Åëëçíéêü CD-Writing HOWTO
  Winfried Trümper <winni@xpilot.org>
  v2.4.1, 16 Äåêåìâñßïõ 1997

  Ôï êåßìåíï áõôü áó÷ïëåßôáé ìå ôçí äéáäéêáóßá åããñáöÞò CDs êÜôù áðü
  Linux.
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Table of Contents

























































  1. ÅéóáãùãÞ

     1.1 ÁðïêÞñõîç ÄéêáéùìÜôùí
     1.2 Ðñïôåéíüìåíï ÄéÜâáóìá
     1.3 Ïñïëïãßá... lasers at maximum ... fire (Óçì. áìåôÜöñáóôï)!
     1.4 Õðïóôçñéæüìåíá CD-Writers
     1.5 Õðïóôçñéæüìåíá "÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ"
     1.6 Mailinglists
     1.7 Äéáèåóéìüôçôá
     1.8 Ðåñß ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò ÌåôÜöñáóçò

  2. Åôïéìáóßá ôïõ Linux-êïõôéïý óáò ãéá åããñáöÞ CD-ROMs

     2.1 ÅãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ õëéêïý (hardware)
     2.2 Óçìåßùóç óôçí åããñáöÞ CDs êÜôù áðü Linux
     2.3 ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå ôéò ãåíéêÝò óõóêåõÝò
     2.4 ÅíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôùí
     2.5 ×ôßóéìï êáé åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá
     2.6 ÅðáíåêêéíÞóôå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ãéá íá åãêõñïðïéçèïýí ïé áëëáãÝò.
     2.7 Äçìéïõñãßá ôùí óõóêåõþí
     2.8 Ðñïìçèåõôåßôå ôï ëïãéóìéêü ãéá åããñáöÞ ôùí CDs
        2.8.1 Ñïõôßíåò ãñáììÞò-åíôïëþí
        2.8.2 ¸íá ãñáöéêü user interface (ðñïáéñåôéêü).

  3. "ÅÜí óôñÝøåéò ôïí åáõôü óïõ ðñïò ôïí êáðíü, äåí èá óôáìáôÞóù íá ôï äéáóêåäÜæù üóï èá êáßãåóáé."

     3.1 Êáèïñßóôå óå ðéá ãåíéêÞ óõóêåõÞ scsi (scsi device) åßíáé ðñïóêïëëçìÝíïò ï åããñáöÝáò
     3.2 ÌáæÝøôå ôï ëïãéóìéêü
     3.3 ÁðïèÞêåõóç ôùí äåäïìÝíùí óôï CD.
     3.4 ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí iso9660
     3.5 ÅëÝãîôå ôï CD-image
     3.6 Ó÷üëéá ãéá ôá êåíÜ äéóêÜêéá CD-Recordable
     3.7 ÅããñáöÞ ôïõ CD-image óå Ýíá CD
     3.8 Áí êÜôé ðÜåé óôñáâÜ...

  4. Óõ÷íÜ ÄéáôõðùìÝíåò ÅñùôÞóåéò êáé ÁðáíôÞóåéò

     4.1 "Ðüóï åõáßóèçôç åßíáé ç äéáäéêáóßá ôïõ êáøßìáôïò;"
     4.2 "¸÷åé ç äéáóðïñÜ (fragmentation) Üó÷çìï áíôßêôõðï óôï ñõèìü ñïÞò;"
     4.3 "Åßíáé äõíáôüí íá áðïèçêåýóù ôï CD-image óå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí UMSDOS;"
     4.4 "Äåí õðÜñ÷åé êÜðïéïò ôñüðïò íá îåðåñÜóù ôïõò ðåñéïñéóìïýò ôïõ iso9660;"
     4.5 "Ðþò íá äéáâÜóù êáé íá ãñÜøù CD ¹÷ïõ;"
     4.6 "Ðþò íá øÜîù ãéá ôéò óõóêåõÝò SCSI ìåôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç;"
     4.7 "Åßíáé äõíáôü íá êÜíù 1:1 áíôéãñáöÞ åíüò CD;"
     4.8 "Ìðïñåß ôï Linux íá äéáâÜóåé Joliet CDs;"
     4.9 "Ðþò äéáâÜæù/ðñïóáñôþ CD-ROMs ìå ôï CD-writer;"

  5. Åðßëõóç ÐñïâëçìÜôùí

     5.1 Äå äïõëåýåé: êÜôù áðü Linux
     5.2 Äå äïõëåýåé: êÜôù áðü DOS êáé ößëïõò ôïõ
     5.3 ËÜèç ôïõ SCSI êáôÜ ôç öÜóç ôçò åããñáöÞò (êáøßìáôïò)

  6. Åõ÷áñéóôßåò



  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  ÅéóáãùãÞ


  Ç ðñþôç ìïõ åìðåéñßá ìå Åããñáöåßò CD (CD Writers) îåêßíçóå ìå ôï
  "Linux CD Writer mini-HOWTO" ôïõ Matt Cutts <cutts@cs.unc.edu>.
  Åõ÷áñéóôþ Matt!

  Ðáñüëï ðïõ ç ðñüèåóÞ ìïõ Þôáí ìüíï íá áíáâáèìßóù ôï êåßìåíï ôïõ, ôï
  îáíáÝãñáøá áðü ôçí áñ÷Þ, áöïý óõíåéäçôïðïßçóá ðüóá ðïëëÜ Üëëáîáí áðü
  ôï 1994.



  1.1.  ÁðïêÞñõîç ÄéêáéùìÜôùí


  ÅÃÙ (Ï Winfried Truemper) ÁÐÁÑÍÏÕÌÁÉ ÏÐÏÉÁÄÇÐÏÔÅ ÅÃÃÕÇÓÇ Ó×ÅÔÉÊÁ ÌÅ
  ÁÕÔÏ ÔÏ ÊÅÉÌÅÍÏ, ÓÕÌÐÅÑÉËÁÌÂÁÍÏÌÅÍÙÍ ÊÁÉ ÔÙÍ ÅÌÌÅÓÙÍ ÅÃÃÕÇÓÅÙÍ ÐÅÑÉ
  ÅÌÐÏÑÅÕÓÉÌÏÔÇÔÁÓ ÊÁÉ ÊÁËÇÓ ËÅÉÔÏÕÑÃÉÁÓ ÃÉÁ ÊÁÐÏÉÏÍ ÓÊÏÐÏ.  ÓÅ ÊÁÌÉÁ
  ÐÅÑÉÐÔÙÓÇ ÄÅÍ ÈÁ ÅÉÌÁÉ ÕÐÏËÏÃÏÓ ÃÉÁ ÊÁÌÉÁ ÅÉÄÉÊÇ, ÅÌÌÅÓÇ Ç
  ÓÕÍÅÐÁÃÏÌÅÍÇ ÂËÁÂÇ, Ç ÏÐÏÉÁÄÇÐÏÔÅ ÂËÁÂÇ ÃÅÍÉÊÏÔÅÑÁ ÐÏÕ ÏÄÇÃÅÉ ÓÅ
  ÁÐÙËÅÉÁ ×ÑÇÓÇÓ, ÄÅÄÏÌÅÍÙÍ ¹ ÊEÑÄÙÍ, ÅÉÔÅ ÁÐÏ ÐÑÁÎÇ ÓÕÌÂÏËÁÉÏÕ, ÁÌÅËÅÉÁ
  ¹ ÁËËÇ ÐÑÁÎÇ ÅÐÉÆÇÌÉÁ ÊÁÉ ÐÑÏÊÕÐÔÅÉ ÁÐÏ ¹ ÓÅ ÓÕÍÄÕÁÓÌÏ ÌÅ ÔÇ ×ÑÇÓÇ
  ÁÕÔÏÕ ÔÏÕ ÊÅÉÌÅÍÏÕ.

  Åí óõíôïìßá: ÄéáâÜóôå ôï êáé ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï ìå äéêü óáò ñßóêï.



  1.2.  Ðñïôåéíüìåíï ÄéÜâáóìá

  Ôï CD-R FAQ <http://www.cd-info.com/CDIC/Technology/CD-R/FAQ.html>
  åßíáé Ýíá ãåíéêü FAQ ãéá compact-disk recordables (CD-R).



  Ôï Linux CD-ROM HOWTO åîçãåß ôá ðÜíôá ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá îÝñåé êáíåßò ãéá
  ôïõò ïäçãïýò CD-ROM êÜôù áðü Linux. Óáí óõìðëÞñùìá, ìðïñåß íá èåëÞóåôå
  íá ñßîåôå ìéá ìáôéÜ óôï Linux SCSI HOWTO êáé óôï Linux Kernel HOWTO.




  1.3.  Ïñïëïãßá... lasers at maximum ... fire (Óçì. áìåôÜöñáóôï)!

  Ôï CD-ROM åßíáé áêñùíýìéï ãéá Compact Disc Read Only Memory (ÌíÞìç
  Ìüíï ÁíÜãíùóçò Óõìðáãïýò Äßóêïõ), Ýíá ìÝóï áðïèÞêåõóçò ðïõ
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß Ýíá ïðôéêü laser ãéá íá åíôïðßóåé ìéêñïóêïðéêÝò ïðÝò óå
  Ýíáí áóçìÝíéï áóôñáöôåñü äßóêï. (Ôï áóôñáöôåñü áóçìÝíéï ðñïÝñ÷åôáé áðü
  ìéá åðßóôñùóç áëïõìéíßïõ ðïõ åßíáé ôï öÝñïí (carrier).) Ïé ôñýðåò
  áíôéðñïóùðåýïõí ôá bits ôçò ðëçñïöïñßáò (ìå êÜðïéï ôñüðï) êáé åßíáé
  ôüóï ìéêñÜ ðïõ ìåñéêÜ äéóåêáôïììýñéá áðü áõôÜ ÷ùñÜíå ðÜíù óôï äßóêï.
  ¸ôóé, ôï CD åßíáé Ýíá ìÝóï ìáæéêÞò áðïèÞêåõóçò (mass-storage medium).

  Ï üñïò CD-R åßíáé ìéá óýíôìçóç ãéá ôï CD-ROM recordable (åããñÜøéìï CD)
  êáé áíáöÝñåôáé óå Ýíá CD ðïõ äåí Ý÷åé áõôÝò ôéò "ìéêñïóêïðéêÝò ïðÝò"
  óôçí åðéöÜíåéá ôïõ...  êáé ãé' áõôü åßíáé Üäåéï.

