Åëëçíéêü Linux Tips HOWTO
  Paul Anderson, paul@geeky1.ebtech.net
  v3.1, 26 Äåêåìâñßïõ 1997

  Áõôü ôï HOWTO ðåñéÝ÷åé õðïäåßîåéò êáé ðåéñáìáôéóìïýò, ðïõ åßíáé
  äýóêïëï íá âñåèïýí êáé êÜíïõí ôï Linux ïìïñöüôåñï.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents


  1. ÅéóáãùãÞ

  2. Óýíôïìåò Õðïäåßîåéò

     2.1 Ðñü÷åéñï Syslog Ôñõê
     2.2 Script ãéá íá âëÝðåôå ôá óõìðéåóìÝíá HOWTOs.
     2.3 ÕðÜñ÷åé áñêåôüò åëåýèåñïò ÷þñïò;;;
     2.4 ÂïçèçôéêÞ åöáñìïãÞ ãéá íá êáèáñßæåôå ôá log áñ÷åßá óáò.
     2.5 Ðñü÷åéñï Script ãéá íá êáèáñßæåôå ôá Core áñ÷åßá.
     2.6 ÌåôáöÝñïíôáò êáôáëüãïõò ìåôáîý óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùís.
     2.7 Âñåßôå ôïõò ìåãáëýôåñïõò êáôáëüãïõò ðïõ Ý÷åôå.
     2.8 Ôï Linux Gazette
     2.9 Äåßêôçò óôï patch ãéá ôï GNU Make 3.70 ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ôïõ VPATH.
     2.10 Ðþò óôáìáôþ ôï óýóôçìá ìïõ íá êÜíåé fsck óå êÜèå åðáíåêêßíçóç;
     2.11 Ðþò íá áðïöýãåôå ôá fscks ðïõ ðñïêáëïýíôáé áðü "device busy" ôçí þñá ôçò åðáíåêêßíçóçò.
     2.12 Ðþò íá âñåßôå ôá ìåãáëýôåñá áñ÷åßá óôï äßóêï óáò.
     2.13 Ðþò íá ôõðþóåôå óåëßäåò êáé íá áöÞóåôå ðåñéèþñéï ãéá ôï äéáêïñåõôÞ.
     2.14 Åíáò ôñüðïò ãéá íá øÜ÷íåôå ìÝóá óå äÝíäñá áñ÷åßùí ãéá ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç êáíïíéêÞ Ýêöñáóç.
     2.15 ¸íá script ãéá íá êáèáñßæåé ôá áñ÷åßá autosave êáé backup ðïõ äçìéïõñãïýí äéÜöïñá ðñïãñÜììáôá.
     2.16 Ðþò íá âñåßôå ðïéá äéåñãáóßá áðáéôåß ôçí ðåñéóóüôåñç ìíÞìç.
     2.17 Åîïðëßóôå ôï vi ãéá ðñïãñáììáôéóìü óå C ,
     2.18 Ãéáôß ôï sendmail êïëëÜåé åðß 5 ëåðôÜ êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç óôï RedHat;
     2.19 Ðþò ñõèìßæù ôï RedHat ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôçí color-ls;
     2.20 Ðþò âñßóêù ðïéá âéâëéïèÞêç óôï /usr/lib Ý÷åé ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç óõíÜñôçóç;

  3. Ëåðôïìåñåßò Õðïäåßîåéò

     3.1 ÌïéñÜæïíôáò ôá swap partitions ìåôáîý Linux êáé Windows.
     3.2 ÁðåëðéóìÝíá Undelete.
     3.3 Ðþò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï óôáèåñü flag.
     3.4 Ìéá ðñüôáóç ãéá ôï ðïý íá ôïðïèåôÞóåôå íÝá áñ÷åßá.
     3.5 ÌåôáôñÝøôå üëá ôá ïíüìáôá ôùí áñ÷åßùí åíüò êáôáëüãïõ óå ìéêñÜ ãñÜììáôá.
     3.6 ÌåñéêÝò õðïäåßîåéò ãéá íÝïõò sysadmins.
     3.7 Ðþò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï xdm's chooser ãéá åðéëïãÞ host.
     3.8 Ðåñß ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò ÌåôÜöñáóçò


  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  ÅéóáãùãÞ

  Êáëþò Þñèáôå óôï Linux Tips HOWTO, ìéá ëßóôá áðü óõìðáèçôéêÜ ôñõê êáé
  âåëôéóôïðïéÞóåéò ðïõ èá êÜíïõí ôï Linux ðéï åõ÷Üñéóôï. ¼ëá üóá Ý÷ù åäþ
  åßíáé õðïäåßîåéò ðïõ Ýâãáëá áð'ôï êåöÜëé ìïõ, êáé óõìâïõëÝò áðü ôï
  ðáëéü Tips-HOWTO (ãéáôß, Üëëùóôå, íá âãÜëù Ýîù êáèþò ðñÝðåé óõìâïõëÝò,
  óùóôÜ;).  Óôåßëôå ìïõ, ëïéðüí, üëåò ôéò áãáðçìÝíåò óáò ìéêñÝò ÷ñÞóéìåò
  óõìâïõëÝò êáé ïäçãßåò þóôå íá ìðïñÝóù íá ôéò åíóùìáôþóù óôï åðüìåíï
  Tips-HOWTO.

  Paul Anderson ÓõíôçñçôÞò--Linux TIPS HOWTO

  panderso@ebtech.net



  2.  Óýíôïìåò Õðïäåßîåéò

  2.1.  Ðñü÷åéñï Syslog Ôñõê Paul Anderson, ÓõíôçñçôÞò ôïõ Tips-HOWTO

  Áíïßîôå ôï áñ÷åßï /etc/syslog.conf, êáé ðñïóèÝóôå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù ãñáììÞ:


       # Dump everything on tty8
       *.*                                     /dev/tty8




  ÐÑÏÅÉÄÏÐÏÉÇÓÇ: ÌÇÍ ÎÅ×ÁÓÅÔÅ ÍÁ ×ÑÇÓÉÌÏÐÏÉÇÓÅÔÅ TABS! óôï syslog äåí
  áñÝóïõí ôá êåíÜ...


  2.2.  Script ãéá íá âëÝðåôå ôá óõìðéåóìÝíá HOWTOs. Didier Juges,
  dj@destin.nfds.net


  Áð' ôïí Ýíá áñ÷Üñéï óôïí Üëëï, ðñïÝêõøå áõôü ôï ìéêñü script ðïõ
  äéåõêïëýíåé ôï øÜîéìï êáé ôï äéÜâáóìá êåéìÝíùí howto.  Ôá howto áñ÷åßá
  ìïõ âñßóêïíôáé óôï /usr/doc/faq/howto/ êáé åßíáé óõìðéåóìÝíá. Ôá
  ïíüìáôá ôùí áñ÷åßùí åßíáé XXX-HOWTO.gz, üðïõ XXX åßíáé ôï èÝìá ôïõ
  howto.  Äçìéïýñãçóá ôï script ìå üíïìá "howto" óôïí êáôÜëïãï the
  /usr/local/sbin :


       ______________________________________________________________________
       #!/bin/sh
       if [ "$1" = "" ]; then
           ls /usr/doc/faq/howto | less
       else
           gunzip -c /usr/doc/faq/howto/$1-HOWTO.gz | less
       fi
       ______________________________________________________________________




  ¼ôáí êáëåßôáé ÷ùñßò ðáñáìÝôñïõò, åìöáíßæåé ï êáôÜëïãïò ôùí äéáèÝóéìùí
  áñ÷åßùí howto. ¼ôáí êáëåßôáé ìå ðáñÜìåôñï ôï ðñþôï ôìÞìá ôïõ ïíüìáôïò
  ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ (ðñéí ôçí ðáýëá), ôï áðïóõìðéÝæåé (êñáôþíôáò ôï áñ÷éêü
  áñ÷åßï áíÝðáöï) êáé ìåôÜ åìöáíßæåé ôï êåßìåíï.

