux Þ êÜðïéï
     Üëëï Usenet newsgroup (ôï comp.os.linux.hardware åßíáé ìéá êáëÞ
     åðéëïãÞ.  Åîáéôßáò ôïõ ìåãÜëïõ öüñôïõ óå áõôÜ ôá ãêñïõð âïçèÜåé íá
     âÜëåôå ôç ëÝîç "sound" óôçí åðéêåöáëßäá ôïõ subject ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò
     Ýôóé þóôå íá ôï äïõí ïé êáôÜëëçëïé åéäéêïß)

  ·  Ôï íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ìéá Web/Usenet search engine ìå Ýîõðíá
     äéáëåãìÝíá êñéôÞñéá áíáæÞôçóçò ìðïñåß íá óáò äþóåé ðïëý êáëÜ
     áðïôåëÝóìáôá êáé ãñÞãïñá. Ìéá ôÝôïéá åðéëïãÞ åßíáé ôï
     <http://www.altavista.digital.com>


  ·  ÄïêéìÜóôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí ðéï ðñüóöáôï ðõñÞíá Linux (áëëÜ
     ìüíï óáí ýóôáôç ðñïóðÜèåéá, ïé ðéï ðñüóöáôïé õðü áíÜðôõîç ðõñÞíåò
     ìðïñåß íá åßíáé áóôáèåßò)

  ·  óôåßëôå mail óôï óõããñáöÝá ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ

  ·  óôåßëôå mail óôï óõããñáöÝá ôïõ Sound HOWTO

  ·  óçêþóôå ôï emacs êáé ãñÜøôå Esc-x doctor :-)

  ÐáñïõóéÜæù åäþ Ýíá äåßãìá ôïõ ôýðïõ ôùí åöáñìïãþí ðïõ ðéèáíÜ èá èÝëåôå
  áí Ý÷åôå åãêáôáóôÞóåé êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óå Linux. Ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝãîåôå ôï
  Linux Software Map, ôá Internet archive sites, êáé/Þ ôá áñ÷åßá óôï
  Linux CD-ROM ðïõ Ý÷åôå ãéá ðéï ðñüóöáôåò ðëçñïöïñßåò .


  Ðïëý ðéèáíÜ èá èÝëåôå íá áðïêôÞóåôå ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ôéò ðáñáêÜôù åöáñìïãÝò
  :


  ·  âïçèçôéêÞ åöáñìïãÞ ãéá ìåôáôñïðÞ format Þ÷ïõ (ð.÷. Sox)

  ·  âïçèçôéêÞ åöáñìïãÞ ìßêôç (mixer utility) (ð.÷. aumix Þ xmix)

  ·  player/recorder øçöéïðïéçìÝíùí áñ÷åßùí (ð.÷. play Þ wavplay)

  ·  MOD file player (ð.÷. tracker)

  ·  MIDI file player (ð.÷. playmidi)

  ÕðÜñ÷ïõí text-based áëëÜ êáé GUI-based åêäüóåéò ãéá ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü
  áõôÜ ôá åñãáëåßá. ÕðÜñ÷ïõí åðßóçò ìåñéêÝò ðåñéóóüôåñï esoteric
  åöáñìïãÝò (ð.÷. áíáãíþñéóç êáé óýíèåóç öùíÞò) ðïõ ßóùò èÝëåôå íá
  äïêéìÜóåôå.



  5.  ÁðáíôÞóåéò óå Óõ÷íÜ ÄéáôõðùìÝíåò ÅñùôÞóåéò


  Áõôü ôï ôìÞìá áðáíôÜ óå åñùôÞóåéò ðïõ ãßíïíôáé óõ÷íÜ óôá Usenet news
  groups êáé ôéò mailing lists.

  ÁðáíôÞóåéò óå ðåñéóóüôåñåò åñùôÞóåéò èá âñåßôå óôç web óåëßäá ôïõ OSS
  driver Þ÷ïõ.



  5.1.  Ôé åßíáé ôá sound device files;


  ÁõôÜ åßíáé ðéï "óôÜíôáñ" ïíüìáôá ôùí device files, ìåñéêÝò äéáíïìÝò
  Linux ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóïõí ëßãï äéáöïñåôéêÜ ïíüìáôá.


     /dev/audio
        êáíïíéêÜ Ýíá link óôï /dev/audio0

     /dev/audio0
        audio device óõìâáôü ìå Sun workstation (ìåñéêÞ ìüíï õëïðïßçóç,
        äåí õðïóôçñßæåé Sun ioctl interface, ìüíï êùäéêïðïßçóç u-law)

     /dev/audio1
        äåýôåñï audio device (áí õðïóôçñßæåôáé áðü ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Þ áí
        Ý÷ïõí åãêáôáóôçèåß ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ìßá êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ)

     /dev/dsp
        êáíïíéêÜ Ýíá link óôï /dev/dsp0

     /dev/dsp0
        ðñþôç óõóêåõÞ øçöéáêÞò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò (digital sampling)

     /dev/dsp1
        äåýôåñç óõóêåõÞ øçöéáêÞò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò (digital sampling)

     /dev/mixer
        êáíïíéêÜ Ýíá link óôï /dev/mixer0

     /dev/mixer0
        ðñþôïò ìßêôçò (mixer) Þ÷ïõ

     /dev/mixer1
        äåýôåñï ìßêôçò (mixer) Þ÷ïõ

     /dev/music
        high-level sequencer interface

     /dev/sequencer
        low level MIDI, FM, êáé GUS access

     /dev/sequencer2/
        êáíïíéêÜ Ýíá link óôï /dev/music

     /dev/midi00
        ðñþôç èýñá raw MIDÉ

     /dev/midi01
        äåýôåñç èýñá MIDI

     /dev/midi02
        ôñßôç èýñá MIDI

     /dev/midi03
        ôÝôáñôç èýñá MIDI

     /dev/sndstat
        åìöáíßæåé ôçí êáôÜóôáóç ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ üôáí äéáâáóôåß


  Ï PC speaker driver ðáñÝ÷åé ôá ðáñáêÜôù devices :



     /dev/pcaudio
        éóïäýíáìï ìå ôï /dev/audio

     /dev/pcsp
        éóïäýíáìï ìå ôï /dev/dsp

     /dev/pcmixer
        éóïäýíáìï ìå ôï /dev/mixer


  5.2.  Ðþò ìðïñþ  íá ðáßîù Ýíáí Þ÷ï ;

  Ôá Sun workstation (.au) áñ÷åßá Þ÷ïõ ìðïñïýí íá ðáé÷ôïýí óôÝëíïíôÜò ôá
  óôï /dev/audio device. Ôá raw samples ìðïñïýí íá óôáëïýí óôï /dev/dsp.
  ¼ìùò, áõôü èá äþóåé ãåíéêÜ öôù÷ü áðïôÝëåóìá, êáé ç ÷ñÞóç åíüò
  ðñïãñÜììáôïò üðùò ôï play åßíáé ðñïôéìüôåñç, ìéá êáé èá áíáãíùñßóåé
  ôïõò ðåñéóóüôåñïõò ôýðïõò áñ÷åßùí êáé èá èÝóåé ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óôï
  óùóôü ñõèìü äåéãìáôïëçøßáò, êëð.

  ÐñïãñÜììáôá üðùò ôï wavplay Þ ôï vplay (ìÝóá óôï ðáêÝôï snd-util) èá
  äþóïõí êáëýôåñá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ìå ôá áñ÷åßá WAV files. ÐáñüëáõôÜ, äåí
  áíáãíùñßæïõí ôá WAV áñ÷åßá ìå óõìðßåóç Microsoft ADPCM. Åðßóçò,
  ðáëéüôåñåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ play (áðü ôï ðáêÝôï Lsox) äå äïõëåýïõí êáëÜ ìå
  WAV áñ÷åßá 16 bit.

  Ç åíôïëÞ splay ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôï ðáêÝôï snd-util ìðïñåß íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá íá ðáßîåôå ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá áñ÷åßá Þ÷ïõ áí äïèïýí ïé
  êáôÜëëçëïé ðáñÜìåôñïé ìå ôï ÷Ýñé óå command line.



  5.3.  Ðþò ìðïñþ  íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóù Ýíáí Þ÷ï ;


  Áí äéáâÜóåôå ôï /dev/audio Þ ôï /dev/dsp èá óáò åðéóôñÝøåé sampled
  data ôá ïðïßá ìðïñïýí íá óôáëïýí óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï. ¸íá ðñüãñáììá óáí ôï
  vrec êÜíåé åõêïëüôåñï ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ôïõ ñõèìïý äåéãìáôïëçøßáò, ôçò
  äéÜñêåéáò, êëð.  Ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå åðßóçò Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ìßêôç
  (mixer) ãéá íá åðéëÝãåôå ôçí êáôÜëëçëç óõóêåõÞ åéóüäïõ.