  Áíôß ãéá ôçí áëïõìéíÝíéá åðßóôñùóç (áóçìÝíéá), Ýíá CD-R Ý÷åé ìéá
  åéäéêÞ ôáéíßá (film) (÷ñùìáôéóôÞ) óôçí ïðïßá ïé "ìéêñïóêïðéêÝò ïðÝò"
  ìðïñïýí íá äçìéïõñãçèïýí ìå êÜøéìï.  Áõôü ãßíåôáé äõíáôü óôï laser, ôï
  ïðïßï öõóéïëïãéêÜ ìüíï áíáãíùñßæåé ôéò ïðÝò, ëßãç ðåñéóóüôåñç äýíáìç
  þóôå íá êÜøåé íÝåò ïðÝò. ÁõôÞ ç åíÝñãåéá ìðïñåß íá ãßíåé ìüíï ìéá öïñÜ
  áíÜ a CD-R.

  Ìðïñåßôå íá áöÞóåôå Ýîù ìåñéêÝò ðåñéï÷Ýò ãéá ìåôÝðåéôá åããñáöÞ, ðáñüëá
  áõôÜ, äçìéïõñãþíôáò Ýíá multi-session CD.

  Áõôü ôï mini-HOWTO áó÷ïëåßôáé ìå ôç äéáäéêáóßá åããñáöÞò åíüò CD-R.
  Ëïéðüí "Êáëþò åðéâéâáóôÞêáôå, êáðåôÜíéå".



  1.4.  Õðïóôçñéæüìåíá CD-Writers

  Ç ëåðôïìåñÞò ëßóôá ôùí ìïíôÝëùí ðïõ áíáöÝñïíôáé ðùò (äå) äïõëåýïõí
  åðéôõ÷þò åßíáé äéáèÝóéìç óôï

       <http://www.shop.de/cgi-bin/winni/lsc.pl>


  Ç ëßóôá èá óõìðåñéëáìâÜíåôáé óå ìåëëïíôéêÝò åêäüóåéò áõôïý ôïõ mini-
  HOWTO.  Ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá SCSI cd-writers õðïóôçñßæïíôáé êáé ïé íåþôåñåò
  åêäüóåéò ôïõ cdrecord õðïóôçñßæïõí áêüìá êáé ATAPI cd-writers.

  Áí ôï õëéêü óáò äåí õðïóôçñßæåôáé, ìðïñåßôå êáé ðÜëé íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôï Linux ãéá íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ìéá åéêüíá (image) ôïõ
  ìåôÝðåéôá CD áëëÜ èá ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ëïãéóìéêü DOS ãéá íá
  ãñÜøåôå ôçí åéêüíá óôï CD-R. [Ìðïñåß íá èÝëåôå íá ôï êÜíåôå áõôü,
  åðåéäÞ ôá ðåñéóóüôåñá ëïãéóìéêÜ ãéá DOS äå ìðïñïýí íá áíôéìåôùðßóïõí
  ôá ìåãÜëá ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí (long filenames) ðïõ õðÜñ÷ïõí óôï Linux.]

  Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç ìðïñåßôå íá ðáñáêÜìøåôå üëá ôá èÝìáôá ó÷åôéêÜ ìå
  ôï õëéêü (áõôÜ ãéá ôéò ÓõóêåõÝò SCSI ãåíéêïý ôýðïõ êáé ôá
  cdwrite/cdrecord).


  1.5.  Õðïóôçñéæüìåíá "÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ"

  Ðñïò ôï ðáñüí, ôï ëïãéóìéêü ãéá íá êáßåé CDs êÜôù áðü Linux (äåí)
  õðïóôçñßæåé ôá ðáñáêÜôù êýñéá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ :



       Feature         cdwrite-2.1     cdrecord-1.7
       --------------------------------------------
       ATAPI support   no              yes
       Multisession    only partial    yes
       RockRidge       yes (mkisofs)   yes (mkisofs)
       El Torito       yes (mkisofs)   yes (mkisofs)
       HFS             yes (mkhybrid)  yes (mkhybrid)
       Joliet          yes (mkhybrid)  yes (mkhybrid)




  Ôï RockRidge åßíáé ìéá åðÝêôáóç ãéá íá åðéôñÝðåé ìåãáëýôåñá ïíüìáôá
  áñ÷åßùí êáé âáèýôåñç éåñÜñ÷çóç directory . Ôï El Torito ìðïñåß íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ãéá ôçí ðáñáãùãÞ åêêéíÞóéìùí (bootable) CDs. Ðáñáêáëþ
  äåßôå ôç óõíïäåõôéêÞ ôåêìçñßùóç ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ãéá áõôÜ
  ôá åéäéêÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ. Ôï HFS åðéôñÝðåé óå Ýíá macintosh íá
  äéáâÜóåé ôï CD-ROM óáí íá Þôáí ìéá ðåñéï÷Þ (volume) ôýðïõ HFS.  Ôï
  Joliet äßíåé ìåãÜëá ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí (ìåôáîý Üëëùí ðñáãìÜôùí) óå
  ìåñéêÝò åêäüóåéò Windows (95, NT).

  Ôï ôìÞìá 2.8 áíáöÝñåé ôç äéáèåóéìüôçôá ôùí ðáñáðÜíù ëïãéóìéêþí.


  1.6.  Mailinglists

  Áí èÝëåôå íá óõììåôÜó÷åôå óôçí ïìÜäá áíÜðôõîçò (ìå ðñüèåóç íá ôïõò
  _âïçèÞóåôå_ åíåñãÜ), óôåßëôå Ýíá e-mail óôï

       cdwrite-request@pixar.com


  êáé âÜëôå ôç ëÝîç subscribe óôï êýñéï ìÝñïò (body) ôïõ ìçíýìáôïò mes-
  sage.

  1.7.  Äéáèåóéìüôçôá

  Ïé íåþôåñåò åêäüóåéò áõôïý ôïõ êåéìÝíïõ åßíáé ðÜíôá äéáèÝóéìåò óôï

       <http://www.shop.de/~winni/linux/cdr/>




  1.8.  Ðåñß ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò ÌåôÜöñáóçò

  Ãéá ó÷üëéá, ðáñáôçñÞóåéò, äéïñèþóåéò, åíçìåñþóåéò ðåñß ôçò ÅëëçíéêÞò
  ìåôÜöñáóçò áõôïý ôïõ HOWTO, óôåßëôå email óôçí Âïýëá ÓáíéäÜ :
  voulariba@hellug.gr Þ óôïí Åõñéðßäç Ðáðáêþóôá : evris@hellug.gr êáé
  åíáëëáêôéêÜ : ep@rocketmail.com



  2.  Åôïéìáóßá ôïõ Linux-êïõôéïý óáò ãéá åããñáöÞ CD-ROMs

  Ðñéí ôï ÍïÝìâñéï ôïõ 1997, ôï ëïãéóìéêü ãéá Linux äåí õðïóôÞñéæå ATAPI
  cd-writers. Óáí áðïôÝëåóìá, ç ôñÝ÷ïõóá Ýêäïóç áõôïý ôïõ HOWTO
  åðéêåíôñþíåôáé óôçí áíôéìåôþðéóç ôùí óõóêåõþí SCSI.

  Ôá êáëÜ íÝá åßíáé, ðùò ç áíôéìåôþðéóç ôùí óõóêåõþí ATAPI åßíáé ðïëý
  åõêïëüôåñç êáé ìðïñåßôå áêüìá íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå áõôü ôï HOWTO áí
  îå÷Üóåôå ôéò "ÓõóêåõÝò SCSI ãåíéêïý ôýðïõ".

  Ãéá íá âñåßôå ðþò áðåõèýíåóôå óå óõóêåõÝò ATAPI ìðïñåßôå íá äþóåôå ôçí
  åíôïëÞ cdrecord -scanbus.

  ÌåëëïíôéêÝò åêäüóåéò áõôïý ôïõ HOWTO èá ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ðåñéóóüôåñåò
  ëåðôïìÝñåéåò ãéá áíôéìåôþðéóç ôùí ATAPI cd-writers.


  2.1.  ÅãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ õëéêïý (hardware)

  ÊáôåâÜóôå ôïí Ç/Õ óáò, êëåßóôå ôïí êáé êñåìÜóôå ôï CD writer óôï
  äßáõëï SCSI.  Âåâáéùèåßôå ðùò ï äßáõëïò SCSI åßíáé ôåñìáôéóìÝíïò
  (terminated) êáôÜëëçëá êáé äéáëÝîôå ìéá åëåýèåñç ôáõôüôçôá èÝóçò SCSI
  (SCSI-ID) ãéá ôïí åããñáöÝá. ÊïéôÜîôå ôï Linux SCSI-HOWTO áí äåí
  åßóáóôå óßãïõñïé. Áí äåí Ý÷åôå áðïëýôùò êáìßá éäÝá ãéá áõôÜ, ñùôÞóôå
  Ýíáí åéäéêü.

  ÔñïöïäïôÞóôå îáíÜ ìå ñåýìá êáé åëÝãîôå ôá ìçíýìáôá ðïõ ôï BIOS ôïõ
  åëåãêôÞ (controller) SCSI ôõðþíåé áìÝóùò ìåôÜ ôï Üíïéãìá ôïõ ñåýìáôïò.

  Áí äåí áíáãíùñßóåé ôï writer óáò, ðçãáßíåôå ðÜëé ðßóù óôï âÞìá (â).
  Èá ðñÝðåé íá äåßôå Ýíá ìÞíõìá óáí

  [ëåßðåé ç åéêüíá ; Ý÷åé êáíåßò êÜðïéï óôéãìéüôõðï ïèüíçò (screenshot)
  áðü áõôü;]


  2.2.  Óçìåßùóç óôçí åããñáöÞ CDs êÜôù áðü Linux

  Óå áíôßèåóç ìå êÜðïéåò öÞìåò, ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ Linux-kernel _äåí_ áðáéôåß
  äéüñèùóç (patch) ãéá íá ãñÜøåé óå CDs. Ðáñüëï ðïõ ôï áñ÷åßï
  drivers/scsi/scsi.c áðü ôïí êþäéêá ôïõ ðõñÞíá ðåñéÝ÷åé ôéò ãñáììÝò



       case TYPE_WORM:
       case TYPE_ROM:
        SDpnt->writeable = 0;

  Áõôü óçìáßíåé ìüíï ðùò ôá CDs êáé ôá WORMs äåí åßíáé åããñÜøéìá ìÝóù
  ôùí êëáóóéêþí óõóêåõþí (devices) /dev/sda-/dev/sdh - ðñÜãìá ôï ïðïßï
  åßíáé åíôÜîåé.

  Áíôß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå áõôÝò ôéò óõóêåõÝò ãéá åããñáöÞ ôùí CDs ãßíåôáé
  ìÝóù ôùí áðïêáëïýìåíùí Óõóêåõþí SCSI ãåíéêïý ôýðïõ ðïõ åðéôñÝðïõí
  ó÷åäüí ôá ðÜíôá - áêüìá êáé ôçí åããñáöÞ óå CDs.