  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ãéá íá äåßôå ôï êåßìåíï Serial-HOWTO.gz , ãñÜøôå:

  $ howto Serial



  2.3.  ÕðÜñ÷åé áñêåôüò åëåýèåñïò ÷þñïò;;; Hans Zoebelein,  zocki@gold-
  fish.cube.net

  Áêïëïõèåß Ýíá ìéêñü script ôï ïðïßï åëÝã÷åé ðåñéïäéêÜ áí õðÜñ÷åé
  áñêåôüò åëåýèåñïò ÷þñïò äéáèÝóéìïò óå ïôéäÞðïôå åìöáíßæåôáé óôï mount
  (äßóêïé, cdrom, äéóêÝôá...)

  Áí ï ÷þñïò åîáíôëåßôáé, ôõðþíåôáé Ýíá ìÞíõìá êÜèå X äåõôåñüëåðôá óôçí
  ïèüíç êáé óôÝëíåôáé 1 ìÞíõìá ìå mail ãéá êÜèå ãåìÜôç óõóêåõÞ.





  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh

  #
  # $Id: check_hdspace,v 1.18 1996/12/11 22:33:29 root Exp root $
  #

  #
  # Since I got mysterious error messages during compile when
  # tmp files filled up my disks, I wrote this to get a warning
  # before disks are full.
  #
  # If this stuff saved your servers from exploding,
  # send praising email to zocki@goldfish.cube.net.
  # If your site burns down because of this, sorry but I
  # warned you: no comps.
  # If you really know how to handle sed, please forgive me :)
  #

  #
  # Shoot and forget: Put 'check_hdspace &' in rc.local.
  # Checks for free space on devices every $SLEEPTIME sec.
  # You even might check your floppies or tape drives. :)
  # If free space is below $MINFREE (kb), it will echo a warning
  # and send one mail for each triggering device to $MAIL_TO_ME.
  # If there is more free space than trigger limit again,
  # mail action is also armed again.
  #

  # TODO: Different $MINFREE for each device.
  # Free /*tmp dirs securely from old junk stuff if no more free space.


  DEVICES='/dev/sda2 /dev/sda8 /dev/sda9'         # device; your put disks here
  MINFREE=20480                                   # kb; below this do warning
  SLEEPTIME=10                                    # sec; sleep between checks
  MAIL_TO_ME='root@localhost'                     # fool; to whom mail warning


  # ------- no changes needed below this line (hopefully :) -------

  MINMB=0
  ISFREE=0
  MAILED=""
  let MINMB=$MINFREE/1024         # yep, we are strict :)

  while [ 1 ]; do
          DF="`/bin/df`"
                  for DEVICE in $DEVICES ; do
                  ISFREE=`echo $DF | sed s#.\*$DEVICE" "\*[0-9]\*""\*[0-9]\*" "\*## | sed s#" ".\*##`

                  if [ $ISFREE -le $MINFREE ] ; then
                          let ISMB=$ISFREE/1024
                          echo  "WARNING: $DEVICE only $ISMB mb free." >&2
                          #echo "more stuff here" >&2
                          echo -e "\a\a\a\a"

                          if [ -z  "`echo $MAILED | grep -w $DEVICE`" ] ; then
                                  echo "WARNING: $DEVICE only $ISMB mb free.      (Trigger is set to $MINMB mb)" \
                                  | mail -s "WARNING: $DEVICE only $ISMB mb free!" $MAIL_TO_ME
                                  MAILEDH="$MAILED $DEVICE"
                                  MAILED=$MAILEDH
                                  # put further action here like cleaning
                                  # up */tmp dirs...
                          fi
                          elif [ -n  "`echo $MAILED | grep -w $DEVICE`" ] ; then
                                  # Remove mailed marker if enough disk space
                                  # again. So we are ready for new mailing action.
                                  MAILEDH="`echo $MAILED  | sed s#$DEVICE##`"
                                  MAILED=$MAILEDH
                          fi

                  done
                  sleep $SLEEPTIME

  done
  ______________________________________________________________________






  2.4.  ÂïçèçôéêÞ åöáñìïãÞ ãéá íá êáèáñßæåôå ôá log áñ÷åßá óáò. Paul
  Anderson, ÓõíôçñçôÞò ôïõ Tips-HOWTO >

  Áí åßóôå óáí êé åìÝíá, Ý÷åôå ìéá ëßóôá ìå 250 åããåãñáììÝíïõò, êáé 100+
  ìçíýìáôá íá Ýñ÷ïíôáé êáèçìåñéíÜ ìÝóù UUCP.  Ëïéðüí, ôé ìðïñåß íá êÜíåé
  Ýíáò ÷Üêåñ ìå áõôÜ ôá ôåñÜóôéá logs; Íá óôÞóåé ôï chklogs.  Ôï Chklogs
  ãñÜöôçêå áðü ôïí Emilio Grimaldo, grimaldo@panama.iaehv.nl, êáé ç
  ôñÝ÷ïõóá Ýêäïóç 1.8 åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç óôï
  ftp.iaehv.nl:/pub/users/grimaldo/chklogs-1.8.tar.gz.  Ç äéáäéêáóßá
  åãêáôÜóôáóçò åßíáé áðëÞ (èá äéáâÜóåôå, öõóéêÜ, ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò óôïí
  õðïêáôÜëïãï sub).  ¼ôáí ôï åãêáôáóôÞóåôå, ðñïóèÝóôå ìéá åããñáöÞ
  crontab óáí ôçí ðáñáêÜôù:


       # Run chklogs at 9:00PM daily.
       00 21 * * *       /usr/local/sbin/chklogs -m




  Ìéá êáé ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóáôå, ìçí îå÷Üóåôå íá áíáöÝñåôå óôïí óõããñáöÝá
  ðüóï ùñáßï ðñïãñáììáôÜêé åßíáé áõôü :)



  2.5.  ohammers@cu-online.com Ðñü÷åéñï Script ãéá íá êáèáñßæåôå ôá Core
  áñ÷åßá. Otto Hammersmith,

  ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá áñ÷åßï ìå üíïìá rmcores (ï óõããñáöÝáò ôï áðïêáëåß
  handle-cores) ðïõ íá ðåñéÝ÷åé ôïí ðáñáêÜôù êþäéêá:



















  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh
  USAGE="$0 <directory> <message-file>"

  if [ $# != 2 ] ; then
          echo $USAGE
          exit
  fi

   echo Deleting...
  find $1 -name core -atime 7 -print -exec rm {} \;

  echo e-mailing
  for name in `find $1 -name core -exec ls -l {} \; | cut -c16-24`
  do
          echo $name
          cat $2 | mail $name
  done
  ______________________________________________________________________




  ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå ìéá åñãáóßá cron íá ôï ôñÝ÷åé ðåñéïäéêÜ.