  5.4.  Ìðïñþ íá Ý÷ù ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ìßá êÜñôåò ;




  Ìå ôïí ôñÝ÷oíôá driver Þ÷ïõ åßíáé äõíáôü íá Ý÷åôå ôçí ßäéá óôéãìÞ óôï
  óýóôçìá äéÜöïñåò êÜñôåò üðùò SoundBlaster, SoundBlaster/Pro,
  SoundBlaster16, MPU-401 Þ MSS. Ç åãêáôÜóôáóç äýï êáñôþí SoundBlaster
  åßíáé äõíáôÞ áëëÜ áðáéôåß íá ïñßóåôå ÷åéñïêßíçôá ôá macros SB2_BASE,
  SB2_IRQ, SB2_DMA êáé (óå ìåñéêÝò ðåñéðôþóåéò) SB2_DMA2 áíïßãïíôáò óå
  Ýíáí editïr ôï local.h. Åßíáé åðßóçò äõíáôü íá Ý÷åôå ìéá SoundBlaster
  ôçí ßäéá óôéãìÞ ìå Ýíá PAS16.

  Ìå ôïõò íÝïõò ðõñÞíåò 2.0.x ðïõ ñõèìßæïõí ôïí Þ÷ï ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ make
  config, áíôß íá ãñÜøåôå óôï áñ÷åßï local.h, ðñÝðåé íá áíïßîåôå ôï
  áñ÷åßï /usr/include/linux/autoconf.h.  ÌåôÜ ôï ôìÞìá ðïõ Ý÷åé ôéò
  ðáñáêÜôù ãñáììÝò :



       #define SBC_BASE 0x220
       #define SBC_IRQ (5)
       #define SBC_DMA (1)
       #define SB_DMA2 (5)
       #define SB_MPU_BASE 0x0
       #define SB_MPU_IRQ (-1)




  ðñïóèÝóôå áõôÝò ôéò ãñáììÝò (ìå ôéò êáôÜëëçëåò ôéìÝò ãéá ôï óýóôçìÜ
  óáò):



       #define SB2_BASE 0x330
       #define SB2_IRQ (7)
       #define SB2_DMA (2)
       #define SB2_DMA2 (2)




  Ïé ðáñáêÜôù drivers äåí åðéôñÝðïõí ðïëëáðëÜ instances:


  ·  GUS (ðåñéïñéóìüò áðü driver)

  ·  MAD16 (ðåñéïñéóìüò áðü hardware)

  ·  AudioTrix Pro (ðåñéïñéóìüò áðü hardware)

  ·  CS4232 (ðåñéïñéóìüò áðü hardware)


  5.5.  Error: No such file or directory for sound devices

  ×ñåéÜæåôáé íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôá device files ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ. Äåßôå ôï
  ôìÞìá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôç äçìéïõñãßá device files. Áí Ý÷åôå device files,
  óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé Ý÷ïõí ôï óùóôü ìÝãéóôï êáé åëÜ÷éóôï áñéèìü óõóêåõÞò
  (device) (ìåñéêÝò ðáëéüôåñåò äéáíïìÝò CD-ROM Linux ìðïñåß íá ìç
  äçìéïõñãïýí ôá óùóôÜ device files êáôÜ ôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç).



  5.6.  Error: No such device for sound devices


  Äåí Ý÷åôå îåêéíÞóåé ìå ðõñÞíá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ Þ ç ñýèìéóç
  ôçò I/O äéåýèõíóçò äåí ôáéñéÜæåé ìå ôï hardware. ÅëÝãîôå üôé ôñÝ÷åôå
  ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ ìüëéò êÜíáôå compile êáé åðéâåâáéþóôå üôé ïé ñõèìßóåéò
  ðïõ äþóáôå êáôÜ ôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ óõìöùíïýí ìå ôï hardware
  setup.



  5.7.  Error: No space left on device for sound devices



  Áõôü ìðïñåß íá óõìâåß áí ðñïóðáèÞóáôå íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóåôå Þ÷ï óôï
  /dev/audio Þ /dev/dsp ÷ùñßò íá Ý÷åôå ðñþôá äçìéïõñãÞóåé ôá áðáñáßôçôá
  device files.  Ç óõóêåõÞ Þ÷ïõ åßíáé ôþñá Ýíá êáíïíéêü áñ÷åßï, êáé Ý÷åé
  ãåìßóåé ôï partition ôïõ óêëçñïý óáò äßóêïõ. Èá ðñÝðåé íá ôñÝîåôå ôï
  script ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôï ôìÞìá "Äçìéïõñãßá ôùí Device files" áõôïý
  ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ.

  Áõôü ìðïñåß íá óõìâåß åðßóçò ìå ôï Linux 2.0 êáé ìåãáëýôåñï áí äåí
  õðÜñ÷åé áñêåôÞ åëåýèåñç ìíÞìç (RAM) óôï óýóôçìá üôáí áíïßãåé ç device.
  O driver Þ÷ïõ áðáéôåß ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí äýï óåëßäåò (8k) öõóéêÞò óõíå÷üìåíçò
  RAM ãéá êÜèå êáíÜëé DMA. Áõôü óõìâáßíåé ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò óå ìç÷áíÝò ìå
  ëéãüôåñç áðü 16M ìíÞìç Þ ðïõ ôñÝ÷ïõí ãéá ìåãÜëï ÷ñïíéêü äéÜóôçìá.
  Åßíáé äõíáôü íá åëåõèåñþóåôå ëßãç ìíÞìç êÜíïíôáò compile êáé ôñÝ÷ïíôáò
  ôï ðáñáêÜôù C ðñüãñáììá ðñéí íá ðñïóðáèÞóåôå íá  áíïßîåôå îáíÜ ôï
  device :



       main() {
         int i;
         char mem[500000];
         for (i = 0; i < 500000; i++)
           mem[i] = 0;
         exit(0);
       }




  5.8.  Error: Device busy for sound devices


  Ìüíï ìßá äéáäéêáóßá ìðïñåß íá áíïßîåé ìßá äïóìÝíç óõóêåõÞ Þ÷ïõ ôçí
  ßäéá óôéãìÞ.  Ðïëý ðéèáíÜ ìåñéêÝò Üëëåò äéåñãáóßåò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôç
  óõóêåõÞ ãéá ôçí ïðïßá ãßíåôáé ëüãïò. ¸íáò ôñüðïò íá âåâáéùèåßôå åßíáé
  íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ fuser :



       % fuser -v /dev/dsp
       /dev/dsp:             USER       PID ACCESS COMMAND
                             tranter    265 f....  tracker




  Óôï ðáñáðÜíù ðáñÜäåéãìá, ç åíôïëÞ fuser Ýäåéîå üôé ç äéáäéêáóßá
  (process) 265 åß÷å ôç óõóêåõÞ áíïéêôÞ. Áí ðåñéìÝíåôå ôç äéáäéêáóßá íá
  ïëïêëçñùèåß Þ ôç óêïôþóåôå èá ìðïñåßôå ìåôÜ íá Ý÷åôå îáíÜ ðñüóâáóç óôç
  óõóêåõÞ Þ÷ïõ. Èá ðñÝðåé íá ôñÝîåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ fuser óá root Ýôóé þóôå
  íá áíáöÝñåôáé ç ÷ñÞóç êáé áðü Üëëïõò ÷ñÞóôåò åêôüò áðü åóÜò.



  5.9.  Åîáêïëïõèþ íá âëÝðù device busy errors!


  Óýìöùíá ìå ôïí Brian Gough, ãéá ôéò êÜñôåò SoundBlaster ðïõ
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí  ôï DMA êáíÜëé 1 õðÜñ÷åé ìéá ðéèáíÞ  potential óýãêñïõóç
  (conflict) ìå ôïí tape driver QIC-02, ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß åðßóçò ôï DMA
  1, ðñïêáëþíôáò ëÜèç "device busy". Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå FTAPE, ìðïñåß íá
  Ý÷åôå åíåñãïðïéÞóåé áõôü ôï driver. Óýìöùíá ìå ôï FTAPE-HOWTO ï driver
  QIC-02 äåí åßíáé áðáñáßôçôïò ãéá ôç ÷ñÞóç ôïõ FTAPE; ìüíï ï driver
  QIC-117 áðáéôåßôáé. Áí ñõèìßóåôå îáíÜ ôïí ðõñÞíá þóôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß
  ôïí QIC-117 êáé ü÷é ôïí QIC-02, ôï FTAPE êáé o driver Þ÷ïõ èá ìðïñïýí
  íá óõíõðÜñ÷ïõí.