  2.3.  ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå ôéò ãåíéêÝò óõóêåõÝò

  The Linux SCSI-HOWTO says about generic SCSI-devices:


       Ï ïäçãüò Ãåíéêþí óõóêåõþí SCSI ðáñÝ÷åé Ýíá interface ãéá
       áðïóôïëÞ åíôïëþí SCSI ðñïò üëåò ôéò óõóêåõÝò SCSI - äßóêïõò,
       ôáéíßåò, CDROMs, ìç÷áíéêÝò óõóêåõÝò áëëáãÞò ìÝóùí (media
       changer robots), êëð.


  Ìéëþíôáò ãéá ôéò ãåíéêÝò óõóêåõÝò (devices) óáí interfaces óçìáßíåé
  ðùò ðáñÝ÷ïõí Ýíáí åíáëëáêôéêü ôñüðï ðñïóðÝëáóçò óôï SCSI õëéêü, áíôß
  ìÝóù ôùí êïéíþí devices.

  Ï åíáëëáêôéêüò ôñüðïò áðáéôåßôáé ãéáôß ôá êïéíÜ devices ó÷åäéÜóôçêáí
  ãéá íá äéáâÜæïõí äåäïìÝíá êáôÜ êïììÜôéá (block-wise) áðü Ýíá äßóêï,
  ôáéíßá Þ cd-rom Óå óýãêñéóç ìå áõôü, ôï íá ïäçãåßò Ýíá cd-writer (Þ
  Ýíá óáñùôÞ (scanner)) åßíáé ðéï åîùôéêü, ð.÷. ðñÝðåé íá äïèïýí åíôïëÝò
  ãéá ôïðïèÝôçóç ôïõ laser .  Áí Ý÷åéò ìéá êáèáñÞ (êáé ãé' áõôü ãñÞãïñç)
  õëïðïßçóç ôùí êïéíþí óõóêåõþí (devices), üëåò áõôÝò ïé åîùôéêÝò
  åíÝñãåéåò ðñÝðåé íá ãßíïõí ìÝóù ôùí ãåíéêþí óõóêåõþí SCSI.

  Ìéá ðïõ üëá ìðïñïýí íá ãßíïõí óôï SCSI õëéêü ìÝóù ôùí ãåíéêþí
  óõóêåõþí, äåí Ý÷ïõí öôéá÷ôåß ãéá Ýíá óõãêåêñéìÝíï óêïðü - ãé' áõôü êáé
  ôï üíïìá ãåíéêÝò (generic).

  Ðçãáßíåôå óôï /dev-directory êáé ôóåêÜñåôå ãéá ãåíéêÝò óõóêåõÝò SCSI.
  Ç åíôïëÞ ls èá ðñÝðåé íá äåßîåé sga-sgh:



       bash> cd /dev
       bash> ls -l sg*
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   0 Jan  1  1970 sga
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   1 Jan  1  1970 sgb
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   2 Jan  1  1970 sgc
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   3 Jan  1  1970 sgd
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   4 Jan  1  1970 sge
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   5 Jan  1  1970 sgf
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   6 Jan  1  1970 sgg
       crw-------   1 root   sys     21,   7 Jan  1  1970 sgh





  Áí äåí Ý÷åôå ôÝôïéá áñ÷åßá-óõóêåõþí, äçìéïõñãÞóôå ôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
  ôï /dev/MAKEDEV-script:


       bash> cd /dev/
       bash> ./MAKEDEV sg




  Ôþñá ôá áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí èá ðñÝðåé íá åìöáíéóôïýí.



  2.4.  ÅíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôç ÷ñÞóç ôùí ãåíéêþí óõóêåõþí SCSI  êáé ôçò
  óõóêåõÞò loopback

  Ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ Linux ÷ñåéÜæåôáé Ýíá module ðïõ ôïõ ðáñÝ÷åé ôçí
  äõíáôüôçôá íá áíôéìåôùðßæåé SCSI óõóêåõÝò.  Áí ï ôñÝ÷ùí ðõñÞíáò
  õðïóôçñßæåé áõôü ôï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü, èá ðñÝðåé íá åìöáíßæåôáé óôï
  øåõäï-áñ÷åßï /proc/devices:



       bash> cat /proc/devices
       Character devices:
        1 mem
        2 pty
        3 ttyp
        4 ttyp
        5 cua
        7 vcs
       21 sg          <----- stands for "SCSI Generic device"
       30 socksys

       Block devices:

        2 fd
        7 loop        <----- we even can use the loop-devices
        8 sd
       11 sr          <----- stands for "SCSI cd-Rom"




  ºóùò ðñÝðåé íá äþóåôå ôéò åíôïëÝò insmod sg, insmod loop Þ insmod
  sr_mod ãéá íá öïñôþóåôå ôá modules óôïí ðõñÞíá.  ÅëÝãîôå îáíÜ áöïý ôï
  äïêéìÜóåôå.  Áí êÜðïéï áðü áõôÜ äåí ðåôý÷åé, ðñÝðåé íá îáíáñõèìßóåôå
  ôïí ðõñÞíá óáò êáé íá ôïí îáíáìåôáãëùôôßóåôå (re-compile).


       bash> cd /usr/src/linux
       bash> make config
       [..]
       *
       * Additional Block Devices
       *
       Loopback device support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_LOOP) [M/n/y/?] M
       [..]
       *
       * SCSI support
       *
       SCSI support (CONFIG_SCSI) [Y/m/n/?] Y
       *
       * SCSI support type (disk, tape, CD-ROM)
       *
       SCSI disk support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SD) [Y/m/n/?] Y
       SCSI tape support (CONFIG_CHR_DEV_ST) [M/n/y/?] M
       SCSI CD-ROM support (CONFIG_BLK_DEV_SR) [M/n/y/?] M
       SCSI generic support (CONFIG_CHR_DEV_SG) [M/n/y/?] M
       [..]
       ISO9660 cdrom filesystem (CONFIG_ISO9660_FS) [Y/m/n/?] M




  Óçìåéþóôå ðùò ðáñÝëåéøá ôéò ü÷é ðïëý óçìáíôéêÝò åñùôÞóåéò.


  2.5.  ×ôßóéìï êáé åãêáôÜóôáóç ôïõ ðõñÞíá

  ÅÜí Ý÷åôå åñùôÞóåéò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå áõôü, ôï Linux Kernel-HOWTO åßíáé ôï
  ðñïôåéíüìåíï äéÜâáóìÜ óáò. ÅðéðëÝïí, ç äéáíïìÞ Linux óáò, èá ðñÝðåé íá
  Ýñ÷åôáé ìå êÜðïéá ôåêìçñßùóç ãéá áõôü ôï èÝìá.

  [Õðüäåéîç: üôáí êÜíåôå îáíÜ compile, ìðïñåßôå íá óõíå÷ßóåôå ìå ôá
  âÞìáôá 2.7-2.9]



  2.6.  ÅðáíåêêéíÞóôå ôïí õðïëïãéóôÞ ãéá íá åãêõñïðïéçèïýí ïé áëëáãÝò.

  Ìçí ðáíéêïâëçèåßôå åÜí ï ðõñÞíáò ôïõ Linux ôõðþóåé ôá ìçíýìáôá
  ãñçãïñüôåñá áðü üóï ìðïñåßôå íá äéáâÜóåôå, ôïõëÜ÷éóôïí ç áñ÷éêïðïßçóç
  ôùí óõóêåõþí SCSI ìðïñåß íá åðáíåìöáíéóôåß ìå ôçí åíôïëÞ dmesg:



       scsi0 : NCR53c{7,8}xx (rel 17)
       scsi : 1 host.
       scsi0 : target 0 accepting period 100ns offset 8 10.00MHz
       scsi0 : setting target 0 to period 100ns offset 8 10.00MHz

         Vendor: FUJITSU   Model: M1606S-512        Rev: 6226
         Type:   Direct-Access                      ANSI SCSI
       Detected scsi disk sda at scsi0, channel 0, id 0, lun 0

         Vendor: NEC       Model: CD-ROM DRIVE:84   Rev:  1.0a
         Type:   CD-ROM                             ANSI SCSI
       Detected scsi CD-ROM sr0 at scsi0, channel 0, id 4, lun 0

       scsi : detected 1 SCSI disk total.
       SCSI device sda: hdwr sector= 512 bytes. Sectors= 2131992




  ÐáñáðÜíù öáßíåôáé ìüíï ôï êïììÜôé åêåßíï ôùí ìçíõìÜôùí áñ÷éêïðïßçóçò
  ðïõ áíáöÝñïõí ôïí åíôïðéóìü ôçò öõóéêÞò ðáñïõóßáò ìéáò óõóêåõÞò SCSI.


  2.7.  Äçìéïõñãßá ôùí óõóêåõþí loopback

  Ðçãáßíåôå óôï directory /dev êáé êïéôÜîôå ãéá óõóêåõÝò loopback.  Äåí
  åßíáé êñßóéìï, ôï íá ìçí Ý÷åôå ôÝôïéåò óõóêåõÝò, áëëÜ åßíáé âïëéêü áí
  õðÜñ÷ïõí (äåßôå ôï 3.5).  Áí Þäç ôéò Ý÷åôå, ç åíôïëÞ ls èá ðñÝðåé íá
  äåßîåé loop0-loop7:



       bash> cd /dev
       bash> ls -l loop*
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   0 Sep 23 17:15 loop0
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   1 Sep 23 17:15 loop1
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   2 Sep 23 17:15 loop2
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   3 Sep 23 17:15 loop3
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   4 Sep 23 17:15 loop4
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   5 Sep 23 17:15 loop5
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   6 Sep 23 17:15 loop6
       brw-rw----   1 root  disk    7,   7 Sep 23 17:15 loop7


  Áí äåí Ý÷åôå áõôÜ ôá áñ÷åßá óõóêåõþí, äçìéïõñãÞóôå ôá ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò
  ôï script /dev/MAKEDEV:



       bash> cd /dev/
       bash> ./MAKEDEV loop




  Ç ôåëåõôáßá åíôïëÞ åðéôõã÷Üíåé ìüíï áí Ý÷åôå ôï loop-module óôïí
  ðõñÞíá óáò (äåò ôï 2.4 ãéá ôç ÷ñÞóç ôùí modules). Áí ç insmod loop äåí
  âïçèÞóåé, èá ðñÝðåé íá ðåñéìÝíåôå ìÝ÷ñé ï êáéíïýñãéïò ðõñÞíáò íá
  åãêáôáóôáèåß êáíïíéêÜ (äåò ôï 2.5).