  2.6.  ÌåôáöÝñïíôáò êáôáëüãïõò ìåôáîý óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùís. Alan Cox,
  A.Cox@swansea.ac.uk

  ÃñÞãïñïò ôñüðïò íá ìåôáöÝñåôå Ýíá ïëüêëçñï äÝíäñï áñ÷åßùí áðü Ýíá
  äßóêï óå Ýíáí Üëëï


       (cd /source/directory && tar cf - . ) | (cd /dest/directory && tar xvfp -)




  [ AÁëëÜîôå áðü ôï /source/directory. ÊÜíôå tar....êëð.  þóôå íá
  áðïöýãåôå ôçí ðéèáíüôçôá íá á÷ñçóôåýóåôå ôï directory óå ðåñßðôùóç
  êáôáóôñïöÞò.  Åõ÷áñéóôþ ôïí Jim Dennis, jadestar@rahul.net, ðïõ ìïõ ôï
  åßðå. -Óõíô. ]


  2.7.  mghazey@miso.lowdown.com Âñåßôå ôïõò ìåãáëýôåñïõò êáôáëüãïõò ðïõ
  Ý÷åôå. Mick Ghazey,

  ¸÷åôå áíáñùôçèåß ðïôÝ ðïéïé åßíáé ïé ìåãáëýôåñïé êáôÜëïãïé óôïí
  õðïëïãéóôÞ óáò; Ïñßóôå ðþò èá ôï ìÜèåôå.


       du -S | sort -n





  2.8.  Ôï Linux Gazette

  Äüîá êáé ôéìÝò óôïí John Fisk, ôï äçìéïõñãü ôïõ Linux Gazette.  Åßíáé
  Ýíá åîáéñåôéêü çëåêôñïíéêü ðåñéïäéêü êáé åðéðëÝïí, åßíáé ÄÙÑÅÁÍ!!!  Ôé
  ðåñéóóüôåñï ìðïñåßôå íá æçôÞóåôå; Äåßôå ìüíïé óáò:



  http://www.ssc.com/lg




  Åðß ôçí åõêáéñßá, öáßíåôáé üôé (1) ôï LG âãáßíåé óå ìçíéáßá Ýêäïóç,
  êáé (2) äåí ôï óõíôçñåß ðéá ï John Fisk , áëëÜ ïé óõíåñãÜôåò ôçò SSC.



  2.9.  Ted Stern,  stern@amath.washington.edu Äåßêôçò óôï patch ãéá ôï
  GNU Make 3.70 ãéá íá áëëÜîåôå ôç óõìðåñéöïñÜ ôïõ VPATH.

  Äåí îÝñù áí Ý÷ïõí ðïëëïß Üíèñùðïé áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá, áëëÜ õðÜñ÷åé Ýíá
  "÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü" ôïõ GNU make Ýêäïóç 3.70 ôï ïðïßï äå ìïõ áñÝóåé.
  Åßíáé üôé ôï VPATH óõìðåñéöÝñåôáé ðåñßåñãá áí äþóåôå ôï áðüëõôï üíïìá
  áñ÷åßïõ. ÕðÜñ÷åé Ýíá åîáéñåôéêÜ ðëÞñåò patch ðïõ äéïñèþíåé ôï
  ðñüâëçìá, ôï ïðïßï ìðïñåßôå íá âñåßôå áðü ôïí Paul D. Smith
  <psmith@wellfleet.com>.  Áõôüò óôÝëíåé ôçí ôåêìçñßùóç êáé ôï patch
  ìåôÜ áðü êÜèå åðáíÝêäïóç ôïõ GNU make óôï newsgroup gnu.utils.bug.
  ÃåíéêÜ, åöáñìüæù áõôü ôï patch êáé êÜíù îáíÜ compile ôï gmake óå êÜèå
  óýóôçìá ðïõ Ý÷ù ðñüóâáóç.


  2.10.  Ðþò óôáìáôþ ôï óýóôçìá ìïõ íá êÜíåé fsck óå êÜèå åðáíåêêßíçóç;
  Dale Lutz,  dal@wimsey.com

  Q:  Ðþò óôáìáôþ ôï e2fsck íá åëÝã÷åé ôï äßóêï ìïõ êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ êÜíù
  boot.

  A:  ¼ôáí îáíá÷ôßóåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá, ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ìáñêÜñåôáé óáí
  'âñþìéêï' êáé Ýôóé ï äßóêïò óáò èá åëÝã÷åôáé óå êÜèå åêêßíçóç.  Ãéá íá
  ôï öôéÜîåôå áõôü ôñÝîôå ôï:

  rdev -R /zImage 1

  Áõôü äéïñèþíåé ôïí ðõñÞíá áðü ôï íá ðéóôåýåé üôé ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí
  åßíáé âñþìéêï.

  Óçìåßùóç: Áí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå lilo, ôüôå ðñïóèÝóôå ôï read-only óôçí
  åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ óôï áñ÷åßï ñýèìéóçò ôïõ lilo (óõíÞèùò óôï
  /etc/lilo.conf)


  2.11.  Ðþò íá áðïöýãåôå ôá fscks ðïõ ðñïêáëïýíôáé áðü "device busy"
  ôçí þñá ôçò åðáíåêêßíçóçò. Jon Tombs,  jon@gtex02.us.es

  Áí âëÝðåôå óõ÷íÜ ëÜèç device busy êáôÜ ôï shutdown ðïõ êÜíïõí ôï
  óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí íá ÷ñåéÜæåôáé fsck êáôÜ ôçí åðáíåêêßíçóç, ïñßóôå ìéá
  ìéêñÞ äéüñèùóç :

  ÐñïóèÝóôå ôçí ðáñáêÜôù ãñáììÞ óôï /etc/rc.d/init.d/halt Þ
  /etc/rc.d/rc.0


       mount -o remount,ro /mount.dir




  ãéá üëá ôá ðñïóáñôçìÝíá (mounted) óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí åêôüò ôïõ /, ðñéí
  ôçí êëÞóç umount -a. Áõôü óçìáßíåé üôé áí, ãéá êÜðïéï ëüãï, ôï shut-
  down áðïôý÷åé íá óêïôþóåé üëåò ôéò äéåñãáóßåò êáé áðïðñïóáñôÞóåé ôïõò
  äßóêïõò èá åßíáé áêüìç êáèáñïß óôçí åðáíåêêßíçóç. ¸ôóé åîïéêïíïìþ ðïëý
  ÷ñüíï óôçí åðáíåêêßíçóç.

  2.12.  Ðþò íá âñåßôå ôá ìåãáëýôåñá áñ÷åßá óôï äßóêï óáò.

  Simon Amor, simon@foobar.co.uk



       ls -l | sort +4n




  Ç, ãé' áõôïýò ðïõ åßíáé ðñáãìáôéêÜ scrunched ãéá ÷þñï, ìðïñåß íá áñãåß
  ëßãï áëëÜ äïõëåýåé ìéá ÷áñÜ:



       cd /
       ls -lR | sort +4n





  2.13.  Ðþò íá ôõðþóåôå óåëßäåò êáé íá áöÞóåôå ðåñéèþñéï ãéá ôï
  äéáêïñåõôÞ. Mike Dickey,  mdickey@thorplus.lib.purdue.edu



       ______________________________________________________________________
               #!/bin/sh
               # /usr/local/bin/print
               # a simple formatted printout, to enable someone to
               # 3-hole punch the output and put it in a binder

               cat $1 | pr -t -o 5 -w 85 | lpr
       ______________________________________________________________________





  2.14.  Raul Deluth Miller,  rockwell@nova.umd.edu Åíáò ôñüðïò ãéá íá
  øÜ÷íåôå ìÝóá óå äÝíäñá áñ÷åßùí ãéá ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç êáíïíéêÞ Ýêöñáóç.

  ÏíïìÜæù áõôü ôï script 'forall'.  ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ùò åîÞò :


       forall /usr/include grep -i ioctl
       forall /usr/man grep ioctl




  Íá ôï script forall:












  ______________________________________________________________________
  #!/bin/sh
  if [ 1 = `expr 2 \> $#` ]
  then
          echo Usage: $0 dir cmd [optargs]
          exit 1
  fi
  dir=$1
  shift
  find $dir -type f -print | xargs "$@"
  ______________________________________________________________________





  2.15.  Barry Tolnas,  tolnas@nestor.engr.utk.edu ¸íá script ãéá íá
  êáèáñßæåé ôá áñ÷åßá autosave êáé backup ðïõ äçìéïõñãïýí äéÜöïñá
  ðñïãñÜììáôá.