  5.10.  ÌåñéêÞ åêôÝëåóç ôïõ (Partial playback) øçöéïðïéçìÝíïõ Þ÷ïõ


  Ôï óýìðôùìá åßíáé óõíÞèùò üôé Ýíá äåßãìá Þ÷ïõ (sound sample) ðáßæåé
  ðåñßðïõ ãéá Ýíá äåõôåñüëåðôï êáé ìåôÜ óôáìáôÜ ôåëåßùò Þ áíáöÝñåé
  êÜðoéï ìÞíõìá ëÜèïõò üðùò "missing IRQ" Þ "DMA timeout". Ðïëý ðéèáíÜ
  äåí Ý÷åôå óùóôÝò ñõèìßóåéò IRQ Þ óôï êáíÜëé DMA. Âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ïé
  ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ ðõñÞíá óõìöùíïýí ìå ôá jumper settings ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ
  êáé üôé äå äçìéïõñãåßôáé êÜðïéï conflict ìå Üëëç êÜñôá.

  ¢ëëï óýìðôùìá åßíáé äåßãìáôá Þ÷ïõ (sound samples) ðïõ åðáíáëáìâÜíïíôáé
  óõíÝ÷åéá ("loop").  Áõôü óõíÞèùò ïöåßëåôáé óå IRQ conflict.



  5.11.  ÕðÜñ÷ïõí äéáêïðÝò üôáí ðáßæù MOD áñ÷åßá

  Ãéá íá ðáßîåôå áñ÷åßá MOD files áðáéôåßôáé óçìáíôéêÞ CPU power. Ìðïñåß
  íá ôñÝ÷åôå ðïëëÝò äéáäéêáóßåò Þ ï õðïëïãéóôÞò óáò íá åßíáé ðïëý áñãüò
  ãéá íá ðáßîåé óå ðñáãìáôéêü ÷ñüíï (real time). Ïé åðéëïãÝò ðïõ Ý÷ôå
  åßíáé :


  ·  äïêéìÜóôå íá ðáßîåôå ìå ìéêñüôåñï ñõèìü äåéãìáôïëçøßáò Þ óå mono
     mode

  ·  ëéãïóôÝøôå ôéò Üëëåò äéáäéêáóßåò

  ·  áãïñÜóôå Ýíá êáëýôåñï õðïëïãéóôÞ

  ·  áãïñÜóôå ìéá éó÷õñüôåñç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ (ð.÷. Gravis UltraSound)

  Áí Ý÷åôå êÜñôá Gravis UltraSound, èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå Ýíáí áðü
  ôïõò mod file players ðïõ Ý÷ïõí ãñáöôåß åéäéêÜ ãéá êÜñôåò GUS (ð.÷.
  gmod).



  5.12.  ËÜèç compile êáôÜ ôï compilation åöáñìïãþí Þ÷ïõ

  Ç Ýêäïóç 1.0c êáé ðáëéüôåñåò ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóáí Ýíá
  äéáöïñåôéêü êáé áóýìâáôï ioctl() ó÷Þìá. ÁðïêôÞóôå Ýíá ðéï ðñüóöáôï
  ðçãáßï êþäéêá Þ êÜíôå ôéò áðáñáßôçôåò áëëáãÝò êáé ðñïóáñìüóôå ôéò óôï
  íÝï driver Þ÷ïõ. Äåßôå toReadme áñ÷åßï ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ ãéá
  ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.

  Åðßóçò óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóáôå ôçí ðéï ðñüóöáôç Ýêäïóç ôïõ
  soundcard.h êáé ultrasound.h üôáí êÜíáôå compile ôçí åöáñìïãÞ.  Äåßôå
  ôéò ïäçãßåò åãêáôÜóôáóçò óôçí áñ÷Þ áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ.



  5.13.  SEGV üôáí ôñÝ÷ù åêôåëÝóéìá áñ÷åßá Þ÷ïõ ôá ïðïßá äïýëåõáí
  ðáëéüôåñá

  Áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé ðéèáíþò ôï ßäéï ìå áõôü ðïõ ðåñéãñÜøáìå óôçí
  ðñïçãïýìåíç åñþôçóç.



  5.14.  Ðïéá bugs Þ ðåñéïñéóìïß åßíáé ìÝ÷ñé ôþñá ãíùóôÜ óôïõò drivers
  Þ÷ïõ;

  Äåßôå ôï áñ÷åßï Readme êáé ôá áñ÷åßá CHANGELOG ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé
  óôïí ðçãáßï êþäéêá ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ.





  5.15.  Ðïý âñßóêåôáé ç ôåêìçñßùóç ôùí sound driver ioctls() êëð. ;



  ÁõôÜ Ý÷ïõí ôåêìçñéùèåß ìåñéêÜ óôï Hacker's Guide to VoxWare, ôá ïðïßá
  åßíáé äéáèÝóéìá óå draft ìïñöÞ. H ðéï ðñüóöáôç Ýêäïóç åßíáé ôï draft
  2, êáé ìðïñåßôå íá ôç âñåßôå óôï
  <ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/Linux/ALPHA/sound/>. Óçìåéþóôå üôé ôï
  directory åßíáé "êñõöü" êáé äå èá åìöáíéóôåß óôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôïõ
  directory. Áí êÜíåôå "cd" óå áõôü ôï directory êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí
  FTP åíôïëÞ "dir", ôá áñ÷åßá åßíáé åêåß.

  Ôï äéÜóôçìá ðïõ ãñÜöåôáé áõôü ôï êåßìåíï, Ýíá íÝï êåßìåíï ôåêìçñßùóçò
  åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï óôï Web site ôçò 4Front Technologies.

  ¢ëëç ðçãÞ ðëçñïöïñßáò åßíáé ôï Linux Multimedia Guide, ôï ïðïßï
  ðåñéãñÜöåôáé óôï ôìÞìá "Ðáñáðïìðþí".





  5.16.  Ôé CPU resources áðáéôïýíôáé þóôå íá ðáßæù Þ íá ç÷ïãñáöþ Þ÷ïõò
  ÷ùñßò äéáêïðÝò;



  Äåí õðÜñ÷åé áðÜíôçóç óå áõôÞ ôçí åñþôçóç, êáèþò åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôï:


  ·  áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå PCM sampling Þ óýíèåóç FM

  ·  ñõèìü êáé åýñïò äåéãìáôïëçøßáò

  ·  ðïéá åöáñìïãÞ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá áíáðáñÜãåôå Þ íá ç÷ïãñáöåßôå
     Þ÷ï

  ·  ôï hardware ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ

  ·  o ñõèìüò I/O äßóêïõ, ôá÷ýôçôá CPU clock, ìÝãåèïò cache, êëð.

  ÃåíéêÜ, ïðïéáäÞðïôå ìç÷áíÞ 386 èá ðñÝðåé íá ìðïñåß íá ðáßæåé ìå
  åõêïëßá Þ÷ïõò Þ ìïõóéêÞ FM synthesized ìå ìßá 8 bit êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ.  Ôï íá
  ðáßîåôå, üìùò, MOD áñ÷åßá áðáéôåß ìåãÜëç õðïëïãéóôéêÞ éó÷ý.  ÌåñéêÝò
  ðåéñáìáôéêÝò ìåôñÞóåéò Ýäåéîáí üôé ôï íá ðáßæåéò óôá 44kHz áðáéôåß
  ðåñéóóüôåñï áðü 40% ôçò ôá÷ýôçôáò åíüò 486/50 êáé Ýíáò 386/25 ìðïñåß
  íá ðáßæåé ìå ôá âßáò ãñçãïñüôåñá áðü 22 kHz (ìå êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ 8 bit üðùò
  ìéá SoundBlaster). Ìéá êÜñôá óáí ôçí Gravis UltraSound åêôåëåß
  ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåéôïõñãßåò óôï hardware, êáé èá áðáéôåß ëéãüôåñç
  õðïëïãéóôéêÞ éó÷ý.

  Ãéá ôá ðáñáðÜíù õðïèÝôïõìå üôé ï õðïëïãéóôÞò äåí åêôåëåß Üëëåò
  õðïëïãéóôéêÜ êïðéáóôéêÝò ëåéôïõñãßåò.