  2.8.  Ðñïìçèåõôåßôå ôï ëïãéóìéêü ãéá åããñáöÞ ôùí CDs


  2.8.1.  Ñïõôßíåò ãñáììÞò-åíôïëþí

  Ôá áêüëïõèá ðáêÝôá áðáéôïýíôáé ãéá ôçí ðáñáãùãÞ ðñùôïôýðùí ãéá CD-Rs:


       <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/mkisofs/> (mkisofs)

       <ftp://ftp.ge.ucl.ac.uk/pub/mkhfs> (mkhybrid)


  ÁíÜëïãá ìå ôï ìïíôÝëï ôïõ cd-writer óáò (äåò 1.3), áðáéôåßôáé Ýíá áðü
  ôá áêüëïõèá ëïãéóìéêÜ ãéá åããñáöÞ ôùí ðñùôïôýðùí óå CD-Rs:


       <ftp://ftp.fokus.gmd.de/pub/unix/cdrecord/> (cdrecord)

       <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/utils/disk-management/>
       (cdwrite)


  ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôï êïíôéíüôåñï mirror áðü áõôïýò ôïõò ftp-Servers Þ
  ðÜñôå ôá áðü CD.  Íá åßóáóôå áðïëýôùò óßãïõñïò ðùò Ý÷åôå ôçí Ýêäïóç
  2.0 ôïõ cdwrite, Þ íåþôåñÞ ôçò.  ÊáìéÜ ðáëáéüôåñç âÞôá Ýêäïóç äåí èá
  äïõëÝøåé êáíïíéêÜ! Ìçí åìðéóôåýåóôå ôçí óåëßäá-âïçèåßáò (man-page) ôïõ
  (ðáëéïý) mkisofs ðïõ äçëþíåé ðùò ÷ñåéÜæåóôå ôçí Ýêäïóç

  1.5 ôïõ cdwrite.

  Ãéá ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ìåôáöïñÝò ôïõ ëïãéóìéêïý (ports) ôïõ cdwrite óå
  Irix êáé AIX åðéóêåöèåßôå ôï URL :


       <http://lidar.ssec.wisc.edu/~forrest/>


  ÅÜí ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ðõñÞíá ðñéí ôçí Ýêäïóç 2.0.31, ìðïñåß íá èÝëåôå íá
  äéïñèþóåôå ôï mkisofs ãéá íá îåðåñÜóåôå Ýíá bug óôïí êþäéêá ôïõ
  óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí ôïõ Linux.  Ç äéáíïìÞ ôçò Debian ðåñéëáìâÜíåé Ýíá
  äéïñèùôéêü (patch) ãéá ôçí Ýêäïóç 1.05 ôïõ mkisofs (ãéá 1.11 èá ðñÝðåé
  íá äïõëåýåé, åðßóçò) ðïõ ôïõ ðñïóèÝôåé ôçí åðéëïãÞ '-K' (äåò ôï 3.4).
  Åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï áðü ôï

       <ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/bo/source/oth-
       erosfs/mkisofs_1.11-1.diff.gz>
  Ç äéüñèùóç áõôÞ åßíáé áíáãêáßá ìüíï åÜí èÝëåôå íá ðñïóáñôÞóåôå ôï CD-
  image ìÝóù ôçò óõóêåõÞò loopback (äåßôå ôï 3.5.).


  2.8.2.  ¸íá ãñáöéêü user interface (ðñïáéñåôéêü).

  Ôï X-CD-Roast åßíáé Ýíá ðñüãñáììá åããñáöÞò CD âáóéæüìåíï áðïêëåéóôéêÜ
  óôá X, êáé åßíáé ï áðüãïíïò ôùí cdwtools-0.93. Åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï óôï


       <http://www.fh-muenchen.de/home/ze/rz/ser-
       vices/projects/xcdroast/e_overview.html>


  Ðñïò ôï ðáñþí ôï X-CD-Roast âáóßæåôáé óå ìéá äéïñèùìÝíç Ýêäïóç ôïõ
  cdwrite-2.0 êáé ãé' áõôü Ýñ÷åôáé ìå áêñéâþò ôá ßäéá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ
  (äåßôå ôï 1.4). Ïé ìåëëïíôéêÝò ôïõ åêäüóåéò ìðïñåß íá âáóßæïíôáé óôï
  åíáëëáêôéêü ëïãéóìéêü cdrecord.



  3.  "ÅÜí óôñÝøåéò ôïí åáõôü óïõ ðñïò ôïí êáðíü, äåí èá óôáìáôÞóù íá ôï
  äéáóêåäÜæù üóï èá êáßãåóáé."

  (Ï ÁõôïêñÜôïñáò ÍÝñùíáò ãéá ôï êÜøéìï ôùí êëáóóéêþí ôïõ CDs [AD64]. Ôï
  åß÷å ðáñåîçãÞóåé åíôåëþò).


  ÓõíÞèùò ç åããñáöÞ åíüò CD êÜôù áðü Linux ãßíåôáé óå 2 âÞìáôá:


  ·  ðáêåôÜñéóìá ôïõ åðéèõìçôïý ëïãéóìéêïý óå Ýíá ìåãÜëï áñ÷åßï,
     ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï mkisofs/mkhybrid-utility

  ·  åããñáöÞ ôïõ ìåãÜëïõ áñ÷åßïõ  óôï the CD-R ìå ôï cdwrite Þ ôï
     cdrecord

  Åßíáé åðßóçò äõíáôü íá óõíäõÜóåôå ôá 2 âÞìáôá ìÝóù äéáóùëÞíùóçò (pipe)
  áëëÜ óáò áðïèáññýíïõìå áðü ôï íá ôï äïêéìÜóåôå ãéáôß äåí åßíáé
  áîéüðéóôï. Äåßôå ðáñáêÜôù.



  3.1.  Êáèïñßóôå óå ðéá ãåíéêÞ óõóêåõÞ scsi (scsi device) åßíáé
  ðñïóêïëëçìÝíïò ï åããñáöÝáò

  [Óçìåéþóôå : ôï ôñÝ÷ïí ó÷Þìá ïíïìáôïëïãßáò ôùí óõóêåõþí scsi devices
  óôï Linux åßíáé ðïëý ìðëåãìÝíï ÷ùñßò ëüãï êáé ü÷é êáé áñêåôÜ
  áîéüðéóôï.  Ôï ãåãïíüò ðùò ôï ðåñéãñÜöù óå ìåãÜëç ëåðôïìÝñåéá, äåí èá
  ðñÝðåé íá åêëçöèåß ëÜèïò óáí áðïäï÷Þ áõôïý ôïõ ó÷Þìáôïò.  Ïé Üíèñùðïé
  ìå ATAPI cd-writer ìðïñïýí íá äïêéìÜóïõí ôçí "cdrecord -scanbus" ãéá
  íá åíôïðßóïõí ôçí óùóôÞ óõóêåõÞ êáé íá ðáñáëåßøïõí ôï õðüëïéðï áõôïý
  ôïõ ôìÞìáôïò.]

  Áöïý áêïëïõèÞóåôå üëá ôá âÞìáôá ôïõ äåýôåñïõ êåöáëáßïõ ôï óýóôçìÜ óáò
  èá ðñÝðåé íá åßíáé éêáíü íá áíôéìåôùðßæåé ôç äéáäéêáóßá ôçò åããñáöÞò
  ôùí CDs.  Áõôü ôï ôìÞìá ìðïñåß íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ùò áðüäåéîç ðùò üëá
  äïõëåýïõí êáôÜ ðùò ðñÝðåé.

  Äþóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ dmesg. Èá ðñÝðåé íá áíáöÝñåé ôá ìçíýìáôá ôïõ ðõñÞíá
  ôïõ Linux, óõìðåñéëáìâáíïìÝíùí êáé åêåßíùí ðïõ ôõðþèçêáí êáôÜ ôçí
  åêêßíçóç (ðåñéïñéóìüò: ìüíï ôá ôåëåõôáßá l200) êáé íá ðåñéÝ÷åé êÜðïéåò
  ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï CD-Writer ðïõ åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíï óôï äßáõëï SCSI.

  Áðëü ðáñÜäåéãìá:

    Vendor: YAMAHA  Model: CDR100       Rev: 1.11
    Type:   WORM                        ANSI SCSI revision: 02
  Detected scsi CD-ROM sr1 at scsi0, channel 0, id 3, lun 0




  Ç ìç÷áíÞ áõôÞ Ý÷åé 4 óõóêåõÝò SCSI óõíäåäåìÝíåò ðÜíù ôçò (äåí ìðïñåßôå
  íá ôï äåßôå êáé Ýôóé óáò ôï ëÝù åãþ), ìå ôáõôüôçôåò (SCSI-id) áðü 0
  Ýùò 3. Ï åããñáöÝáò åßíáé ç 4ç öõóéêÜ ðáñïýóá óõóêåõÞ SCSI êáé ãé' áõôü
  åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíç óôï /dev/sgd (ç ôÝôáñôç ãåíéêÞ óõóêåõÞ SCSI,üðïõ ç
  ìÝôñçóç áñ÷ßæåé áðü ôï ãñÜììá a). Óå áõôÞ ôçí ðåñßðôùóç, ç åíôïëÞ:



       cdwrite  --eject  --device /dev/sgd




  áíïßãåé ôïí õðïäï÷Ýá (tray) êáé åßíáé Ýíáò Ýëåã÷ïò ãéá ôï áí üëá Ý÷ïõí
  åãêáôáóôáèåß óùóôÜ.  ¸íá ðéï óýíèåôï ðáñÜäåéãìá:



       scsi0 : AdvanSys SCSI 1.5: ISA (240 CDB)
       scsi1 : Adaptec 1542
       scsi : 2 hosts.

         Vendor: HP      Model: C4324/C4325  Rev: 1.20
         Type:   CD-ROM                      ANSI SCSI revision: 02
       Detected scsi CD-ROM sr0 at scsi0, channel 0, id 2, lun 0

         Vendor: IBM     Model: DPES-31080   Rev: S31Q
         Type:   Direct-Access               ANSI SCSI revision: 02
       Detected scsi disk sda at scsi1, channel 0, id 0, lun 0

       scsi : detected 1 SCSI cdrom 1 SCSI disk total.
       SCSI device sda: hdwr sector= 512 bytes.




  Óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá äõï åëåãêôÝò SCSI öéëïîåíïýí áðü 1 óõóêåõÞ SCSI
  ï êáèÝíáò.  Ôé óðáôÜëç ((ìéá ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá öéëïîåíïýí ìÝ÷ñé êáé 7
  óõóêåõÝò ï êáèÝíáò).  Äåí åßíáé ç äéêéÜ ìïõ åãêáôÜóôáóç, ïðüôå
  óôáìáôÞóôå íá ñùôÜôå áí Ý÷ù ôüóï ðïëëÜ ëåöôÜ. ...  ÔÝëïò ðÜíôùí, óôçí
  ðåñßðôùóç áõôïý ôïõ áìåëçôÝïõ áõôïý ðáñáäåßãìáôïò, ç åãêáôÜóôáóç áõôÞ
  åßíáé ìéá ÷áñÜ. :-)

  Óôï ðáñáðÜíù ðáñÜäåéãìá ôï CD-Writer Ý÷åé ôáõôüôçôá SCSI 2 áëëÜ åßíáé
  óõó÷åôéóìÝíï ìå ôçí ðñþôç ãåíéêÞ óõóêåõÞ SCSI /dev/sga ãéáôß äåí åßíáé
  ç ðñþôç öõóéêÜ ðáñïýóá óõóêåõÞ SCSI ðïõ ôï Linux åíôüðéóå.  Åëðßæù ðùò
  áõôü äåß÷íåé êáèáñÜ ðùò ç ôáõôüôçôá SCSI ìéáò óõóêåõÞò, äåí Ý÷åé íá
  êÜíåé ìå ôçí áíôßóôïé÷ç ãåíéêÞ óõóêåõÞ.

  Äõï åñùôÞóåéò ìÝíïõí: ôé óõìâáßíåé áí áíôéóôïé÷ßóåôå ëÜèïò óõóêåõÞ; Áí
  äå äåßîåé ïýôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ "--<MANUFACTURER>" ïýôå ãñÜøåé äåäïìÝíá óå
  áõôÞí, óõíÞèùò Ýíá ôõðþíåôáé ðñïåéäïðïéçôéêü ìÞíõìá êáé äåí óõìâáßíåé
  êáé ôßðïôá êáêü::






  bash> cdwrite  --eject  --device /dev/sgb
  Unknown CD-Writer; if this model is compatible with any
  supported type, please use the appropriate command line
  flag.

  Manufacturer:  IBM
  Model:         DPES-31080
  Revision:      S31Q




  Óå áõôÞí ôçí ðåñßðôùóç ç óõóêåõÞ /dev/sbg åßíáé Ýíáò óêëçñüò äßóêïò
  SCSI (ôçò IBM).

  Áí ãñÜøåôå äåäïìÝíá óå ëÜèïò óõóêåõÞ, ãñÜöåôå ðÜíù áðü ôï áñ÷éêü
  ðåñéå÷üìåíü ôçò êáé ðéèáíþò âëÜðôåôå áíåðáíüñèùôá ôï óýóôçìÜ óáò. Íá
  ðñïóÝ÷åôå, óå ìÝíá ôï áôý÷çìá Ý÷åé óõìâåß.


  3.2.  ÌáæÝøôå ôï ëïãéóìéêü

  ÓõíÞèùò ðáßñíåé ðåñéóóüôåñï áðü ôï áíáìåíüìåíï. Èõìçèåßôå ðùò áñ÷åßá
  ðïõ óáò ëåßðïõí äåí ìðïñïýí íá ðñïóôåèïýí áöïý ãñáöôåß ôï CD. :-)

  Åðßóçò, êñáôÞóôå ðùò êÜðïéï ðïóïóôü ôïõ åëåýèåñïõ ÷þñïõ ôïõ CD
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá öõëÜîåé ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí
  iso9660 (óõíÞèùò ëßãá MB).


  3.3.  ÁðïèÞêåõóç ôùí äåäïìÝíùí óôï CD.

  Ï üñïò iso9660 áíáöÝñåôáé óôï format ìå ôï ïðïßï ôá äåäïìÝíá
  ïñãáíþíïíôáé óôï CD. Ãéá íá åßìáé ðéï áêñéâÞò: Åßíáé ôï óýóôçìá
  áñ÷åßùí ôïõ CD.

  ÖõóéêÜ, ç åìöÜíéóç ôùí áñ÷åßùí ðïõ áðïèçêåýïíôáé óå áõôü ôï format
  ïìïãåíïðïéåßôáé áðü ôïí ðõñÞíá ôïõ Linux üðùò êáé ãéá êÜèå Üëëï
  óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí, åðßóçò.  ¸ôóé, áí ðñïóáñôÞóåôå Ýíá CD óôï äÝíôñï ôùí
  directory, äåí èá ìðïñåßôå íá îå÷ùñßóåôå ôá áñ÷åßá ôïõ áðü Üëëá áñ÷åßá
  ... åêôüò ôïõ ãåãïíüôïò ðùò äåí åßíáé åããñÜøéìá...  áêüìá êáé ãéá ôïí
  root. :-)

  (Ï ìç÷áíéóìüò ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ãéá íá ïìïãåíïðïéÞóåé ôçí åìöÜíéóç
  ôùí áñ÷åßùí êáëåßôáé åéêïíéêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí (virtual filesystem),
  êáé åí óõíôïìßá VFS.)

  Ôá ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí iso9660 äåí åßíáé ôüóï
  ðëïýóéá óå óýãêñéóç ìå áõôÜ ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí extended-2 ðïõ
  êáíïíéêÜ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôï Linux. Áðü ôçí Üëëç, ôï CD åßíáé
  åããñÜøéìï ìüíï ìéá öïñÜ êáé Ýôóé ìåñéêÜ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêÜ äåí Ý÷ïõí íüçìá
  Ýôóé êé áëëéþò.  Ïé ðåñéïñéóìïß ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò áñ÷åßùí iso9660 åßíáé:


  ·  Ìüíï 8 åðßðåäá áðü õðï-êáôáëüãïõò åðéôñÝðïíôáé (ìåôñþíôáò áðü ôï
     õøçëüôåñï åðßðåäï directory ôïõ CD) (÷ñçóéìïðïéåßóôå ôá RockRidge
     Extensions ãéá íá ìåãáëþóåôå áõôü ôïí áñéèìü)

  ·  ÌÝãéóôï ìÞêïò ÷áñáêôÞñùí ãéá ôá ïíüìáôá ôùí áñ÷åßùí: 32 ÷áñáêôÞñåò

  ·  650 MB ÷ùñçôéêüôçôá





  3.4.  ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí iso9660

  Ðñéí ìðïñÝóåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéçèåß ïðïéïäÞðïôå ìÝóï áðïèÞêåõóçò (ð.÷.
  ìáëáêüò äßóêïò (floppy disk), óêëçñüò äßóêïò (harddisk) Þ CD), ðñÝðåé
  íá áðïêôÞóåé Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí (óå ãëþóóá DOS : íá ãßíåé format).
  Áõôü ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí åßíáé õðåýèõíï ãéá ôçí ïñãÜíùóç êáé åíóùìÜôùóç
  ôùí áñ÷åßùí, ðïõ ðñÝðåé íá áðïèçêåõèïýí óôï ìÝóï.

  Ëïéðüí, Ýíá åããñÜøéìï CD åßíáé åããñÜøéìï ìüíï ìéá öïñÜ, êáé Ýôóé áí
  ãñÜöáìå Ýíá Üäåéï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí óå áõôü, äåí èá ãéíüôáí format -
  áëëÜ èá ðáñÝìåíå åíôåëþò Üäåéï ãéá ðÜíôá. :-)

  ¸ôóé, áõôü ðïõ ÷ñåéáæüìáóôå åßíáé Ýíá åñãáëåßï ðïõ äçìéïõñãåß ôï
  óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí üóï áíôéãñÜöåé ôá áñ÷åßá óôï CD. Áõôü ôï åñãáëåßï
  ëÝãåôáé mkisofs.  Ìéá ÷ñÞóç ôïõ ãéá ëüãïõò åðßäåéîçò ìïéÜæåé ìå ôçí
  ðáñáêÜôù:



       mkisofs  -r   -o cd_image   private_collection/
                     `---------'   `-----------------'
                          |               |
            ãñÜøå ôçí Ýîïäï óôï    ÷ñçóéìïðïßçóå óáí åßóïäï ôï directory




  Ç åðéëïãÞ '-r' èÝôåé ôá äéêáéþìáôá üëùí ôùí áñ÷åßùí óôï CD þóôå íá
  åßíáé áíáãíþóéìá áðü üëïõò êáé åíåñãïðïéåß ôéò åðåêôÜóåéò Rock Ridge.
  Áõôü åßíáé ðïõ óõíÞèùò èÝëïõìå êáé óõíéóôïýìå ôçí ÷ñÞóç áõôÞò ôçò
  åðéëïãÞò ìÝ÷ñé ðïõ ðñáãìáôéêÜ íá îÝñåôå ôé êÜíåôå (õðüäåéîç: ÷ùñßò ôçí
  '-r' ôï óçìåßï ðñïóÜñôçóçò (mount-point) ðáßñíåé äéêáéþìáôá
  éäéùôéêÞò_óõëëïãÞò (private_collection)!).

  Áí ôñÝ÷åôå ðõñÞíá Linux ðñéí ôïí 2.0.31, èá ðñÝðåé íá ðñïóèÝóåôå ôçí
  åðéëïãÞ '-K' ãéá íá îåðåñÜóåôå Ýíá ëÜèïò ôïõ êþäéêá ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò
  áñ÷åßùí. Èá ÷ñåéáóôåßôå ôçí äéïñèùìÝíç Ýêäïóç ôïõ mkisofs.  ÁõôÞ ç
  åðéëïãÞ åßíáé éóïäýíáìç ìå ôçí åðéëïãÞ '-P' ôïõ cdwrite.  Äåßôå
  ðáñáêáëþ ôç óåëßäá âïçèåßáò  ôïõ mkisofs ãéá ëåðôïìÝñåéåò. Ïé ÷ñÞóôåò
  ìéáò ðéï ðñüóöáôçò Ýêäïóçò ôïõ Linux äåí ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá áíçóõ÷ïýí ãéá
  ôßðïôá áðü ôá ðáñáðÜíù.

  Ôï mkisofs èá ðñïóðáèÞóåé íá áíôéóôïé÷ßóåé üëá ôá ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí óôï
  8.3-format ðïõ ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé áðü ôï DOS ãéá íá åîáóöáëßóåé ôçí
  ìåãáëýôåñç äõíáôÞ óõìâáôüôçôá.  Óå ðåñßðôùóç óýãêñïõóçò ïíïìáôïëïãßáò
  ((äéáöïñåôéêÜ áñ÷åßá Ý÷ïõí ôï ßäéï 8.3-name), ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé áñéèìïß
  óôá ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí êáé ðëçñïöïñßåò ó÷åôéêÜ ìå ôï üíïìá ôõðþíåôáé óôï
  STDERR (óõíÞèùò óôçí ïèüíç).