  ¸íá áðëü ðñüãñáììá äýï-ãñáììþí ðïõ êáôåâáßíåé áíáäñïìéêÜ ôçí éåñáñ÷ßá
  åíüò êáôáëüãïõ áöáéñþíôáò ôá áñ÷åßá emacs auto-save (#) êáé backup
  (~), ôá áñ÷åßá .o , êáé ôá TeX .log. Åðßóçò óõìðéÝæåé ôá áñ÷åßá .tex
  êáé ôá README. Ôï Ý÷ù ïíïìÜóåé 'squeeze' óôï óýóôçìÜ ìïõ.


       ______________________________________________________________________
       #!/bin/sh
       #SQUEEZE removes unnecessary files and compresses .tex and README files
       #By Barry tolnas, tolnas@sun1.engr.utk.edu
       #
       echo squeezing $PWD
       find  $PWD \( -name \*~ -or -name \*.o -or -name \*.log -or -name \*\#\) -exec
       rm -f {} \;
       find $PWD \( -name \*.tex -or -name \*README\* -or -name \*readme\* \) -exec gzip -9 {} \;
       ______________________________________________________________________





  2.16.  simon@foobar.co.uk Ðþò íá âñåßôå ðïéá äéåñãáóßá áðáéôåß ôçí
  ðåñéóóüôåñç ìíÞìç. Simon Amor,



       ps -aux | sort +4n




  -H-


       ps -aux | sort +5n





  2.17.  Åîïðëßóôå ôï vi ãéá ðñïãñáììáôéóìü óå C , Paul Anderson, Tips-
  HOWTO ÓõíôçñçôÞò

  ¸÷ù ðñïãñáììáôßóåé ðïëý óå C óôïí åëåýèåñü ìïõ ÷ñüíï, êáé Ýäùóá ÷ñüíï
  ãéá íá åîïðëßóù ôï vi þóôå íá åßíáé öéëéêü ìå ôç C. Ïñßóôå ôï áñ÷åßï
  ìïõ .exrc:
       ______________________________________________________________________
       set autoindent
       set shiftwidth=4
       set backspace=2
       set ruler
       ______________________________________________________________________




  Ôé êÜíåé áõôü; Ôï autoindent áíáãêÜæåé ôï vi íá êÜíåé indent áõôüìáôá
  êÜèå ãñáììÞ ðïõ áêïëïõèåß ôçí ðñþôç ðïõ Ýãéíå indent, ôï shiftwidth
  èÝôåé ôçí áðüóôáóç ôïõ ^T (tab) óå 4 êåíÜ, ôï backspace èÝôåé ôï
  backspace mode, êáé ôï ruler äåß÷íåé ôïí áñéèìü ãñáììÞò.  Íá èõìÜóôå,
  üôé ãéá íá ðÜôå óå Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï áñéèìü ãñáììÞò, áò ðïýìå ôçí 20,
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï:



       ______________________________________________________________________
       vi +20 myfile.c
       ______________________________________________________________________





  2.18.  paul@geeky1.ebtech.net Ãéáôß ôï sendmail êïëëÜåé åðß 5 ëåðôÜ
  êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç óôï RedHat; Paul Anderson,

  Áõôü åßíáé Ýíá ó÷åäüí êïéíü ðñüâëçìá, óå óçìåßï íá ãßíåé FAQ.  Äåí
  îÝñù áí ôï RedHat äéüñèùóå áõôü ôï bug óôç äéáíïìÞ ôïõò, áëëÜ ìðïñåßôå
  íá ôï äéïñèþóåôå êáé ìüíïé óáò.  Áí êïéôÜîåôå óôï áñ÷åßï /etc/hosts ,
  èá äåßôå üôé ìïéÜæåé êÜðùò óáí :


       127.0.0.1               localhost       yourbox




  ¼ôáí îåêéíÜ ôï sendmail, øÜ÷íåé óôï hostname ðïõ Ý÷åôå (óå áõôÞ ôçí
  ðåñßðôùóç, ôï yourbox).  Åêåß âñßóêåé üôé ôï IP ôïõ yourbox åßíáé
  127.0.0.1, áõôü äåí áñÝóåé óôï sendmail, êáé øÜ÷íåé ðÜëé. Óõíå÷ßæåé ìå
  áõôü ãéá ëßãï ìÝ÷ñéò üôïõ íá åãêáôáëåßøåé êáé íá óôáìáôÞóåé. Ôï íá
  äéïñèþóåôå áõôü ôï ðñüâëçìá åßíáé ðïëý áðëü, áíïßîôå ôï áñ÷åßï
  /etc/hosts êáé áëëÜîôå ôï óå êÜôé óáí ôï:


       127.0.0.1               localhost
       10.56.142.1             yourbox






  2.19.  Ðþò ñõèìßæù ôï RedHat ãéá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß ôçí color-ls; Paul
  Anderson,  paul@geeky1.ebtech.net

  Ç äéáíïìÞ RedHat Ýñ÷åôáé ìå color-ls, ðáñüëáõôÜ äåí îÝñù ãéáôß äåí ôç
  ñõèìßæïõí ãéá ÷ñÞóç ìå ÷ñþìáôá. Íá ðþò èá ôï äéïñèþóåôå.

  Ðñþôá, ãñÜøôå eval `DIRCOLORS`


  ÌåôÜ, alias ls='ls --color=yes'

  Êáé ðñïóèÝóôå ôï 'alias.....' óôï áñ÷åßï /etc/bashrc




  2.20.  vps@unicorn.niimm.spb.su Ðþò âñßóêù ðïéá âéâëéïèÞêç óôï
  /usr/lib Ý÷åé ìéá óõãêåêñéìÝíç óõíÜñôçóç; Pawel Veselow,

  Ôé êÜíåôå áí êÜíåôå compile êáé äå êÜíáôå link ìéá âéâëéïèÞêç ðïõ
  ÷ñåéÜæåôáé; ¼ëá ôá gcc reports åßíáé ïíüìáôá óõíáñôÞóåùí...  Íá ìéá
  åíôïëÞ äåßãìá ðïõ èá âñåé áõôü ðïõ øÜ÷íåôå:


       for i in *; do echo $i:;nm $i|grep tgetnum 2>/dev/null;done




  üðïõ tgetnum åßíáé ôï üíïìá ôçò óõíÜñôçóçò ðïõ øÜ÷íåôå.




  3.  Ëåðôïìåñåßò Õðïäåßîåéò

  3.1.  ÌïéñÜæïíôáò ôá swap partitions ìåôáîý Linux êáé Windows. Tony
  Acero,  ace3@midway.uchicago.edu


  1. ÖïñìÜñåôå ôï partition óáí dos partition, êáé äçìéïõñãÞóôå ôï
     áñ÷åßï swap ôùí Windows óå áõôü, áëëÜ ìçí ôñÝîåôå áêüìç ôá windows.
     (ÈÝëåôå íá êñáôÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï swap ôåëåßùò êåíü ãéá ôçí þñá, þóôå
     íá óõìðéåóôåß êáëÜ).

  2. ÎåêéíÞóôå linux êáé óþóôå ôï partition óå Ýíá áñ÷åßï.  Ãéá
     ðáñÜäåéãìá áí ôï partition Þôáí ôï /dev/hda8:


       dd if=/dev/hda8 of=/etc/dosswap




  3. ÓõìðéÝóôå ôï áñ÷åßï swap ôïõ dos. Ìéá êáé åßíáé ó÷åäüí üëá 0 èá
     óõìðéåóôåß ðïëý êáëÜ


       gzip -9 /etc/dosswap




  4. ÐñïóèÝóôå ôï ðáñáêÜôù óôï áñ÷åßï /etc/rc ãéá íá ðñïåôïéìÜóåôå êáé
     íá óôÞóåôå ôï swap ÷þñï êÜôù áðü Linux:

     XXXXX åßíáé ï áñéèìüò ôùí ìðëïêò ôïõ swap partition


       mkswap /dev/hda8 XXXXX
       swapon -av




  Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé ðñïóèÝóáôå ìéá ãñáììÞ ãéá ôï swap partition óôï
  áñ÷åßï /etc/fstab

  5. Áí ôï ðáêÝôï óáò init/reboot õðïóôçñßæåé /etc/brc Þ /sbin/brc
     ðñïóèÝóôå ôá ðáñáêÜôù óôï /etc/brc, áëëéþò êÜíôå ôï ìå ôï ÷Ýñé üôáí
     èÝëåôå íá îåêéíÞóåôå óå dos|os/2 êáé èÝëåôå íá ìåôáôñÝøåôå ôï swap
     partition ðßóù óôçí Ýêäïóç ãéá dos/windows:



       swapoff -av
       zcat /etc/dosswap.gz | dd of=/dev/hda8 bs=1k count=100




  # Note that this only writes the first 100 blocks back to the parti-
  tion. I've found empirically that this is sufficient

  >>  ÐïéÜ åßíáé ôá ðëåïíåêôÞìáôá êáé ôá ìåéïíåêôÞìáôá ãéá ôï ðáñáðÜíù;

  ÐëåïíÝêôçìá: åîïéêïíïìåßôå ïõóéáóôéêü ÷þñï áðü ôï äßóêï óáò.