  Ç ìåôáôñïðÞ áñ÷åßùí Þ÷ïõ Þ ç ðñïóèÞêç åööÝ ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ìéá
  âïçèçôéêÞ åöáñìïãÞ üðùò ôï sox åßíáé åðßóçò ðïëý ðéï ãñÞãïñç áí Ý÷åôå
  ìáèçìáôéêü óõíåðåîåñãáóôÞ (Þ CPU ìå on board FPU). Ï driver ôïõ ðõñÞíá
  áðü ìüíïò ôïõ äåí êÜíåé õðïëïãéóìïýò êéíçôÞò õðïäéáóôïëÞò.



  5.17.  ÐñïâëÞìáôá ìå ôïí PAS16 êáé ôïí Adaptec 1542 SCSI host adaptor


  (ç ðáñáêÜôù åîÞãçóç äüèçêå áðü ôï seeker@indirect.com)


  To Linux ìüíï áíáãíùñßæåé ôïí 1542 óôç äéåýèõíóç 330 (default) Þ 334,
  êáé ï PAS åðéôñÝðåé ôçí ðñïóïìïßùóç MPU-401 ìüíï óôï 330. Áêüìç êé áí
  áðåíåñãïðïéÞóåôå ôï MPU-401 áðü ôï software, êÜôé åîáêïëïõèåß íá êÜíåé
  conflict ìå ôïí 1542 áí Ý÷åé ôçí default äéåýèõíóç.  ÁëëÜîôå ôç
  äéåýèõíóç ôïõ 1542 óå 334 êáé èá ëåéôïõñãïýí üëá ìéá ÷áñÜ

  .


  ÅðéðëÝïí, êáé ï 1542 êáé o PAS-16 êÜíïõí 16-bit DMA, ãé' áõôü áí
  äåéìáôïëçðôÞóåôå (sample) óôá 16-bit 44 KHz stereo êáé áðïèçêåýóåôå ôï
  áñ÷åßï óôï SCSI drive ðïõ êñÝìåôáé áðü ôïí 1542, èá Ý÷åôå ðñïâëÞìáôá.
  Ôá DMAs åðéêáëýðôïíôáé êáé äåí õðÜñ÷åé áñêåôüò ÷ñüíïò ãéá RAM refresh,
  Ýôóé èá ðÜñåôå ôï dread ìÞíõìá ``PARITY ERROR - SYSTEM HALTED'', ÷ùñßò
  íá Ý÷åôå éäÝá ôé ôï ðñïêÜëåóå.  Ôï èÝìá ãßíåôáé áêüìá ÷åéñüôåñï ìéá
  ðïõ ìåñéêïß äåõôåñïãåíåßò ðñïìçèåõôÝò QIC-117 tape drives óõíéóôïýí íá
  èÝôåôå ôïõò ÷ñüíïõò on/off ôïõ äéáýëïõ (bus) þóôå ï 1542 íá ìÝíåé óå
  on áêüìá ðåñéóóüôåñï áðü ôï êáíïíéêü. ÐÜñôå ôï ðñüãñáììá SCSISEL.EXE
  áðü ôç BBS ôçò Adaptec Þ áðü êÜðïõ óôï internet, êáé ìåéþóôå ôï ÷ñüíï
  BUS ON Þ áõîÞóôå ôï ÷ñüíï BUS OFF ìÝ÷ñé üôïõ íá åîáöáíéóôåß ôï
  ðñüâëçìá, ìåôÜ áõîÞóôå ôïí êáôÜ ìéá êëßìáêá Þ êáé ðåñéóóüôåñåò. Ôï
  SCSISEL áëëÜæåé ôéò ñõèìßóåéò ôçò EEPROM, ãé' áõôü åßíáé ðåñéóóüôåñï
  ìüíéìï áð' üôé Ýíá patch óôç ãñáììÞ ôïõ DOS driver óôï CONFIG.SYS, êáé
  èá äïõëÝøåé áí îåêéíÞóåôå óùóôÜ óå Linux (áíôßèåôá ìå ôï DOS patch).


  Ôåëåõôáßï ðñüâëçìá - ôá ðáëéüôåñá Symphony chipsets ìåßùóáí äñáìáôéêÜ
  ôï ÷ñïíéóìü ôùí êýêëùí I/O , þóôå íá åðéôá÷ýíïõí ôïõò ÷ñüíïõò
  ðñüóâáóçò óôï äßáõëï. ÊáíÝíá áðü ôá äéÜöïñá boards ìå ôá ïðïßá Ý÷ù
  ðáßîåé äåí åß÷å ðñüâëçìá ìå ôï ìåéùìÝíï ÷ñïíéóìü åêôüò áðü ôï PAS-16.
  Ç Media Vision's BBS äßíåé ôï SYMPFIX.EXE ôï ïðïßï õðïôßèåôáé üôé
  äéïñèþíåé ôï ðñüâëçìá áíôéóôñÝöïíôáò Ýíá bit ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá
  äéáãíùóôéêïýò ëüãïõò óôïí åëåãêôÞ äéáýëïõ ôïõ Symphony, áëëÜ äåí åßíáé
  êáé óßãïõñç åããýçóç. Ìðïñåß íá ÷ñåéáóôåß íá :


  ·  æçôÞóåôå áðü ôïí ðñïìçèåõôÞ ôçò ìçôñéêÞò íá áíôéêáôáóôÞóåé ôçí
     ðáëéüôåñç Ýêäïóç ôïõ ôóéð ôïõ äéáýëïõ,

  ·  áíôéêáôáóôÞóôå ôç ìçôñéêÞ, Þ

  ·  áãïñÜóåôå ìéá äéáöïñåôéêÞò ìÜñêáò êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ.

  Ç Young Microsystems èá áíáâáèìßóåé ôá boards ðïõ åéóÜãåé ãéá ðåñßðïõ
  $30 (US).  ¢ëëïé ðñïìçèåõôÝò ìðïñåß íá êÜíïõí ðáñïìïßùò áí ìðïñïýí íá
  åíôïðßóïõí ðïéïò êáôáóêåýáóå Þ åéóÞãáãå ôéò ìçôñéêÝò (êáëÞ ôý÷ç). Áð'
  üôé ãíùñßæù ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé óôï ProAudio's bus interface chip.
  Êáíåßò äåí áãïñÜæåé ìéá êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ $120   êáé ôçí êïëëÜåé óå Ýíá 6MHz
  AT. Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñïé ðáßæïõí ìå 25-40MHz 386/486, êáé èá ðñÝðåé ëïãéêÜ
  íá ìðïñïýí íá áíôéìåôùðßóïõí ôá÷ýôçôåò äéáýëïõ ôùí 12MHz áí ôá
  ôóéðÜêéá åßíáé ó÷åäéáóìÝíá óùóôÜ.


  Ôï ðñþôï ðñüâëçìá åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôï chipset ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôï
  motherboard óáò, ôçí ôá÷ýôçôá äéáýëïõ êáé Üëëåò ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ BIOS,
  êáé ôçí öÜóç ôïõ öåããáñéïý.  Ôï äåýôåñï ðñüâëçìá åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôçí
  ôéìÞ ôçò åðéëïãÞò refresh (hidden Þ synchronous), ôï ñõèìü ôïõ 1542
  DMA êáé (ðéèáíþò) ôï ñõèìü ôïõ äéáýëïõ I/O.  Ôï ôñßôï ìðïñåß íá
  êáèïñéóôåß åðéêïéíùíþíôáò ìå ôçí Media Vision êáé ñùôþíôáò ðïéá Ýêäïóç
  ôïõ ôóéð Symphony äåí åßíáé óõìâáôü ìå ôïí áñãÞ õëïðïßçóÞ ôïõò. Óáò
  ðñïåéäïðïéþ, ðáñüëáõôá- 3 Þ 4 ôå÷íéêïß ìå ôïõò ïðïßïõò ìßëçóá åß÷áí
  åãêåöáëéêÝò âëÜâåò.  Èá Þìïõí öéëýðïðôïò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ï,ôéäÞðïôå ðïõí
  ãéá êÜðïéïõ Üëëïõ ôï hardware, ìéá ðïõ äåí îÝñïõí êáëÜ ïýôå êáí ôï
  äéêü ôïõò.



  5.18.  Åßíáé äõíáôü íá äéáâÜæù êáé íá ãñÜöù äåßãìáôá (samples)
  ôáõôü÷ñïíá;


  Ëüãù ðåñéïñéóìþí hardware, áõôü äåí åßíáé äõíáôü ìå ôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò
  êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ.  ÌåñéêÝò íåüôåñåò êÜñôåò ôï õðïóôçñßæïõí. Äåßôå ôï ôìÞìá
  "bidirectional mode" óôï Hacker's Guide to Voxware ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
  ðëçñïöïñßåò.