  ÌÇÍ ÐÁÍÉÊÏÂÁËËÅÓÔÅ:


       ÊÜôù áðü Linux äå èá äåßôå ðïôÝ áõôÜ ôá 8.3 ïíüìáôá áñ÷åßùí,
       åðåéäÞ ôï Linux êÜíåé ÷ñÞóç ôùí åðåêôÜóåùí Rock Ridge ðïõ
       ðåñéÝ÷ïõí ôçí áñ÷éêÞ ðëçñïöïñßá ôùí áñ÷åßùí (äéêáéþìáôá,
       üíïìá áñ÷åßùí, êëð.).


  Ôþñá ìðïñåß íá áíáñùôéÝóôå ãéáôß ç Ýîïäïò  ôïõ mkisofs äå óôÝëíåôáé
  áðåõèåßáò óôç óõóêåõÞ åããñáöÞò. Áõôü ãßíåôáé ãéá äýï ëüãïõò:


  ·  Ôï mkisofs äåí îÝñåé ôßðïôá ãéá ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ôùí CD-writers (äåò ôï
     ôìÞìá 2.3.)
  ·  Äåí èá Þôáí áîéüðéóôï (äåò ôï ôìÞìá 4.)

  ÅðåéäÞ ï ÷ñïíéóìüò ôïõ CD-writer åßíáé Ýíá êñßóéìï óçìåßï, äåí ôï
  ôñïöïäïôïýìå áðåõèåßáò áðü ôï mkisofs (èõìçèåßôå ðùò ôï Linux äåí
  åßíáé Ýíá ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá ðñáãìáôéêïý ÷ñüíïõ (real-time operating
  system) êáé ïé äéåñãáóßåò ìðïñåß íá ÷ñïíßæïíôáé Üó÷çìá).  Áíôßèåôá,
  óõíßóôáôáé íá áðïèçêåýåôå ôçí Ýîïäï ôïõ mkisofs óå Ýíá îå÷ùñéóôü
  áñ÷åßï óôï óêëçñü äßóêï. Áõôü ôï áñ÷åßï åßíáé ìéá 1:1 åéêüíá ôïõ CD
  êáé óôçí ïõóßá èá ãñáöôåß óôï CD ìå ôï åñãáëåßï cdwrite óå äåýôåñï
  âÞìá.

  H 1:1 åéêüíá áðïèçêåýåôáé óå Ýíá ôåñÜóôéï áñ÷åßï êáé Ýôóé ÷ñåéÜæåóôå
  Üëëï ôüóï åëåýèåñï ÷þñï óôï äßóêï ìå áõôüí ðïõ ôï ëïãéóìéêü ðñïò
  áíôéãñáöÞ Þäç ÷ñçóéìïðïéåß. Áõôü åßíáé Ýíá ìåéïíÝêôçìá.

  Èá ìðïñïýóáôå íá äçìéïõñãÞóåôå ìéá åðéðëÝïí êáôÜôìçóç (partition) ãéá
  áõôü êáé íá ãñÜøåôå ôçí åéêüíá óå åêåßíç ôçí êáôÜôìçóç áíôß óå Ýíá
  áñ÷åßï. Øçößæù êáôÜ ìéáò ôÝôïéáò óôñáôçãéêÞò ãéáôß áí ãñÜøåôå óå ëÜèïò
  êáôÜôìçóç (åîáéôßáò åíüò ôõðïãñáöéêïý ëÜèïõò), ìðïñåß íá ÷Üóåôå
  åíôåëþò ôï Linux óýóôçìÜ óáò.  ÅðéðëÝïí, åßíáé ìåãáëýôåñç óðáôÜëç
  ÷þñïõ, ãéáôß ôï CD-image åßíáé ðñïóùñéíÜ äåäïìÝíá ðïõ ìðïñïýí íá
  äéáãñáöïýí ìåôÜ ôçí åããñáöÞ ôïõ CD.



  3.5.  ÅëÝãîôå ôï CD-image

  Ôï Linux Ý÷åé ôçí äõíáôüôçôá íá ðñïóáñôÜ áñ÷åßá óáí íá Þôáí
  êáôáôìÞóåéò äßóêùí. Áõôü ôï ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü åßíáé ÷ñÞóéìï ãéá íá
  åëÝãîåôå ôçí ïñèüôçôá ôçò äïìÞò ôïõ êáôáëüãïõ ôçò åéêüíáò ôïõ CD (CD-
  image). Ãéá íá ðñïóáñôÞóåôå ôï áñ÷åßï cd_image ðïõ äçìéïõñãÞèçêå
  ðáñáðÜíù óôïí êáôÜëïãï /cdrom, äþóôå ôçí åíôïëÞ


       mount -t iso9660 -o ro,loop=/dev/loop0 cd_image /cdrom




  Ôþñá ìðïñåßôå íá åðéèåùñÞóåôå ôá áñ÷åßá óôï /cdrom - åìöáíßæïíôáé
  áêñéâþò üðùò áí èá Þôáí ðÜíù óå Ýíá ðñáãìáôéêü CD. Ãéá íá
  áðïäåóìåýóåôå ôï CD-image, áðëÜ ðåßôå umount /cdrom.  Ðñïåéäïðïßçóç:
  Áí äåí ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóáôå ôçí åðéëïãÞ '-K' óôï mkisofs ôüôå ôo ôåëåõôáßá
  áñ÷åßï óôï /cdrom ìðïñåß íá ìçí åßíáé ðëÞñùò áíáãíþóéìï.

  Óçìåßùóç:

       ÌåñéêÝò áñ÷áßåò åêäüóåéò ôïõ mount äåí åßíáé éêáíÝò íá
       áíôéìåôùðßóïõí ôéò loopback-devices. Áí Ý÷åôå ìéá ôÝôïéá
       ðáëéÜ Ýêäïóç ôïõ mount åßíáé ìéá õðüäåéîç ãéá íá
       áíáâáèìßóåôå ôï Linux óýóôçìÜ óáò.

       Ðïëëïß Üíèñùðïé Þäç ðñüôåéíáí íá âÜëïõí ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï
       ðùò íá ðÜñåôå ôéò íåüôåñåò åöáñìïãÝò mount óå áõôü ôï mini-
       HOWTO. ÐÜíôá áñíïýìáé.  Áí ç äéáíïìÞ Linux óáò Ýñ÷åôáé ìå
       Ýíá áñ÷áßï mount: áíáöÝñåôÝ ôï óáí ðñüâëçìá (bug).  Áí ç
       äéáíïìÞ Linux óáò äåí åßíáé åýêïëá áíáâáèìßóéìç : áíáöÝñåôÝ
       ôï óáí ðñüâëçìá (bug).

       Áí åíóùìáôþóù üëåò ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò ðïõ áðáéôïýíôáé ãéá íá
       îåðåñáóôïýí ôá ðñïâëÞìáôá (bugs) ôùí êáêïó÷åäéáóìÝíùí
       äéáíïìþí Linux, áõôü ôï mini-HOWTO èá Þôáí êáôÜ ðïëý
       ìåãáëýôåñï êáé äõóêïëüôåñï íá äéáâáóôåß.



  3.6.  Ó÷üëéá ãéá ôá êåíÜ äéóêÜêéá CD-Recordable

  Ôï ãåñìáíéêü ðåñéïäéêü ãéá õðïëïãéóôÝò "c't" Ý÷åé ìéá ëßóôá õðïäåßîåùí
  ðïõ áöïñïýí óôá êåíÜ CDs óôï ôåý÷ïò ôïõ Íïåìâñßïõ 1996:


  ·  Ôá "áíþíõìá (no-name)" äéóêÜêéá åßíáé ãåíéêÜ ü÷é ôçò êáëýôåñçò
     ðïéüôçôáò êáé èá ðñÝðåé íá ìçí ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé

  ·  Áí Ýíá åããñÜøéìï CD åßíáé åëáôôùìáôéêü, áõôü ðéèáíüí íá óõìâáßíåé
     óå üëá (áí áãïñÜóáôå ðåñéóóüôåñá áðü Ýíá, ìáæåìÝíá). ºóùò íá
     åßóáóôå ôõ÷åñüò êáé íá ìðïñÝóåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôá ðñþôá 500MB
     ôÝôïéùí CDs ...

  ·  Ìçí áããßæåôå ôá CDs áðü ôçí ëáìðåñÞ åðéöÜíåéá ðñéí ôçí åããñáöÞ.


  3.7.  ÅããñáöÞ ôïõ CD-image óå Ýíá CD

  Äåí Ý÷ïõí ìåßíåé êáé ðïëëÜ íá ãßíïõí. Ðñéí óáò äåßîïõìå ôçí ôåëåõôáßá
  åíôïëÞ, áöÞóôå ìå íá óáò ðñïåéäïðïéÞóù ðùò ôá CD-writers èÝëïõí íá
  ôñïöïäïôïýíôáé ìå ìéá óôáèåñÞ ñïÞ äåäïìÝíùí åðåéäÞ Ý÷ïõí ìéêñïýò
  buffers äåäïìÝíùí.  ¸ôóé, ç äéáäéêáóßá ôçò åããñáöÞò ôçò åéêüíáò ôïõ CD
  óôï CD äåí ðñÝðåé íá äéáêïðåß, óå ôÝôïéá ðåñßðôùóç ôï áðïôÝëåóìá èá
  åßíáé Ýíá äéáâñùìÝíï (÷áëáóìÝíï) CD.