  ÌåéïíÝêôçìá: áí ôï âÞìá 5 äå ãßíåôáé áõôüìáôá, ðñÝðåé íá èõìçèåßôå íá
  ôï êÜíåôå ìå ôï ÷Ýñé, êáé åðéâáñýíåé ôç äéáäéêáóßá åêêßíçóçò êáôÜ Ýíá
  nanosecond :-)


  3.2.  ÁðåëðéóìÝíá Undelete. Michael Hamilton,  michael@actrix.gen.nz

  Íá Ýíá ôñõê ðïõ Ýðñåðå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóù ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò.

  undelete áñ÷åßïõ êåéìÝíïõ ãéá áðåëðéóìÝíïõò.

  Áí êáôÜ ëÜèïò óâÞóáôå Ýíá text áñ÷åßï, ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, êÜðïéï email, Þ
  ôá áðïôåëÝóìáôá ìéáò ïëïíý÷ôéáò ðñïãñáììáôéóôéêÞò óõíåäñßáò  , ìðïñåß
  íá ìç ÷Üèçêáí üëá.  Áí ôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ öôéÜîáôå óôï äßóêï, Þôáí åêåß ð.÷
  ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñï áðü 30 äåõôåñüëåðôá, ìðïñåß ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíÜ ôïõ íá
  âñßóêïíôáé áêüìç óôçí êáôÜôìçóç ôïõ äßóêïõ.

  Ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôçí åíôïëÞ grep ãéá íá øÜîåé ôï raw disk
  partition ãéá ôá ðåñéå÷üìåíá ôïõ áñ÷åßïõ.

  Ãéá ðáñÜäåéãìá, ðñüóöáôá, Ýóâçóá êáôÜ ëÜèïò Ýíá êïììÜôé åíüò email.
  ¸ôóé, óôáìÜôçóá áìÝóùò ïðïéáäÞðïôå åíÝñãåéá ðïõ ìðïñïýóå íá ìåôáâÜëëåé
  ôï partition: óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç áðëÜ áðÝöõãá íá áðïèçêåýóù áñ÷åßá
  Þ íá êÜíù ìåôáãëþôôéóç (compile) êëð.  Óå Üëëåò ðåñéðôþóåéò, ìðÞêá
  ðñáãìáôéêÜ óôïí êüðï íá êáôåâÜóù ôï óýóôçìá óå single user mode, êáé
  íá áðïäåóìåýóù (unmount) ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí.

  ×ñçóéìïðïßçóá ôüôå ôçí åíôïëÞ egrep óôï partition ôïõ äßóêïõ:  óôçí
  ðåñßðôùóÞ ìïõ ôï email ìÞíõìá Þôáí óôï /usr/local/home/michael/, Ýôóé
  áðü ôï output ôïõ df, åßäá üôé Þìïõí óôï /dev/hdb5


         sputnik3:~ % df
           Filesystem         1024-blocks  Used Available Capacity Mounted on
           /dev/hda3              18621    9759     7901     55%   /
           /dev/hdb3             308852  258443    34458     88%   /usr
           /dev/hdb5             466896  407062    35720     92%   /usr/local

           sputnik3:~ % su
           Password:
           [michael@sputnik3 michael]# egrep -50 'ftp.+COL' /dev/hdb5 > /tmp/x


  Ôþñá åßìáé õðåñâïëéêÜ ðñïóåêôéêüò üôáí ðáßæù ìå ôéò êáôáôìÞóåéò ôùí
  äßóêùí, Ýôóé óôáìÜôçóá íá âåâáéùèþ üôé êáôáëáâáßíù ôç óýíôáîç ôçò
  åíôïëÞò ÐÑÉÍ íá ðáôÞóù ôï ðëÞêôñï return.  Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç ôï
  email ðåñéåß÷å ôç ëÝîç 'ftp' áêïëïõèïýìåíç áðü êÜðïéï text ðïõ ôï
  áêïëïõèïýóå ôï 'COL'.  Ôï ìÞíõìá Þôáí ðåñßðïõ 20 ãñáììÝò, Ýôóé
  ÷ñçóéìïðïßçóá ôï -50 ãéá íá öÝñù üëåò ôéò ëÝîåéò ãýñù áðü ôç öñÜóç.
  Óôï ðáñåëèüí åß÷á ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåé ôï -3000 ãéá íá åßìáé óßãïõñïò üôé èá
  ðÜñù üëåò ôéò ãñáììÝò áðü êÜðïéï ðçãáßï êþäéêá.  Êáôåýèõíá ôçí Ýîïäï
  ôçò egrep óå Ýíá äéáöïñåôéêü partition äßóêïõ- Ýôóé áðÝöõãá íá ãñÜøù
  ðÜíù áðü ôï ðáëéü ìÞíõìá ðïõ Ýøá÷íá.

  ÌåôÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïßçóá ôçí åíôïëÞ strings ãéá íá ìå âïçèÞóåé íá åîåôÜóù
  ôçí Ýîïäï


          strings /tmp/x | less





  To email Þôáí ðñáãìáôéêÜ åêåß.

  ÁõôÞ ç ìÝèïäïò äåí åßíáé ãéá íá âáóéóôåßôå óå áõôÞ, üëïò, Þ ìÝñïò, ôïõ
  ÷þñïõ ôïõ äßóêïõ ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé Þäç îáíá÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß.

  Áõôü ôï ôñõê åßíáé ðéèáíÜ ÷ñÞóéìï ìüíï óå óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ äïõëåýåé Ýíáò
  ÷ñÞóôçò. Óå óõóôÞìáôá ðïëëáðëþí ÷ñçóôþí ìå õøçëÞ äñáóôçñéüôçôá äßóêïõ,
  ï ÷þñïò ðïõ åëåõèåñþóáôå ìðïñåß íá Ý÷åé Þäç ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß. Áêüìç
  ðåñéóóüôåñï, äåí ìðïñïýìå íá ôñáâÜìå ôï ÷áëß êÜôù áðü ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ìáò
  êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ ÷ñåéáæüìáóôå íá áíáêôÞóïõìå Ýíá áñ÷åßï.

  Óôï óýóôçìá ðïõ Ý÷ù óðßôé, áõôü ôï ôñõê öÜíçêå âïëéêü óå ôñåéò ðåñßðïõ
  ðåñéðôþóåéò ôá ôåëåõôáßá ÷ñüíéá - óõíÞèùò üôáí óâÞíù ôõ÷áßá ìåñéêÝò
  ìÝñåò äïõëåéÜò.  Áí ü,ôé äïõëåýù öôÜíåé óå Ýíá óçìåßï üðïõ íéþèù üôé
  Ý÷ù êÜíåé óçìáíôéêÞ âåëôßùóç, êÜíù áíôßãñáöï áóöáëåßáò óå Ýíá floppy,
  Ýôóé äå ÷ñåéÜæïìáé áõôü ôï ôñõê êáé ðïëý óõ÷íÜ.