  5.19.  Ç SB16 ìïõ Ý÷åé IRQ 2, áëëÜ ôï configure äåí åðéôñÝðåé áõôÞ ôçí
  ôéìÞ


  Óôéò ìç÷áíÝò '286 êáé áñãüôåñá, ôï interrupt IRQ 2 äßíåôáé óôïí
  äåýôåñï interrupt controller. Éóïäõíáìåß ìå ôï IRQ 9.



  5.20.  Õðïóôçñßæåôáé ç "SoundBlaster AWE32" Þ ç "SoundBlaster16 ASP";


  Ðáëéüôåñá, ç Creative Labs äåí Þôáí ðñüèõìç íá äçìïóéïðïéÞóåé
  ðëçñïöïñßåò ãé' áõôÝò ôéò êÜñôåò.  ÓÞìåñá Ý÷ïõí áëëÜîåé ðïëéôéêÞ êáé o
  AWE driver ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôïõò Linux ðõñÞíåò 2.1.x.



  5.21.  Áí ôñÝîù Linux êáé ìåôÜ îåêéíÞóù ìå DOS, ðáßñíù ëÜèç êáé/Þ ïé
  åöáñìïãÝò Þ÷ïõ ðïõ Ý÷ù äåí äïõëåýïõí óùóôÜ


  Áõôü óõìâáßíåé ìåôÜ áðü Ýíá soft reboot óôï DOS. ÌåñéêÝò öïñÝò ôï
  ìÞíõìá ëÜèïõò ðáñáðëáíçôéêÜ áíáöÝñåôáé óå êáêü, ëáíèáóìÝíï áñ÷åßï
  CONFIG.SYS.

  Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò óýã÷ñïíåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ Ý÷ïõí ðñïãñáììáôéæüìåíåò áðü
  software ñõèìßóåéò IRQ êáé DMA.  Aí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå äéáöïñåôéêÝò
  ñõèìßóåéò ìåôáîý Linux êáé MS-DOS/Windows, ìðïñåß íá óáò äçìéïõñãÞóåé
  ðñïâëÞìáôá. ÌåñéêÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ äå äÝ÷ïíôáé íÝåò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ÷ùñßò
  ðëÞñç åðáíåêêßíçóç (ð.÷. êëåßóôå ôï ñåýìá Þ ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï êïõìðß
  hardware reset).

  Ìéá ãñÞãïñç ëýóç óå áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé íá êÜíåôå ìéá ðëÞñç
  åðáíåêêßíçóç ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï êïõìðß reset Þ ôï äéáêüðôç ñåýìáôïò
  áíôß ìéá ìáëáêÞ åðáíåêêßíçóç (ð.÷. Ctrl-Alt-Del).

  H óùóôÞ ëýóç åßíáé íá âåâáéùèåßôå üôé ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôéò ßäéåò
  ñõèìßóåéò IRQ êáé DMA êáé óôï MS-DOS êáé óôï Linux (Þ ìç
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå DOS :-).



  5.22.  ÐñïâëÞìáôá ìå ôï DOOM êÜôù áðü Linux


  Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ôçò ìåôáöïñÜò ôïõ ðáé÷íéäéïý DOOM ôçò ID ãéá Linux ìðïñåß
  íá åíäéáöÝñïíôáé ãéá ôéò ðáñáêÜôù óçìåéþóåéò.

  Ãéá óùóôÞ Ýîïäï Þ÷ïõ ÷ñåéÜæåóôå ôï driver Þ÷ïõ ìå Ýêäïóç 2.90 Þ
  íåüôåñç.  Õðïóôçñßæåé real-time "DOOM mode".

  Ôá äåßãìáôá Þ÷ïõ åßíáé 16-bit. Áí Ý÷åôå 8-bit êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ìðïñåßôå íá
  ôçí êÜíåôå íá ðáßîåé ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôá äéÜöïñá ðñïãñÜììáôá ðïõ åßíáé
  äéáèÝóéìá óôï <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/games/doom>.

  Áí ç áðüäïóç óôï DOOM åßíáé ìéêñÞ óôï óýóôçìÜ óáò, ç áðåíåñãïðïßçóç
  ôïõ Þ÷ïõ (áëëÜæïíôáò ôï üíïìá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ sndserver) ìðïñåß íá öÝñåé
  âåëôßùóç.

  Áðü default ôï DOOM äåí õðïóôçñßæåé Þ÷ï (üðùò óôçí Ýêäïóç ãéá DOS). Ôï
  ðñüãñáììá musserver èá ðñïóèÝóåé õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá Þ÷ï óôï DOOM êÜôù áðü
  Linux.  Èá ôï âñåßôå óôï
  url="ftp://pandora.st.hmc.edu/pub/linux/musserver.tgz">.


  5.23.  Ðþò ìðïñþ íá ìåéþóù ôï èüñõâï ðïõ êÜíåé ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ìïõ;

  ×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò êáëÞò ðïéüôçôáò ìïíùìÝíá êáëþäéá êáé äïêéìÜæïíôáò ôçí
  êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óå äéáöïñåôéêÜ slots ìðïñåß íá óáò âïçèÞóåé óôç ìåßùóç ôïõ
  èïñýâïõ. Áí ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Ý÷åé ñõèìéóôÞ Ýíôáóçò Þ÷ïõ, ìðïñåßôå íá
  äïêéìÜóåôå äéáöïñåôéêÝò ñõèìßóåéò (ôï ìÝãéóôï åßíáé ìÜëëïí ôï
  êáëýôåñï).


  ×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ìßîçò ìðïñåßôå íá óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ïé
  áíåðéèýìçôåò åßóïäïé (ð.÷. ìéêñüöùíï) Ý÷ïõí ìçäåíéêÞ åíßó÷õóç.

  ÌåñéêÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ áðëÜ äåí Ý÷ïõí êáôáóêåõáóôåß ìå êáëÞ ìüíùóç êáé
  ãåßùóç êáé åßíáé åðéññåðåßò óå èïñýâïõò.

  ÔÝëïò, âñÞêá üôé óôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ ç kernel command line option no-hlt
  åëáôôþíåé ôï èüñõâï. ÁõôÞ ç åíôïëÞ ëÝåé óôïí ðõñÞíá íá ìç
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôçí åíôïëÞ halt üôáí ôñÝ÷åé ôï idle process loop.
  Ìðïñåßôå íá ôï äïêéìÜóåôå ÷åéñïêßíçôá üôáí îåêéíÜôå ôï óýóôçìá, Þ íá
  ôï èÝóåôå ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôçí åíôïëÞ append="no-hlt" óôï áñ÷åßï LILO
  configuration.



  5.24.  Ìðïñþ  íá ðáßîù Þ÷ïõò, áëëÜ ü÷é íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóù


  Áí ìðïñåßôå íá ðáßîåôå Þ÷ï áëëÜ ü÷é íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóåôå, äïêéìÜóôå ôá
  áêüëïõèá âÞìáôá:


  ·  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå Ýíá ðñüãñáììá ìßêôç ãéá íá äéáëÝîåôå ôçí êáôÜëëçëç
     óõóêåõÞ (ð.÷. ìéêñüöùíï)

  ·  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ìßêôç ãéá íá èÝóåôå ôçí åõáéóèçóßá ôçò åéóüäïõ
     óôï ìÝãéóôï

  ·  Áí ìðïñåßôå, ðñïóðáèÞóôå íá åëÝãîåôå áí ç÷ïãñáöåß ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ óôï
     MS-DOS ãéá íá äéáðéóôþóåôå áí ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé ìç÷áíéêü. ÌåñéêÝò
     öïñÝò ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýìå äéáöïñåôéêü DMA êáíÜëé ãéá ç÷ïãñÜöçóç Þ÷ïõ áð'
     üôé ãéá áíáðáñáãùãÞ. Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç, ï ðéï ðéèáíüò ëüãïò
     åßíáé üôé ôï DMA ôçò åããñáöÞò äåí Ý÷åé ôåèåß óùóôÜ.


  5.25.  Ç "óõìâáôÞ" êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ìïõ äïõëåýåé ìüíï áí ôçí áñ÷éêïðïéÞóù
  ðñþôá óôï MS-DOS.