  Ãéá íá åßóáóôå óßãïõñïò ðùò ôßðïôá äåí èá äéáêüøåé ôçí äéáäéêáóßá,
  ðåôÜîôå Ýîù üëïõò ôïõò ÷ñÞóôåò ôïõ óõóôÞìáôïò êáé âãÜëôå ôï êáëþäéï
  ôïõ ethernet ...  ÄéáâÜóôå ôï Bastard operator fromhell ãéá íá ìÜèåôå
  ôïí óùóôü ôñüðï, ãéá íá êÜíåôå êÜôé ôÝôïéï. ;-)

  Áí åßóáóôå ðíåõìáôéêÜ Ýôïéìïé, öïñÝóôå ìéá Üóðñç ñüìðá, ðïëëáðëáóéÜóôå
  ôçí ôáõôüôçôá SCSI-id ôïõ CD-writer ìå ôïí áñéèìü áíáèåþñçóçò ôïõ
  SCSI, áíÜøôå üóá ðéï ðïëëÜ êåñéÜ ãßíåôáé, áðáããåßëåôå äýï óôñïöÝò áðü
  ôï ASR-FAQ êáé ôåëéêÜ ãñÜøôå:



       cdwrite  --device /dev/sgd  cd_image
       or
       cdrecord -v speed=2 dev=4,0 cd_image




  áíÜëïãá ìå ôï ðéï ëïãéóìéêü èÝëåôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå.  ÖõóéêÜ èá
  áíôéêáôáóôÞóåôå ôç óõóêåõÞ SCSI ôïõ ðáñáäåßãìáôïò ìå ôçí óõóêåõÞ ðïõ ï
  åããñáöÝáò óáò åßíáé óõíäåäåìÝíïò.  Ðáñáêáëþ óçìåéþóôå ðùò êáíÝíáò
  åããñáöÝáò äåí ìðïñåß íá åðáíáèÝóåé ôï laser ôïõ êáé íá óõíå÷ßóåé áðü
  åêåßíï ôï óçìåßï ôïõ CD, áí åíï÷ëçèåß.  Ãé' áõôü, êÜèå éó÷õñÞ äüíçóç Þ
  êáé óïê èá êáôáóôñÝøåé ðáíôåëþò ôï CD ðïõ ãñÜöåôå.


  3.8.  Áí êÜôé ðÜåé óôñáâÜ...

  ... íá èõìÜóôå ðùò ðÜíôá ìðïñåßôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôå ôá ÷áëáóìÝíá CDs
  óáí óïõâÝñ. :-)


  4.  Óõ÷íÜ ÄéáôõðùìÝíåò ÅñùôÞóåéò êáé ÁðáíôÞóåéò


  4.1.  "Ðüóï åõáßóèçôç åßíáé ç äéáäéêáóßá ôïõ êáøßìáôïò;"

  ÁðÜíôçóç: åîáñôÜôáé áðü ôï CD-writer. Ôá ìïíôÝñíá èá ðñÝðåé íá Ý÷ïõí
  buffer äåäïìÝíùí ôïõ 1MB Þ êÜðïõ åêåß êáé ìðïñïýí íá æÞóïõí 1-2
  äåõôåñüëåðôá ÷ùñßò äåäïìÝíá.  Äåßôå ôá åã÷åéñßäéá Þ ñùôÞóôå ôïí
  êáôáóêåõáóôÞ, áí èÝëåôå íá ìÜèåôå ôéò ëåðôïìÝñåéåò.

  ÁíåîÜñôçôá áðü ôï ìÝãåèïò ôùí buffers äåäïìÝíùí ðñÝðåé íá åããõÜóôå ìéá
  óõíå÷Þ ñïÞ ôùí 300kb/s Þ 600kb/s êáôÜ ôç äéÜñêåéá ôçò äéáäéêáóßáò.

  Ïé äéåñãáóßåò ðïõ êÜíïõí åíôáôéêÞ ÷ñÞóç ôïõ äßóêïõ üðùò ç åíçìÝñùóç
  ôçò âÜóçò äåäïìÝíùí locate ÷áìçëþíïõí ôï ìÝãéóôï äõíáôü ñõèìü ñïÞò êáé
  èá ÷áëÜóïõí óßãïõñá ôï CD; êáëýôåñá åëÝãîôå ôÝôïéåò äéåñãáóßåò íá ìçí
  îåêéíÜíå ìÝóù cron, at Þ anacron üóï êáßôå CD-Rs.  Áðü ôçí Üëëç,
  êÜðïéïé áíÝöåñáí ðùò Ýêáíáí compile Ýíá ðõñÞíá êáèþò êáßãáíå Ýíá CD
  ÷ùñßò êáìßá åíü÷ëçóç. ×ñåéÜæåóôå âÝâáéá ìéá ãñÞãïñç ìç÷áíÞ ãéá ôÝôïéá
  ðåéñÜìáôá.


  4.2.  "¸÷åé ç äéáóðïñÜ (fragmentation) Üó÷çìï áíôßêôõðï óôï ñõèìü
  ñïÞò;"

  Ç äéáóðïñÜ åßíáé óõíÞèùò ôüóï ÷áìçëÞ ðïõ ïé åðéðôþóåéò ôçò äåí åßíáé
  ðáñáôçñÞóéìåò.  Áí åßóáóôå áâÝâáéïé ðåñß áõôïý, êïéôÜîôå ôá ìçíýìáôá
  ðïõ ôõðþíïíôáé êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç, ôï ðïóïóôü ôçò äéáóðïñÜò áíáöÝñåôáé
  êáôÜ ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ôùí óõóôçìÜôùí áñ÷åßùí.  Ìðïñåßôå íá åëÝãîåôå ãéá áõôÞ
  ôçí ôéìÞ ìå ôçí ðïëý åðéêßíäõíç åíôïëÞ



       bash> e2fsck -n  /dev/sda5        # '-n' is important!
       [stuff deleted - ignore any errors]
       /dev/sda5: 73/12288 files (12.3% non-contiguous)




  Óå áõôü ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ç äéáóðïñÜ öáßíåôáé íá åßíáé ðïëý ìåãÜëç, áëëÜ
  õðÜñ÷ïõí ìüíï 73 ìéêñÜ áñ÷åßá óå áõôü ôï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí
  (÷ñçóéìïðïéåßôáé ùò /tmp) êáé Ýôóé ç ôéìÞ äåí åßíáé áíçóõ÷çôéêÞ.


  4.3.  "Åßíáé äõíáôüí íá áðïèçêåýóù ôï CD-image óå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí
  UMSDOS;"

  Íáé. Ôï ìüíï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí ðïõ äåí åßíáé áîéüðéóôï êáé áñêåôÜ
  ãñÞãïñï ãéá åããñáöÝò CDs áðü áõôü, åßíáé ôï äéêôõáêü óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí
  (NFS).  ×ñçóéìïðïéþ ï ßäéïò Ýíá UMSDOS ãéá íá ìïéñÜóù ôï ÷þñï ôïõ
  äßóêïõ ìåôáîý ôïõ Linux êáé ôïõ DOS/Win óå Ýíá PC (486/66) áöéåñùìÝíï
  óôçí åããñáöÞ ôùí CDs.



  4.4.  "Äåí õðÜñ÷åé êÜðïéïò ôñüðïò íá îåðåñÜóù ôïõò ðåñéïñéóìïýò ôïõ
  iso9660;"

  Íáé. Ìðïñåßôå íá âÜëåôå üðïéï óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí èÝëåôå óôï CD. ÁëëÜ
  ïðïéïäÞðïôå ëåéôïõñãéêü óýóôçìá åêôüò ôïõ Linux äåí èá ìðïñÝóåé íá
  áíôéìåôùðßóåé ôï CD.

  Íá êáé ç óõíôáãÞ:


  ·  ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá Üäåéï áñ÷åßï ìå ìÝãåèïò 650MB.


       dd if=/dev/zero of="empty_file" bs=1024k count=650



  ·  ÄçìéïõñãÞóôå Ýíá óýóôçìá áñ÷åßùí extended-2 óôï áñ÷åßï áõôü


       bash> /sbin/mke2fs  empty_file
       empty_file is not a block special device.
       Proceed anyway? (y,n) y





  ·  ÐñïóáñôÞóôå ôï Üäåéï áñ÷åßï ìÝóù ôùí óõóêåõþí loopback


       mount -t ext2 -o loop=/dev/loop1 empty_file /mnt




  ·  ÁíôéãñÜøôå ôá áñ÷åßá óôï /mnt êáé áðïäåóìåýóôå ôï (umount) ìåôÜ.

  ·  ×ñçóéìïðïéÞóôå ôçí cdwrite Þ ôçí cdrecord óôï empty_file (ðïõ ðëÝïí
     äåí åßíáé Üäåéï) óáí íá Þôáí Ýíá iso9660-image.

  Áí èÝëåôå íá âÜëåôå ìéá åããñáöÞ óôï /etc/fstab ãéá Ýíá ôÝôïéï CD,
  áðåíåñãïðïéÞóôå ôïí Ýëåã÷ï ôïõ, ð.÷.:



       /dev/cdrom  /cdrom  ext2  defaults,ro  0 0




  Ôï ðñþôï 0 óçìáßíåé "ìçí óõìðåñéëçöèåß óôá dumps", ôï äåýôåñï
  (=óçìáíôéêü) óçìáßíåé "ìçí ôóåêÜñåéò ãéá ëÜèç êáôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç" (ôï
  fsck èá áðïôý÷åé íá åëÝãîåé ôï CD ãéá ëÜèç).


  4.5.  "Ðþò íá äéáâÜóù êáé íá ãñÜøù CD ¹÷ïõ;"

  ÐÜñôå ôá ðáêÝôá "cdda2wav" êáé "sox", äéáèÝóéìá áðü ôï sunsite êáé ôá
  mirrors ôïõ:

       <ftp://sun-
       site.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/cdrom/cdda2wav0.71.src.tar.gz>

       <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/apps/sound/convert/sox-11gamma-
       cb3.tar.gz>


  Ôï cdda2wav óáò åðéôñÝðåé íá ðÜñåôå êÜðïéï óõãêåêñéìÝíï äéÜóôçìá (Þ
  Ýíá ïëüêëçñï êïììÜôé (track)) áðü ôï CD Þ÷ïõ óáò êáé ôï ìåôáôñÝðåé óå
  áñ÷åßï .wav.  Ôï sox ìåôáôñÝðåé ôá áñ÷åßá wav ðÜëé óå (CD Þ÷ïõ ) cdda-
  format þóôå íá ìðïñïýí íá åðáíåããñáöïýí óôï CD-R ÷ñçóéìïðïéþíôáò ôï
  cdwrite.


  4.6.  "Ðþò íá øÜîù ãéá ôéò óõóêåõÝò SCSI ìåôÜ ôçí åêêßíçóç;"

  Ôï áñ÷åßï drivers/scsi/scsi.c ðåñéÝ÷åé ôéò ðëçñïöïñßåò





  /*
   * Usage: echo "scsi add-single-device 0 1 2 3" >/proc/scsi/scsi
   * with  "0 1 2 3" replaced by your "Host Channel Id Lun".
   * Consider this feature BETA.
   *     CAUTION: This is not for hotplugging your peripherals. As
   *     SCSI was not designed for this you could damage your
   *     hardware !
   * However perhaps it is legal to switch on an
   * already connected device. It is perhaps not
   * guaranteed this device doesn't corrupt an ongoing data transfer.
   */





  4.7.  "Åßíáé äõíáôü íá êÜíù 1:1 áíôéãñáöÞ åíüò CD;"

  Íáé. ÁëëÜ èá ðñÝðåé íá Þóáóôå åíÞìåñïò ôïõ ãåãïíüôïò ðùò êÜèå ëÜèïò
  áíÜãíùóçò ôïõ áñ÷éêïý ðñùôïôýðïõ (ëüãï óêüíçò Þ ãñáôæïõíéþí) èá
  ïäçãÞóåé óå åëáôôùìáôéêü áíôßãñáöï.