  3.3.  Ðþò íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï óôáèåñü flag. Jim Dennis,
  jadestar@rahul.net

  ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï óôáèåñü Flag

  ÁìÝóùò ìüëéò åãêáôáóôÞóåôå êáé ñõèìßóåôå ôï óýóôçìÜ óáò ðçãáßíåôå óôá
  /bin, /sbin/, /usr/bin, /usr/sbin êáé /usr/lib (êáé ìåñéêÜ of the
  other usual suspects êáé êÜíôå ãåííáéüäùñç ÷ñÞóç ôçò 'chattr +i
  åíôïëÞò'.  Åðßóçò ðñïóèÝóôå ôá áñ÷åßá ôïõ ðõñÞíá óôï root.  ÊÜíôå
  'mkdir /etc/.dist/' áíôéãñÜøôå ôá üëá áðü ôï /etc/ on down (áõôü ôï
  êÜíù óå äýï âÞìáôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï /tmp/etcdist.tar ãéá íá áðïöýãù
  ôçí áíáäñïìÞ) óå åêåßíï ôïí êáôÜëïãï. (ÐñïáéñåôéêÜ ìðïñåßôå íá
  äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ôï /etc/.dist.tar.gz) -- êáé íá ôï ìáñêÜñåôå óá óôáèåñü.

  Ï ëüãïò ãéá üëá áõôÜ åßíáé íá åëáôôþóïõìå ôç æçìéÜ ðïõ ìðïñåß íá
  ðñïêáëÝóåôå áí ìðåßôå óáí root.  Äå èá ãñÜøåôå ðÜíù áðü áñ÷åßá ìå Ýíá
  ôåëåóôÞ áíáêáôåýèõíóçò (redirection operator) stray, êáé äå èá êÜíåôå
  ôï óýóôçìá Ü÷ñçóôï ìå Ýíá stray êåíü óå ìéá åíôïëÞ 'rm -fr' (ìðïñåßôå
  áêüìç íá êÜíåôå ðïëëÝò æçìéÝò óôá äåäïìÝíá óáò -- áëëÜ ïé âéâëéïèÞêåò
  êáé ôá åêôåëÝóéìá èá åßíáé ðéï áóöáëÞ.

  Áõôü åðßóçò êÜíåé Ýíá ðëÞèïò ðñïâëçìÜôùí áóöÜëåéáò êáé Üñíçóçò
  åîõðçñÝôçóçò (denial of service) åßôå áäýíáôï åßôå ðéï äýóêïëï íá
  äçìéïõñãçèïýí (ìéá êáé ðïëëïß âáóßæïíôáé óôï íá ãñÜøïõí ðÜíù áðü Ýíá
  áñ÷åßï ìÝóù ôùí ëåéôïõñãéþí êÜðïéïõ ðñïãñÜììáôïò SUID ðïõ *äåí ðáñÝ÷åé
  ìéá áõèáßñåôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí*).
  Ï ìüíïò ìðåëÜò óå áõôü åßíáé üôáí ÷ôßæåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá êáé êÜíåôå 'make
  install' óå  äéÜöïñá åßäç åêôåëÝóéìùí ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò.  Áðü ôçí Üëëç,
  åìðïäßæåé åðßóçò ôï 'make install' íá ãñÜöåé ðÜíù áðü ôá áñ÷åßá.  ¼ôáí
  îå÷Üóåôå íá äéáâÜóåôå ôï Makefile êáé íá êÜíåôå chattr -i ôá áñ÷åßá
  ðïõ ðñüêåéôáé íá ãñáöôïýí áðü ðÜíù (êáé ïé êáôÜëïãïé óôïõò ïðïßïõò
  èÝëåôå íá ðñïóèÝóåôå áñ÷åßá) -- ôï make áðïôõã÷Üíåé, ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå
  áðëÜ ôçí åíôïëÞ chattr êáé ôï îáíáôñÝ÷åôå. Ìðïñåßôå åðßóçò íá áñðÜîåôå
  áõôÞ ôçí åõêáéñßá ãéá íá ìåôáöÝñåôå ôá ðáëéÜ óáò bin's, lib's, Þ
  ïôéäÞðïôå óå Ýíá êáôÜëïãï .old/ Þ íá ôïõ áëëÜîåôå üíïìá Þ íá ôá êÜíåôå
  tar Þ üôé Üëëï.




  3.4.  Jim Dennis,  jadestar@rahul.net Ìéá ðñüôáóç ãéá ôï ðïý íá
  ôïðïèåôÞóåôå íÝá áñ÷åßá.

  ¼ëá ôá íÝá áñ÷åßá ìðáßíïõí êÜôù áðü ôï /usr/local! Þ
  /usr/local/`hostname`

  Áí ç äéáíïìÞ óáò áöÞíåé ôï /usr/local Üäåéï ôüôå äçìéïõñãÞóôå ôï
  /usr/local/src, /usr/local/bin êëð.  êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôá. Áí ç
  äéáíïìÞ óáò åãêáèéóôÜ ðñïãñÜììáôá óôï äÝíäñï /usr/local ôüôå ìðïñåß íá
  èÝëåôå íá êÜíåôå 'mkdir /usr/local/`hostname`' êáé íá äþóåôå ôï
  'wheel' group +w óå áõôü (ôï êÜíù åðßóçò SUID êáé SGID ãéá íá
  åîáóöáëßóù üôé êÜèå ìÝëïò ôïõ wheel group ìðïñåß íá áíáêáôåýåôáé ìå ôá
  äéêÜ ôïõ áñ÷åßá áðü åêåß êáé êÜôù, êáé üôé üëá ôá áñ÷åßá ðïõ
  äçìéïõñãÞèçêáí èá áíÞêïõí óôï 'wheel' group.

  Ôþñá ðåéèáñ÷Þóôå ôïí åáõôü óáò êáé *ÐÁÍÔÁ! ÐÁÍÔÁ! ÐÁÍÔÁ!* âÜëôå ôá íÝá
  ðáêÝôá êÜôù áðü ôï /usr/local/src/.from/$ÏÐÏÕ_ÔÁ_ÅÂÁ¨Á/ (ãéá ôá .tar Þ
  ïðïéáäÞðïôå áñ÷åßá) êáé ÷ôßóôå ôá êÜôù áðü ôï /usr/local/src (Þ
  .../$HOSTNAME/src).  Óéãïõñåõôåßôå üôé åãêáèßóôáôáé êÜôù áðü ôçí
  ôïðéêÞ éåñáñ÷ßá.  Áí *ðñÝðåé õðï÷ñåùôéêÜ* íá åãêáôáóôáèåß ðßóù óôï
  /bin Þ /usr/bin Þ êÜðïõ áëëïý -- âÜëôå Ýíá symlink áðü ôçí ôïðéêÞ
  éåñáñ÷ßá óå êÜèå óôïé÷åßï ôïõ áðü íá ôï âÜëåôå ïðïõäÞðïôå áëëïý.

  Ï ëüãïò ãé' áõôü -- áêüìç êé áí áðáéôåß ðåñéóóüôåñç äïõëåéÜ -- åßíáé
  üôé âïçèÜ íá áðïìïíþóåôå ü,ôé ðñÝðåé íá ãßíåé áíôßãñáöï áóöáëåßáò êáé
  restore Þ íá îáíáåãêáôáóôçèåß óå ðåñßðôùóç ðëÞñïõò åðáíåãêáôÜóôáóçò
  áðü ôá distribution media (óõíÞèùò CD óôéò ìÝñåò ìáò).
  ×ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï /usr/local/.from directory ìðïñåßôå íá êñáôÞóåôå
  Ýíá áíåðßóçìï çìåñïëüãéï (log) áðü ðïõ ðñïÝñ÷ïíôáé ïé ðçãáßïé êþäéêåò
  -- ôï ïðïßï âïçèÜåé üôáí øÜ÷íåôå ãéá íÝåò áíáâáèìßóåéò -- êáé ìðïñåß
  íá åßíáé ðïëý áðïöáóéóôéêü üôáí êÜíåôå monitore ôéò ëßóôåò
  áíáêïéíþóåùí ó÷åôéêÜ ìå áóöÜëåéá.