  Óôéò ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðåñéðôþóåéò ìéá êÜñôá "óõìâáôÞ ìå SoundBlaster" èá
  ëåéôïõñãåß êáëýôåñá êÜôù áðü Linux áí ñõèìéóôåß ìå Ýíá äéáöïñåôéêü
  driver áðü ôçò SoundBlaster.  Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ éó÷õñßæïíôáé
  üôé åßíáé óõìâáôÝò (ð.÷. "16 bit SB Pro compatible" Þ "SB compatible
  16 bit") áëëÜ óõíÞèùò ôï SoundBlaster mode åßíáé áðëÜ Ýíá "hack" ðïõ
  äßíåôáé ãéá óõìâáôüôçôá ìå DOS ðáé÷íßäéá. Ïé ðåñéóóüôåñåò êÜñôåò Ý÷ïõí
  16 bit native mode ôï ïðïßï õðïóôçñßæåôáé ðéèáíÜ áðü ðñüóöáôçò Ýêäïóçò
  ðõñÞíåò Linux (2.0.1 êáé ìåôÜ).

  Ìüíï ìå ìåñéêÝò êÜñôåò (óõíÞèùò ðáëéÝò) åßíáé áðáñáßôçôï íá äïêéìÜóåôå
  íá äïõëÝøïõí óå SoundBlaster mode. Ïé ìüíåò íÝåò êÜñôåò ðïõ áðïôåëïýí
  åîáßñåóç óå áõôüí ôïí êáíüíá åßíáé ïé âáóéæüìåíåò óå ôóéð Mwave.



  5.26.  Ç êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ìïõ, ç ïðïßá åßíáé óõìâáôÞ ìå ôçí 16-bit Sound-
  Blaster, äïõëåýåé ìüíï óå 8-bit mode êÜôù áðü Linux.

  Ïé 16-bit êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ðïõ ðåñéãñÜöïíôáé óá óõìâáôÝò ìå SoundBlaster
  åßíáé ðñáãìáôéêÜ óõìâáôÝò ìüíï ìå ôçí 8-bit SoundBlaster Pro.  ¸÷ïõí
  ôõðéêÜ Ýíá 16-bit mode ðïõ äåí åßíáé óõìâáôü ìå ôçí SoundBlaster 16
  êáé ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ ôïõ Linux.

  Ìðïñåß íá êÜíåôå ôçí êÜñôá íá äïõëÝøåé óå 16-bit mode ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
  ôï driver ãéá MAD16 Þ MSS/WSS.


  5.27.  Ðïý ìðïñþ  íá âñù åöáñìïãÝò Þ÷ïõ ãéá Linux ;


  Åäþ  èá âñåßôå ìåñéêÜ êáëÜ sites ãéá íá øÜîåôå åöáñìïãÝò ãéá Linux
  åéäéêÜ ãéá Þ÷ï:

  ·  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/kernel/sound/>

  ·  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/apps/sound/>

  ·  <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/sound/>

  ·  <ftp://nic.funet.fi:/pub/Linux/util/sound/>

  ·  <ftp://nic.funet.fi:/pub/Linux/xtra/snd-kit/>

  ·  <ftp://nic.funet.fi:/pub/Linux/ALPHA/sound/>


  5.28.  Ìðïñþ íá êÜíù compile ôï driver ôçò êÜñôáò Þ÷ïõ þóôå íá
  öïñôþíåôáé óá module;



  Ìå ôïõò ðñüóöáôïõò ðõñÞíåò o driver Þ÷ïõ õðïóôçñßæåôáé óáí kernel
  loadable module.

  ÄéáâÜóôå ôá áñ÷åßá /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound/Readme.modules êáé
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/modules.txt (Þ /usr/src/linux/README) ãéá
  ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.



  5.29.  Ìðïñþ íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ãéá íá áíôéêáôáóôÞóù ôï
  ìðéð ôçò êïíóüëáò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò;


  ÄïêéìÜóôå ôï ðñüãñáììá oplbeep , èá ôï âñåßôå óôï
  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/oplbeep-alpha.tar.gz>


  ¢ëëç åðéëïãÞ åßíáé ôï ðñüãñáììá beep, èá ôï âñåßôå óôï
  url="ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/kernel/patches/misc/modreq_beep.tgz">

  Ôï ðáêÝôï modutils Ý÷åé Ýíá ðñüãñáììá - ðáñÜäåéãìá êáé Ýíá patch ãéá
  ôïí ðõñÞíá ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé ôçí êëÞóç åíüò ôõ÷áßïõ åîùôåñéêïý
  ðñïãñÜììáôïò ãéá ôçí ðáñáãùãÞ Þ÷ùí áí æçôçèåß áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá.

  ÅíáëëáêôéêÜ, ìå ìåñéêÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ ìðïñåßôå íá óõíäÝóåôå ôçí Ýîïäï
  ôùí ç÷åßùí ôïõ õðïëïãéóôÞ óôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Ýôóé þóôå üëïé ïé Þ÷ïé íá
  Ýñ÷ïíôáé áðü ôá ç÷åßá ôçò êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ.



  5.30.  Té åßíáé ôï VoxWare

  ;


  Ïé drivers Þ÷ïõ ôïõ ðõñÞíá õðïóôçñßæïõí áñêåôÜ äéáöïñåôéêÜ ëåéôïõñãéêÜ
  óõóôÞìáôá Unix âáóéóìÝíá óå Intel, êáé ìðïñåßôå íá ôá áðïêôÞóåôå óáí
  Ýíá ðáêÝôï äéáöïñåôéêü áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux. ÌÝ÷ñé ôï ÖåâñïõÜñéï
  1996 ï óõããñáöÝáò åß÷å áðïêáëÝóåé ôï ëïãéóìéêü "VoxWare". Äõóôõ÷þò
  áõôü ôï üíïìá Ý÷åé Þäç ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß áðü ôç VoxWare Incorporated, êáé
  ðñÝðåé íá õðÜñîåé Üëëç ïíïìáóßá. Ôï íÝï üíïìá ôïõ driver åßíáé
  OSS/Free.
  O Open Sound System (OSS) åßíáé Ýíáò åìðïñéêÜ äéáèÝóéìïò driver Þ÷ïõ
  ãéá ôïí ðõñÞíá äéáöüñùí óõóôçìÜôùí Unix, êáé ðùëåßôáé áðü ôçí 4Front
  Technologies. Ç äùñåÜí Ýêäïóç, ãíùóôÞ ùò OSS/Free èá óõíå÷ßóåé íá
  äéáôßèåôáé äùñåÜí ãéá óõóôÞìáôá Linux.

  ¢ëëá ïíüìáôá ðïõ ìðïñåß íá óõíáíôÞóåôå êáé Ý÷ïõí ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß óôï
  ðáñåëèüí ãéá íá áíáöåñèïýí óôïí ßäéï driver Þ÷ïõ åßíáé ôï TASD
  (Temporarily Anonymous Sound Driver) êáé USS (Unix Sound System).

  Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò äåßôå ôç Web óåëßäá ôçò 4Front
  Technologies óôï  <http://www.4front-tech.com/>. ¸÷ù ãñÜøåé Ýíá review
  ôïõ OSS/Linux óôï ôåý÷ïò Éïõíßïõ 1997 ôïõ Linux Journal.



  5.31.  Õðïóôçñßæïíôáé Plug and Play êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ;


  ÐëÞñçò õðïóôÞñéîç ãéá Plug and Play ðñÝðåé íá õðÜñ÷åé óôçí Linux
  Ýêäïóç 2.1. Óôï ìåôáîý, õðÜñ÷åé ðëçèþñá ðáñáêÜìøåùí, ôå÷íáóìÜôùí ãéá
  íá êÜíåôå íá äïõëÝøïõí ïé êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ Plug and Play. Aí Ý÷åôå Ýíá íÝï
  Pentium óýóôçìá ìå Plug and Play BIOS, èá ðñÝðåé íá áíáëÜâåé ìüíï ôïõ
  íá ñõèìßóåé ôçí êÜñôá. Âåâáéùèåßôå üôé Ý÷åôå ñõèìßóåé ôïí Linux driver
  Þ÷ïõ Ýôóé þóôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôçí ßäéá I/O äéåýèõíóç, ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò
  IRQ, êáé ôïõ êáíáëéïý DMA üðùò êáé ôï BIOS.

  ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ðáêÝôï ìå åñãáëåßá Plug and Play ãéá Linux ôá ïðïßá ìðïñåß
  íá ÷ñçóéìåýóïõí óôçí åãêáôÜóôáóç ôçò êÜñôáò. Ìðïñåßôå íá ôï âñåßôå óôï
  Web site ôçò Red Hat óôï  <http://www.redhat.com/> (ìðïñåß åðßóçò íá
  óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óôç äéáíïìÞ Linux ðïõ Ý÷åôå).

  Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí êÜñôá óå Windows95, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå
  ôï device manager ãéá íá åãêáôáóôÞóåôå ôçí êÜñôá, ìåôÜ åðáíåêêéíÞóôå
  ìå soft boot óå Linux ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï ðñüãñáììá LOADLIN.
  Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ôá Windows95 êáé ôï Linux ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôéò ßäéåò
  ðáñáìÝôñïõò åãêáôÜóôáóçò.

  Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôçí êÜñôá óå DOS, ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï icu
  utility ðïõ Ýñ÷åôáé ìå ôéò êÜñôåò SoundBlaster16 PnP þóôå íá ôç
  ñõèìßóåôå óå DOS, ìåôÜ åðáíåêêéíÞóôå ìå soft boot óå Linux
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï ðñüãñáììá LOADLIN.  ÐÜëé, óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ôï DOS
  êáé ôï Linux ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýí ôéò ßäéåò ðáñáìÝôñïõò åãêáôÜóôáóçò.

  Ï åìðïñéêüò OSS driver Þ÷ïõ õðïóôçñßæåé ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ SoundBlaster16
  PnP.  Ìðïñåßôå íá áãïñÜóåôå ôïí driver áðü ôçí 4Front Technologies.



  5.32.  Ôï Sox/Play/Vplay âãÜæåé ìÞíõìá "invalid block size 1024"


  Ìéá áëëáãÞ óôïí driver Þ÷ïõ óôçí Ýêäïóç 1.3.67 êñåìÜåé ìåñéêÜ
  ðñïãñÜììáôá åêôÝëåóçò Þ÷ùí ðïõ (ëáíèáóìÝíá) Ýëåãîáí ðùò ôï áðïôÝëåóìá
  ôçò SNDCTL_DSP_GETBLKSIZE ioctl Þôáí ìåãáëýôåñï áðü 4096. Ôá
  ðñïãñÜììáôá áõôÜ ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíïíôáé óôï ðñüóöáôï ðáêÝôï snd-
  util-3.x.tar.gz (óôï   <ftp://ftp.4front-tech.com/ossfree>.) ôþñá ðéá
  ôï áíôéìåôùðßæïõí óùóôÜ.  Ç ðéï ðñüóöáôç Ýêäïóç driver Þ÷ïõ Ý÷åé
  åðßóçò äéïñèùèåß þóôå íá áðïöåýãåé íá åê÷ùñåß êïììÜôéá ìéêñüôåñá áðü
  4096 bytes ðñÜãìá ðïõ ëýíåé ôï ðñüâëçìá ìå ôéò ðáëéÝò åêäüóåéò áõôþí
  ôùí ðñïãñáììÜôùí.






  5.33.  Ãéáôß ï driver Þ÷ïõ Ý÷åé ôï äéêü ôïõ ðñüãñáììá ãéá óåôÜñéóìá;>


  ¸ôóé. O driver Þ÷ïõ õðïóôçñßæåé ðïëëÝò äéáöïñåôéêÝò ðáñáìÝôñïõò
  ñýèìéóçò.  To ðñüãñáììá configure ðïõ ðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé ìå ôïí driver
  Þ÷ïõ åëÝã÷åé ãéá ðïëëÝò åîáñôÞóåéò (dependencies) ìåôáîý ðáñáìÝôñùí.
  Ôá åñãáëåßá ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ãéá ôç ñýèìéóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá  äåí
  õðïóôçñßæïõí áõôü ôï åðßðåäï ëåéôïõñãßáò.

  ÔåëéêÜ: ïé ðñüóöáôïé ðõñÞíåò ðñÜãìáôé åðéôñÝðïõí êáô' åðéëïãÞ íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ôá êëáóóéêÜ åñãáëåßá ñýèìéóçò ôïõ ðõñÞíá ìå ôïí
  driver Þ÷ïõ (äåßôå ôï ðñïçãïýìåíï ôìÞìá óôï "ÓåôÜñéóìá ôïõ ðõñÞíá".



  5.34.  Ïé ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ mixer áñ÷éêïðïéïýíôáé êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ öïñôþíù ôï
  module ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ


  Ìðïñåßôå íá öïñôþóåôå ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ óá loadable module êáé íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí kerneld ãéá íá ôï öïñôþíåôå êáé íá ôï îåöïñôþíåôå
  áõôüìáôá. Áõôü ìðïñåß íá ðáñïõóéÜóåé Ýíá ðñüâëçìá - êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ
  öïñôþíåôáé ôï module, ïé ñõèìßóåéò ôïõ mixer åðéóôñÝöïõí óôéò default
  ôéìÝò ôïõò. Ãéá ìåñéêÝò êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ áõôü ìðïñåß íá åßíáé ðïëý
  äõíáôÜ(ð.÷. SoundBlaster16) Þ ðïëý óéãÜ.  Ï Markus Gutschke
  ((gutschk@uni-muenster.de) âñÞêå áõôÞ ôç ëýóç. ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ìéá
  ãñáììÞ óôï áñ÷åßï /etc/conf.modules üðùò ç ðáñáêÜôù:



       options sound dma_buffsize=65536 && /usr/bin/setmixer igain 0 ogain 0 vol 75




  Áõôü ðñïêáëåß ôçí åêôÝëåóç ôïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò ìßîçò (óå áõôÞ ôçí
  ðåñßðôùóç ôï setmixer) áìÝóùò ìåôÜ ôï öüñôùìá ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ. Ç
  ðáñÜìåôñïò dma_buffsize åßíáé áðëÜ ìéá åéêïíéêÞ (dummy) ôéìÞ ðïõ
  ÷ñåéÜæåôáé åðåéäÞ ç åíôïëÞ option áðáéôåß ìéá ôéìÞ óôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëÞò.
  ÁëëÜîôå ôç ãñáììÞ üðùò áðáéôåß ôï ðñüãñáììá mixer êáé ïé ôéìÝò
  åíßó÷õóçò/åõáéóèçóßáò.

  Áí Ý÷åôå êÜíåé compile ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ óôïí ðõñÞíá êáé èÝëåôå íá
  èÝóåôå ôéò ôéìÝò ôïõ mixer êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ìðïñåßôå íá êáëÝóåôå ôï
  mixer ðñüãñáììá óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï ðïõ åêôåëåßôáé êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç ôïõ
  óõóôÞìáôïò üðùò ôï /etc/rc.d/rc.local.



  5.35.  Ìüíï ï ÷ñÞóôçò root ìðïñåß íá ç÷ïãñáöÞóåé Þ÷ï


  Ôï script ðïõ äçìéïõñãåß ôá sound device files êáé âñßóêåôáé óôï
  áñ÷åßï Readme.linux, áðü default åðéôñÝðåé óôá devices íá äéáâÜæïíôáé
  áðü ôïí root. Áõôü óõìâáßíåé ãéá íá áðïöåõ÷èåß ìéá ðéèáíÞ ôñýðá
  áóöÜëåéáò. Óå Ýíá äéêôõáêü ðåñéâÜëëïí, åîùôåñéêïß ÷ñÞóôåò èá ìðïñïýóáí
  êáêüâïõëá íá êÜíïõí log in áðï ìáêñéÜ óå Ýíá Linux PC ìå ìéá êÜñôá
  Þ÷ïõ êáé ìéêñüöùíï êáé íá êñõöáêïýóïõí. Áí äåí áíçóõ÷åßôå ãéá êÜôé
  ôÝôïéï, ìðïñåßôå íá áëëÜîåôå ôá permissions ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé óôï
  script.

  Ìå ôç default åãêáôÜóôáóç, ïé ÷ñÞóôåò ìðïñoýí íá ðáßîïõí áñ÷åßá Þ÷ïõ.
  Áõôü äåí áðïôåëåß êßíäõíï áóöÜëåéáò áëëÜ åßíáé ðéèáíÞ ðçãÞ áíïçóéþí.



  5.36.  Õðïóôçñßæåôáé Þ÷ïò óôï IBM ThinkPad;


  Èá âñåßôå ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï ðþò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ
  mwave óå Ýíá IBM ThinkPad laptop computer êÜôù áðü Linux óôï
  <http://www.screamin.demon.co.uk/>.



  6.  ÐáñáðïìðÝò


  Aí Ý÷åôå êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ ðïõ õðïóôçñßæåé CD-ROM Þ SCSI interface, ôï  Linux
  SCSI HOWTO êáé ôï Linux CD-ROM HOWTO Ý÷ïõí åðéðëÝïí ðëçñïöïñßåò ïé
  ïðïßåò ìðïñåß íá óáò öáíïýí ÷ñÞóéìåò.