  Ðñþôç ðåñßðôùóç: Ý÷åôå îå÷ùñéóôÜ CD-writer êáé CD-ROM . Äßíïíôáò ôçí
  åíôïëÞ:


       cdwrite -v -D /dev/sgc --pad -b  $(isosize  /dev/scd0) /dev/scd0
       or
       cdrecord -v dev=3,0 speed=2 -isosize /dev/scd0




  äéáâÜæåôå ôç ñïÞ äåäïìÝíùí áðü ôïí ïäçãü CD-ROM ðïõ åßíáé ðñïóáñôçìÝíï
  óáí /dev/scd0 êáé ãñÜöåôå áðåõèåßáò ìÝóù ôïõ /dev/sgc óôï CD-R.

  Äåýôåñç ðåñßðôùóç: Äåí Ý÷åôå îå÷ùñéóôü ïäçãü CD-ROM. Èá ðñÝðåé íá
  ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôïí åããñáöÝá ãéá íá äéáâÜóåôå êáé ôï CD-ROM:


       dd if=/dev/scd0 of=cdimage bs=1c count=`isosize  /dev/scd0`




  Ç åíôïëÞ áõôÞ åßíáé éóïäýíáìç ìå ôï áðïôÝëåóìá ôçò mkisofs, êáé Ýôóé
  èá ðñÝðåé íá ðñï÷ùñÞóåôå üðùò óôï êåöÜëáéï 3. Óçìåéþóôå ðùò áõôÞ ç
  ìÝèïäïò èá áðïôý÷åé ãéá ôá CD Þ÷ïõ!


  4.8.  "Ìðïñåß ôï Linux íá äéáâÜóåé Joliet CDs;"

  Íáé. ÁëëÜ ÷ñåéÜæåôáé íá äéïñèþóåôå ôïí ðõñÞíá êáé íá ôïí
  îáíáìåôáãëùôôßóåôå.  Ãéá ðåñéóóüôåñåò ðëçñïöïñßåò, äåßôå

       <http://www-plateau.cs.berkeley.edu/people/chaf-
       fee/joliet.html>




  4.9.  "Ðþò äéáâÜæù/ðñïóáñôþ CD-ROMs ìå ôï CD-writer;"

  ¼ðùò êáé ìå Ýíá êáíïíéêü ïäçãü CD-ROM. ÊáíÝíá êüëðï. Óçìåéþóôå ðùò èá
  ðñÝðåé íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå ôéò óõóêåõÝò scd (SCSI CD-ROM) ãéá íá
  ðñïóáñôÞóåôå CDs ãéá äéÜâáóìá.  ÅããñáöÞ-ðáñÜäåéãìá óôï /etc/fstab:
       /dev/scd0  /cdrom  iso9660  ro,user,noauto  0  0





  5.  Åðßëõóç ÐñïâëçìÜôùí


  5.1.  Äå äïõëåýåé: êÜôù áðü Linux

  Ðáñáêáëþ åëÝãîôå ðñþôá áí ï åããñáöÝáò äïõëåýåé êÜôù áðü Üëëá
  ëåéôïõñãéêÜ. ÓõãêåêñéìÝíá:

  ·  Ï ÅëåãêôÞò SCSI áíáãíùñßæåé ôïí åããñáöÝá óáí Ýãêõñç óõóêåõÞ SCSI;

  ·  Ôï ëïãéóìéêü áíáãíùñßæåé ôïí åããñáöÝá;

  ·  Ìðïñåßôå íá êÜíåôå Ýíá CD ìå ôï óõíïäåõôéêü ëïãéóìéêü;

     ÅÜí "äå äïõëåýåé" áêüìá êáé óå Üëëá ëåéôïõñãéêÜ. ¸÷åôå ìéá
     óýãêñïõóç õëéêïý (hardware conflict) Þ åëáôôùìáôéêü õëéêü.


  5.2.  Äå äïõëåýåé: êÜôù áðü DOS êáé ößëïõò ôïõ

  ÐñïóðáèÞóôå íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéÞóåôå Linux. Ç åãêáôÜóôáóç êáé ñýèìéóç ôùí
  ïäçãþí SCSI óôï DOS åßíáé ç êüëáóç. Åßíáé ôï Linux õðåñâïëéêÜ óýíèåôï;
  ×á!


  5.3.  ËÜèç ôïõ SCSI êáôÜ ôç öÜóç ôçò åããñáöÞò (êáøßìáôïò)

  Ðéèáíüôåñá, ôá ëÜèç áõôÜ ïöåßëïíôáé óå

  ·  ìç õðïóôÞñéîç ôïõ ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêïý dis-/reconnect ôïõ äßáõëïõ SCSI

  ·  ìç éêáíïðïéçôéêÜ øõ÷ùìÝíï õëéêü

  ·  åëáôôùìáôéêü õëéêü (èá ðñÝðåé íá åíôïðßæåôáé áðü ôï 5.1.)

  ÊÜôù áðü äéÜöïñåò êáôáóôÜóåéò, ïé óõóêåõÝò SCSI áðïóõíäÝïíôáé êáé
  îáíáóõíäÝïíôáé (çëåêôñïíéêÜ) áðü ôï äßáõëï SCSI. Áí áõôü ôï
  ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü äåí åßíáé äéáèÝóéìï (åëÝãîôå ôéò ðáñáìÝôñïõò ôïõ
  åëåãêôÞ êáé ôïõ ðõñÞíá) ìåñéêïß åããñáöåßò áíôéìåôùðßæïõí ðñüâëçìá üôáí
  êáßíå Þ êëåßíïõí ôï CD-R.

  ÅéäéêÜ, ï ïäçãüò NCR 53c7,8xx SCSI Ý÷åé ðñïêáèïñéóìÝíá ôï
  ÷áñáêôçñéóôéêü áðåíåñãïðïéçìÝíï, êáé Üñá ëïéðüí ßóùò íá èÝëåôå íá ôï
  ôóåêÜñåôå:


       NCR53c7,8xx SCSI support                  [N/y/m/?] y
          always negotiate synchronous transfers [N/y/?] (NEW) n
          allow FAST-SCSI [10MHz]                [N/y/?] (NEW) y
          allow DISCONNECT                       [N/y/?] (NEW) y





  6.  Åõ÷áñéóôßåò


     Óôïí Andreas Erdmann <erdmann@zpr.uni-koeln.de>
        ðïõ Ýäùóå ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìå ôï YAMAHA-writer
     Óôïí Art Stone <stone@math.ubc.ca>
        ðïõ åß÷å ôçí éäÝá íá âÜëåé ìç-iso9660 óõóôÞìáôá áñ÷åßùí óå CD

     Óôïí Bartosz Maruszewski <B.Maruszewski@zsmeie.torun.pl>
        ðïõ áíÝöåñå ôá ïñèïãñáöéêÜ ëÜèç

     Óôïí Bernhard Gubanka <beg@ipp-garching.mpg.de>
        ðïõ ðñüóåîå ôçí áíÜãêç ìéáò ðñüóöáôçò Ýêäïóçò ôïõ mount ãéá íá
        êÜíåé ÷ñÞóç ôçò óõóêåõÞò loopback

     Óôïí Brian H. Toby
        ãéá ôïí åêëåðôõóìü ôùí åêöñÜóåùí.

     ÓôïíBruce Perens <bruce@pixar.com>
        ðïõ Ýäùóå ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôçí cdwrite-mailinglist

     Óôïí Dale Scheetz <dwarf@polaris.net>
        ðïõ âïÞèçóå ôçí êáëõôÝñåõóç ôïõ ôìÞìáôïò ãéá äçìéïõñãßá cdimage.

     Óôï
        URL ôïõ åñãáëåßïõ mkhybrid

     Óôïí Edwin H. Kribbs
        ðïõ áíÝöåñå ðùò ôï '-K' áðáéôåß äéüñèùóç ãéá ôï mkisofs

     Óôïí Gerald C Snyder <gcsnyd@loop.com>
        ðïõ ôÝóôáñå ôçí åããñáöÞ åíüò ext2 CD-ROM (see 4.4)

     Óôïí Ingo Fischenisch <ingo@mi.uni-koeln.de>
        ðïõ ðáñåß÷å ôï ðáñÜäåéãìá ìå ôïõò äýï åëåãêôÝò ðïõ öéëïîåíïýí
        äýï óõóêåõÝò.

     Óôïí Janne Himanka <shem@oyt.oulu.fi>
        ðïõ Ýäåéîå ôçí äéüñèùóç óôïí ðõñÞíá ãéá íá äéáâÜæåé Joliet CDs

     Óôïí Joerg Schilling <schilling@fokus.gmd.de>
        ãéá ðëçñïöïñßåò ãéá ôï cdrecord

     Óôïí Jos van Geffen <jos@tnj.phys.tue.nl>
        ðïõ ðñüóåîå ôï ðñüâëçìá óôï 4.9.

     Óôïí Pierre Pfister <pp@uplift.fr>
        ðïõ âïÞèçóå óôçí áíÜðôõîç ôçò óõíôáãÞò ãéá áíôßãñáöá 1:1.

     Óôïí Rick Cochran <rick@msc.cornell.edu>
        ãéá õðïäåßîåéò ãéá ôï üôé ç åðáíáóýíäåóç/áðïóýíäåóç åßíáé
        áðåíåñãïðïéçìÝíç áðü default óôïí ïäçãü ncr

     Óôïí Stephan Noy <stnoy@mi.uni-koeln.de>
        ãéá ðëçñïöïñßåò êáé åìðåéñßá óôçí åããñáöÞ CD Þ÷ïõ.

     Óôïí Stephen Harris <sweh@mpn.com>
        ðïõ óõíåßóöåñå õðïäåßîåéò ãéá åããñáöÞ CD Þ÷ïõ.

     Óôçí Sheepy One <kero@escape.com>
        ðïõ ðñüôåéíáí íá ÷ñçóéìïðïéïýíôáé ôá åëáôôùìáôéêÜ CDs óáí óïõâÝñ
        ðïôþí

     Óôïí Volker Kuhlmann <kuhlmav@elec.canterbury.ac.nz>
        ðïõ ðñüóåîå ðùò ôï ðáêÝôï "cdwrite" äåí ðåñéÝ÷åé ôï mkisofs

  ÔÝëïò ôïõ Åëëçíéêïý CD-Writing mini-HOWTO