  Å-íá áðü ôá óõóôÞìáôÜ ìïõ óôï óðßôé (áõôü áðü ôï ïðïßï ìå ôï ïðïßï
  êÜíù êáé ôéò óõíäÝóåéò ìïõ) óõíáñìïëïãÞèçêå ðñéí íá õéïèåôÞóù áõôÞ ôçí
  ôáêôéêÞ ãéá ôïí åáõôü ìïõ.  Áêüìç äå "ãíùñßæù" üëåò ôéò äéáöïñÝò áðü
  ôï óýóôçìá ðïõ áöÞíåôáé "üðùò åãêáôáóôÜèçêå".  Áõôü åßíáé ðáñÜ ôï
  ãåãïíüò üôé Ý÷ù êÜíåé ðïëý ëßãåò ñõèìßóåéò óôï óýóôçìá ôïõ óðéôéïý ìïõ
  êáé åßìáé ôï *ìüíï* Üôïìï ðïõ ôï ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß.

  Áíôßèåôá, ôá óõóôÞìáôá ðïõ Ý÷ù óôÞóåé óôç äïõëåéÜ (üôáí áðÝêôçóá åêåß
  ôï ñüëï ôïõ äéá÷åéñéóôÞ óõóôÞìáôïò) Ý÷ïõí üëá ñõèìéóôåß ìå áõôüí ôïí
  ôñüðï -- Ý÷ïõí äéá÷åéñéóôåß áðü ðïëëïýò áíÜäï÷ïõò êáé Üëëïõò áíèñþðïõò
  ôïõ MIS, êáé Ýêáíáí Ýíá ìåãÜëï áñéèìü áíáâáèìßóåùí êáé åãêáôáóôÜóåùí
  ðáêÝôùí.  ¸÷ù ìéá ðïëý êáëÞ éäÝá ãéá ôï ðïéá áêñéâÞ óôïé÷åßá
  ôïðïèåôÞèçêáí óôï óýóôçìá *ìåôÜ* ôçí áñ÷éêÞ åãêáôÜóôáóç êáé ñýèìéóç.


  3.5.  ÌåôáôñÝøôå üëá ôá ïíüìáôá ôùí áñ÷åßùí åíüò êáôáëüãïõ óå ìéêñÜ
  ãñÜììáôá. Justin Dossey,  dossey@ou.edu


  ÐáñáôÞñçóá ìåñéêÝò õðåñâïëéêÜ äýóêïëåò Þ ìç áðáñáßôçôåò äéáäéêáóßåò
  ðïõ ðñïôåßíïíôáé óôï ôìÞìá 2c tips ôïõ ôåý÷ïõò 12.  Ìéá êáé åßíáé
  ðåñéóóüôåñåò áðü ìßá, ôéò óôÝëíù óå óÝíá:


       ______________________________________________________________________
       #!/bin/sh
                # lowerit
                # convert all file names in the current directory to lower case
                # only operates on plain files--does not change the name of directories
                # will ask for verification before overwriting an existing file
                for x in `ls`
                  do
                  if [ ! -f $x ]; then
                    continue
                    fi
                  lc=`echo $x  | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`
                  if [ $lc != $x ]; then
                    mv -i $x $lc
                  fi
                  done
       ______________________________________________________________________




  Ùð, áõôü åßíáé ìåãÜëï script.  Äå èá Ýãñáöá ôÝôïéï script ãéá íá êÜíù
  áõôü.  Áíôßèåôá, èá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýóá áõôÞ ôçí åíôïëÞ:


       for i in * ; do [ -f $i ] && mv -i $i `echo $i | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`;
       done;




  óôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí.

  Ï Üíèñùðïò ðïõ Ýêáíå áõôÞ ôç óõíåéóöïñÜ, ëÝåé üôé Ýãñáøå ôï script ìå
  áõôü ôïí ôñüðï þóôå íá åßíáé êáôáíïçôü (äåßôå ðáñáêÜôù).

  Óôçí åðüìåíç õðüäåéîç, áõôÞ ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôçí ðñïóèÞêç êáé äéáãñáöÞ
  ÷ñçóôþí, ï Geoff ôá ðÜåé ìéá ÷áñÜ ìÝ÷ñé ôï ôåëåõôáßï âÞìá.
  Åðáíåêêßíçóç;  Ù÷, åëðßæù íá ìç ÷ñåéÜæåôáé åðáíåêêßíçóç ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò
  êÜèå öïñÜ ðïõ äéáãñÜöåé Ýíá ÷ñÞóôç.  Ï,ôé ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá êÜíåôå åßíáé
  ôá äýï ðñþôá âÞìáôá.  Ôé åßäïõò äéåñãáóßåò èá Ý÷åé áöÞóåé ï ÷ñÞóôçò,
  Üëëùóôå;  ¸íá irc bot;  Óêïôþóôå ôéò äéáäéêáóßåò áðëÜ ìå ôçí


       kill -9 `ps -aux |grep ^<username> |tr -s " " |cut -d " " -f2`




  ÐáñÜäåéãìá, ôï username åßíáé foo


       kill -9 `ps -aux |grep ^foo |tr -s " " |cut -d " " -f2`




  Ôþñá ðïõ öñïíôßóáìå êé áõôü, áò ðñï÷ùñÞóïõìå óôï îå÷áóìÝíï êùäéêü ôïõ
  root.


  Ç ëýóç ðïõ äßíåôáé óôï Gazette åßíáé ç ðéï êïéíÞ, áëëÜ ü÷é êáé ç ðéï
  åýêïëç.  Ìå ôï LILO êáé ôï loadlin, ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå ôçí ðáñÜìåôñï
  ãéá boot óå ðåñéâÜëëïí åíüò ÷ñÞóôç (single) ãéá áõôüìáôç åêêßíçóç óôï
  ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíï shell ÷ùñßò login Þ password prompt.  Áðü åêåß,
  ìðïñåßôå íá áëëÜîåôå Þ íá áöáéñÝóåôå passwords ðñéí íá ãñÜøåôå "init
  3" íá îåêéíÞóåôå óå êáôÜóôáóç ðïëëáðëþí ÷ñçóôþí (multiuser mode).
  Áñéèìüò ÅðáíåêêéíÞóåùí: 1 Ìå ôïí Üëëï ôñüðï Áñéèìüò ÅðáíåêêéíÞóåùí: 2


  Justin Dossey



  3.6.  Jim Dennis,  jadestar@rahul.net ÌåñéêÝò õðïäåßîåéò ãéá íÝïõò
  sysadmins.

  ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå êáé óõíôçñÞóôå Ýíá /README.`hostname` êáé/Þ Ýíá
  /etc/README.`hostname` [Ç ðéèáíÜ /usr/local/etc/README.`hostname`
  -Maint. ]

  ÏðùóäÞðïôå, êñáôÞóôå óçìåéþóåéò áðü *ôçí ðñþôç ìÝñá* ôçò äéá÷åßñéóçò
  ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò óå Ýíá online log áñ÷åßï.  Ìðïñåßôå íá öôéÜîåôå Ýíá vi
  /README.$(hostname). Ìéá ãñáììÞ óôï áñ÷åßï ôïõ root  /bash_logout.
  ¸íáò Üëëïò ôñüðïò íá ôï êÜíåôå áõôü åßíáé íá ãñÜøåôå su Þ Ýíá sudo
  script ðïõ êÜíåé êÜôé óáí ôï ðáñáêÜôù:


                       function exit \
                               { unset exit; exit; \
                                 cat ~/tmp/session.$(date +%y%m%d) \
                                 >> /README.$(hostname) && \
                                 vi /README.$(hostname)
                                 }
                       script -a ~/tmp/session.$(date +%y%m%d)
                       /bin/su.org -




  (÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ typescript ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá session
  log êáé äçìéïõñãÞóôå ìéá óõíÜñôçóç ðïõ èá ðñïóèÝôåé êáé èá åíçìåñþíåé
  áõôüìáôá ôï log).