  Ôï Sound Playing HOWTO ðåñéãñÜöåé ðþò íá ðáßæåôå äéÜöïñïõò ôýðïõò Þ÷ïõ
  êáé áñ÷åßá ìïõóéêÞò óôï Linux.

  Ôï Ultrasound Plug'n'play Mini-HOWTO ðåñéãñÜöåé ðþò íá êÜíåôå íá
  äïõëÝøåé óôï Linux ìéá plug and play êÜñôá Þ÷ïõ Gravis Ultra.

  Ôï Linux SoundBlaster 16 PnP Mini-HOWTO ðåñéãñÜöåé ðþò íá êÜíåôå íá
  äïõëÝøåé óôï Linux ìéá plug and play SoundBlaster 16.

  Ôï Linux SoundBlaster AWE64 PnP Mini-HOWTO ðåñéãñÜöåé ðþò íá êÜíåôå íá
  äïõëÝøåé óôï Linux ìéá plug and play SoundBlaster AWE64.

  ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá ðáëéü êåßìåíï ðïõ ëÝãåôáé the Hacker's Guide to VoxWare,
  äéáèÝóéìï áðü ôï  <ftp://nic.funet.fi/pub/Linux/ALPHA/sound/>. Ïé
  ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò ó' áõôü Ý÷ïõí áíôéêáôáóôáèåß áðü ôá íåüôåñá
  êåßìåíá óôï  <http://www.4front-tech.com/pguide>, áëëÜ ôï ôìÞìá
  ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï /dev/sequencer ìðïñåß íá öáíåß ÷ñÞóéìï.

  Ôá áêüëïõèá FAQs óôÝëíïíôáé ôáêôéêÜ óôï Usenet newsgroup news.announce
  êáé êñáôïýíôáé åðßóçò óôï
  <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers>:




  ·  PCsoundcards/generic-faq (Generic PC Soundcard FAQ)

  ·  PCsoundcards/soundcard-faq (comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard FAQ)

  ·  PCsoundcards/gravis-ultrasound/faq (Gravis UltraSound FAQ)

  ·  audio-fmts/part1 (ðåñéãñáöÞ ôïõ Audio file format)

  ·  audio-fmts/part2 (ðåñéãñáöÞ ôïõ Audio file format)

  Ôá FAQs Ý÷ïõí åðßóçò ëßóôá mailing lists êáé archive sites ãéá äéÜöïñá
  óõãêåêñéìÝíá ðñïúüíôá. Ôá ðáñáêÜôù Usenet news groups óõæçôïýí ãéá
  èÝìáôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå Þ÷ï êáé/Þ ìïõóéêÞ :


  ·  alt.binaries.sounds.* (äéÜöïñá groups ãéá áñ÷åßá Þ÷ïõ)

  ·  alt.binaries.multimedia (ãéá Multimedia áñ÷åßá)

  ·  alt.sb.programmer (èÝìáôá ãéá ðñïãñáììáôéóìü ôçò Soundblaster)

  ·  comp.multimedia (èÝìáôá ãéá ðïëõìÝóá)

  ·  comp.music (Èåùñßá ãéá ÌïõóéêÞ Ç/Õ êáé Ýñåõíá)

  ·  comp.sys.ibm.pc.soundcard.* (äéÜöïñá groups ÷ñçóôþí ãéá êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ
     óå IBM/PCs)


  ¸íá Web site åéäéêÜ ãéá ðïëõìÝóá èá âñåßôå óôï
  <http://viswiz.gmd.de/MultimediaInfo/>. Ç Creative Labs Ý÷åé Web site
  óôï  <http://www.creaf.com/>. To Web site  ôçò MediaTrix åßíáé ôï
  <http://www.mediatrix.com/>.

  H Linux mailing list Ý÷åé ìåãÜëï áñéèìü "êáíáëéþí" áöéåñùìÝíá óå
  äéÜöïñá èÝìáôá, êáé ãéá Þ÷ï. Ãéá íá âñåßôå ðþò èá óõììåôÜó÷åôå óå Ýíá
  êáíÜëé, óôåßëôå ìÞíõìá ìå ôç ëÝîç "help" óáí message body óôï
  majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu. ÁõôÝò ïé mailing lists äå óõíéóôïýíôáé ãéá
  åñùôÞóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå åãêáôÜóôáóç óå êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ êëð., Ý÷ïõí óáí óêïðü
  ôç óõæÞôçóç ó÷åôéêÜ ìå áíÜðôõîç.

  ¼ðùò Ý÷åé Þäç áíáöåñèåß áñêåôÝò öïñÝò, ï driver Þ÷ïõ ôïõ ðõñÞíá
  ðåñéëáìâÜíåé ðïëëÜ Readme áñ÷åßá ðïõ ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ÷ñÞóéìåò ðëçñïöïñßåò
  ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôïí driver Þ÷ïõ ôçò êÜñôáò. ÁõôÜ èá ôá âñåßôå óôï directory
  /usr/src/linux/drivers/sound.

  Ìðïñåßôå íá åðéêïéíùíÞóåôå ìå ôï óõããñáöÝá ôïõ driver Þ÷ïõ ôïõ ðõñÞíá,
  Hannu Savolainen ìå email hannu@voxware.pp.fi. ¸÷åé, åðßóçò, Web site
  óôï <http://personal.eunet.fi/pp/voxware>. Ôï Web site åßíáé ç
  êáëýôåñç ðçãÞ ãéá íá âñåßôå ôçí ðéï ðñüóöáôç êáôÜóôáóç õðïóôçñéæüìåíùí
  êáñôþí Þ÷ïõ, ãíùóôÜ ðñïâëÞìáôá, êáé äéïñèþóåéò bugs.

  Ðëçñïöïñßåò  ãéá ôï OSS, ôïí åìðïñéêü driver Þ÷ïõ ãéá Linux êáé Üëëá
  ëåéôïõñãéêÜ óõóôÞìáôá óõìâáôÜ ìå Unix, èá âñåßôå óôç Web óåëßäá ôçò
  4Front Technologies, óôï  <http://www.4front-tech.com/>.


  Ôï Linux Software Map (LSM) åßíáé áíåêôßìçôï âïÞèçìá ãéá ôçí åýñåóç
  ëïãéóìéêïý ãéá Linux.  Åíáò êáëüò ôñüðïò ãéá íá âñåßôå åöáñìïãÝò
  ó÷åôéêÜ ìå hardware Þ÷ïõ åßíáé íá øÜîåôå ôï LSM ìå keywords üðùò
  sound. Ôï LSM èá ôï âñåßôå óå äéÜöïñá áíþíõìá FTP sites,
  óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ ôïõ  <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/LSM/>.

  Ôï Linux Documentation Project Ý÷åé ðáñÜãåé äéÜöïñá âéâëßá ãéá Linux,
  óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíïõ ôïõ Linux Installation êáé Getting Started.  ÁõôÜ
  äéáôßèåíôáé äùñåÜí ìå anonymous FTP áðü ìåãÜëá Linux archive sites Þ
  ìðïñåßôå íá ôá áãïñÜóåôå åêôõðùìÝíá.

  ÔÝëïò, ìéá îåäéÜíôñïðç åìâüëéìç äÞëùóç: Áí èÝëåôå íá ìÜèåôå ðïëý
  ðåñéóóüôåñá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôá ðïëõìÝóá óôï Linux (åéäéêÜ ãéá CD-ROM êáé
  åöáñìïãÝò êáé ðñïãñáììáôéóìü ãéá êÜñôåò Þ÷ïõ), äéáâÜóôå ôï âéâëßï ìïõ
  Linux Multimedia Guide, ISBN 1-56592-219-0, ðïõ Ý÷åé åêäïèåß áðü ôïõò
  O'Reilly and Associates.  ¼ðùò êáé ç ãíÞóéá áããëéêÞ Ýêäïóç, Ý÷åé
  ôõðùèåß ç ãáëëéêÞ êáé ãéáðùíÝæéêç ìåôÜöñáóç.  Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò
  ëåðôïìÝñåéåò, êáëÝóôå ôï 800-998-9938 óôç Íüôéá ÁìåñéêÞ Þ äåßôå ôç Web
  óåëßäá  <http://www.ora.com/catalog/multilinux/noframes.html> Þ ôç
  äéêÞ ìïõ óåëßäá <http://www.pobox.com/~tranter>.