  ÐáñáäÝ÷ïìáé üôé äåí Ý÷ù õëïðïéÞóåé áõôü ôçí ðïëéôéêÞ áõôüìáôçò
  åíçìÝñùóçò -- Ý÷ù âáóéóôåß ùò ôþñá óôçí áõôïðåéèáñ÷ßá ìïõ ùò ôþñá.
  ÐáñüëáõôÜ, Ý÷ù ðáßîåé ìå áõôÞ ôçí éäÝá (ìÝ÷ñé ôï óçìåßï íá öôéÜîù Ýíá
  ðñüôõðï äåßãìá (prototype) ôùí scripts êáé ôùí shell óõíáñôÞóåùí üðùò
  ôéò âëÝðåôå).  ¸íá ðñÜãìá ðïõ ìå êñáôÜåé åßíáé ç ßäéá ç 'script'
  åíôïëÞ.  Íïìßæù üôé èá ðñÝðåé íá ðÜñù ôïí êþäéêá êáé íá ðñïóèÝóù äõï
  ðáñáìÝôñïõò óôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí (ãéá íá äéáêüðôù/óôáìáôþ ôï script íá
  êáôáãñÜöåé áðü ôç ãñáììÞ åíôïëþí) ðñéí íá äåóìåõôþ üôé èá ôï
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéþ).

  Ç ôåëåõôáßá ìïõ ðñüôáóç (ãé' áõôü ôï ãýñï):

  Ôï path ôïõ Root èá ðñÝðåé íá ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï 'PATH= /bin'

  ÁõôÜ êáé ôßðïôá Üëëï óôï path ôïõ root.  Ï,ôé êÜíåé ï root ðáñÝ÷åôáé
  áðü Ýíá symlink áðü ôï  /bin Þ áðü Ýíá alias Þ shell ñïõôßíá, Þ åßíáé
  Ýíá script Þ Ýíá åêôåëÝóéìï óôï  /bin, Þ ãñÜöåôáé ìå ôï ðëÞñåò path.

  Áõôü êÜíåé ôïí êáèÝíá ðïõ ôñÝ÷åé óáí root íá ãíùñßæåé (ìåñéêÝò öïñÝò
  åðþäõíá) ðüóï åìðéóôåýåôáé ôá åêôåëÝóéìá.  Ï ãíùóôéêüò admin åíüò host
  ðïëëþí ÷ñçóôþí èá êïéôÜåé ðåñéïäéêÜ ìÝóù ôïõ äéêïý ôïõ  /bin êáé ôùí
  áñ÷åßùí  /.*history øÜ÷íïíôáò patterns êáé ðáñÜèõñá.

  Ï ðñáãìáôéêÜ äñáóôçñéïðïéçìÝíïò admin èá åíôïðßóåé áêïëïõèßåò ðïõ
  ìðïñïýí íá áõôïìáôïðïéçèïýí, ìÝñç óôá ïðïßá Ýëåã÷ïé ìðïñïýí/ðñÝðåé íá
  åéóá÷èïýí , êáé äéáäéêáóßåò ãéá ôéò ïðïßåò "root" ôá äéêáéþìáôá èá
  ðñÝðåé íá áðïöåõ÷èïýí ðñïóùñéíÜ (ç åêôÝëåóç äéáöüñùí åðåîåñãáóôþí,
  MTA's êáé Üëëá ìåãÜëá äéáëïãéêÜ (interactive) ðñïãñÜììáôá ìå ðåñßðëïêá
  ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ scripting ôá ïðïßá *ìðïñåß* íá åíóùìáôùèïýí óå äéáöáíÞ
  áñ÷åßá Þ áñ÷åßá äåäïìÝíùí -- üðùò ôï áéó÷ñü vi ./.exrc êáé ôï emacs
  ./.emacs êáé ôï áêüìç ðåñéóóüôåñï ýðïõëï $EXINIT êáé ïé åíóùìáôùìÝíåò
  ìáêñïåíôïëÝò åðéêåöáëßäùí (header/footer macros)).  ÖõóéïëïãéêÜ ïé
  åíôïëÝò áõôïý ôïõ ôýðïõ ìðïñïýí íá ôñÝîïõí ìå êÜôé óáí:


                       cp $data $some_users_home/tmp
                       su -c $origcommand $whatever_switches
                       cp $some_users_home/tmp $data




  (...üðïõ ïé ëåðôïìÝñåéåò åîáñôþíôáé áðü ôçí åíôïëÞ).

  ÁõôÝò ïé ôåëåõôáßåò êõñßùò ðñïöõëÜîåéò õðåñâïëéêÝò ãéá ôï óðßôé Þ ôï
  "single" óôáèìü åñãáóßáò ôïõ ÷ñÞóôç -- áëëÜ åßíáé ðïëý êáëÞ ôáêôéêÞ
  ãéá ôç äéá÷åßñéóç åíüò óõóôÞìáôïò ðïëëáðëþí ÷ñçóôþí -- åéäéêÜ ãéá Ýíá
  óýóôçìá äçìüóéá åêôåèåéìÝíï (üðùò áõôü óôï netcom).



  3.7.  Ðþò íá ñõèìßóåôå ôï xdm's chooser ãéá åðéëïãÞ host. Arrigo Tri-
  ulzi,  a.triulzi@ic.ac.uk


  1. Åíçìåñþóôå ôï áñ÷åßï ðïõ öïñôþíåé ôï xdm ðïëý ðéèáíÜ ôï
     /etc/rc/rc.6 Þ /etc/rc.local) Ýôóé þóôå íá ðåñéÝ÷åé ôéò ðáñáêÜôù
     ãñáììÝò óôï ôìÞìá åêêßíçóçò ôïõ xdm.



       /usr/bin/X11/xdm
       exec /usr/bin/X11/X -indirect hostname




  2. Áíïßîôå ôï /usr/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers êáé âÜëôå óå ó÷üëéá ôç ãñáììÞ
     ðïõ îåêéíÜ ôï server óôï ôïðéêü ìç÷Üíçìá (ð.÷. îåêéíþíôáò ìå 0:)

  3. ÅðáíåêêéíÞóôå ôï ìç÷Üíçìá êáé you're home and away.


  Áõôü ôï ðñüóèåóá üôáí ðñïóðáèïýóá áðåãíùóìÝíá íá ôï åãêáôáóôÞóù ãéá ôï
  äéêü ìïõ subnet åäþ ÷ñåéÜóôçêå ðåñßðïõ ìéá âäïìÜäá ãéá íá êáôåõíÜóù
  üëá ôá ðñïâëÞìáôá.

  Ðñïåéäïðïßçóç: ìå ôï ðáëéü SLS (1.1.1) ãéá êÜðïéï ëüãï ìðïñåßôå íá
  áöÞóôå Ýíá -nodaemon ìåôÜ ôç ãñáììÞ xdm -- áõôü ÄÅ äïõëåýåé ãéá
  ìåôáãåíÝóôåñåò åêäüóåéò.


  3.8.  Ðåñß ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò ÌåôÜöñáóçò

  Ãéá ó÷üëéá, ðáñáôçñÞóåéò, äéïñèþóåéò, åíçìåñþóåéò ðåñß ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò
  ìåôÜöñáóçò áõôïý ôïõ HOWTO, óôåßëôå email óôçí Âïýëá ÓáíéäÜ :
  voulariba@hellug.gr Þ óôïí Åõñéðßäç Ðáðáêþóôá : evris@hellug.gr êáé
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