Sophie: howto-text-ja-2006-5mdv2010.0 noarch

howto-text-ja-2006-5mdv2010.0.noarch.rpm

  The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO
  Tom Fawcett (fawcett@croftj.net)

  3.6, January 2000
  The Linux Japanese FAQ Project (JF@linux.or.jp)
  v3.6j, 20 January 2000

  ±Ì¶Í Linux pÌu[gfBXN/[gfBXNðÆ©ÉÝvEì¬·
  éû@ÉÂ¢Äq×½àÌÅ·D±êçÌfBXNÍXL[fBXNÆµ
  ÄgÁ½èCVXeÌVµ¢R|[lgðeXg·éÉg¦Ü·D±
  êçÌfBXNðìéOÉC Linux Installation HOWTO â Linux Install
  Guide ÈÇÌ FAQ âÖA¶ðÇñÅ¾³¢DÇñÅ¢È¢ûÍu[g
  fBXNðìé×«ÅÍ èÜ¹ñDPÉÙ}pÌXL[fBXNª~µ
  ¢¾¯ÈçÎCt^ A ``ù»Ìu[gfBXNÌüè''ð²¾³¢D
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Ú

  1. O«
     1.1 o[WÉÖ·éÓ
     1.2 Ü¾Å«Ä¢È¢±Æ
     1.3 tB[hobNÆNWbg
     1.4 zzÌûj

  2. Í¶ßÉ
  3. u[gfBXNÆu[gÌvZX
     3.1 u[gÌvZX
     3.2 fBXNÌíÞ

  4. [gt@CVXeÌì¬
     4.1 Tv
     4.2 t@CVXeÌì¬
     4.3 t@CVXeÌÚA
        4.3.1 /dev
        4.3.2 /etc
        4.3.3 /bin Æ /sbin
        4.3.4 /lib
     4.4 PAM Æ NSS ÌÝè
        4.4.1 PAM (·µÖ¦Â\ÈFØW[)
        4.4.2 NSS (l[T[rXØèÖ¦)
     4.5 W[
     4.6 »Ì¼Ì×©¢
     4.7 dã°

  5. J[lÌIð
  6. SðÜÆßé: tbs[Ìì¬
     6.1 LILO ðgÁ½J[lÌ](NCDXLILO)NCDX
     6.2 LILO ðgíÈ¢J[lÌ]
     6.3 ramdisk ÏÌÝè
     6.4 [gt@CVXeÌ]

  7. guV[eBOCÜ½ÍÁÜÌêµÝ
  8. »Ì¼ÌgsbNX
     8.1 t@CVXeÌTCYÌí¸
     8.2 ñ RAM fBXNÌ[gt@CVXe
     8.3 [eBeBfBXNÌì¬

  9. vªg¤û@
  10. FAQ(æ é¿â)Xg
  A. ÖAîñ
     A.1 ù»Ìu[gfBXNÌüè
     A.2 XL[pbP[W
     A.3 Graham Chapman ³ñÌVFXNvg
     A.4 LILO -- Linux [_
     A.5 Linux FAQ Æ HOWTO ¶
     A.6 RAM fBXNÌg¢û
     A.7 Linux Ìu[gvZX

  B. LILO Ìu[gÌG[R[h
  C. [gfBXNÌTvÌfBNgê
  D. [eBeBfBXNÌTvÌfBNgê
  E. ú{êóÉÂ¢Ä

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  O«

  Ó: ±Ì¶ÌàeÍÃ¢©àµêÜ¹ñD\Ìútª 6 ÈãÃ¯
  êÎCLinux Documentation Project Ìz[y[W
  <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO.html> ð`FbNµÄCàÁÆ
  Vµ¢ÅªoÄ¢È¢©Ç¤©mFµÄ¾³¢D

  ±Ì¶ÍeLXg`®ÅàÇßÈ¢±ÆÍÈ¢Æv¢Ü·ªC Postscript
  (.ps)â HTML ÌÙ¤ª¸ÁÆÇÝâ·¢Åµå¤DprÉ¶ÄlXÈtH
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  Ä¢Ü¹ñD

  1.1.  o[WÉÖ·éÓ

  Graham Chapman ³ñ(grahamc@zeta.org.au)ªIWiÌ Bootdisk-HOWTO
  ðì¬µCo[W 3.1 ÜÅÇµÄ¢Üµ½D Tom Fawcett
  (fawcett@croftj.net)ªJ[l 2.0 Éí¹Ä©ÈèÌÊð««µCo
  [W 3.2 È~ðÇµÄ¢Ü·DChapman ³ñÌIWiÌàeàÜ
  ¾½³ñcÁÄ¢Ü·D

  ±Ì¶ÍLinux J[l 2.0 È~ðzèµÄ¢Ü·DÃ¢J[l
  (1.2.xx ÈO)ðgÁÄ¢élÍC Graham Chapman ³ñÌz[y[W
  <http://www.zeta.org.au/~grahamc/linux.html>ÉA[JCu³êÄ¢éÃ¢
  o[WÌ Bootdisk-HOWTO ð²¾³¢D

  {¶ÌîñÍ Intel vbgtH[ãÅ®ì·é Linux ðzèµÄ¢Ü
  ·D½ÌîñÍ¼ÌvZbTÅ® Linux Åàg¦éÆv¢Ü·ªC
  ÒçÍ±êçÉ¼ÚGê½o±ª èÜ¹ñµC ÜèÚµ èÜ¹ñB¼
  ÌvbgtH[Åu[gfBXNðì¬µ½o±ð¨¿ÌûÍCºÐ²
  A¾³¢D

  1.2.  Ü¾Å«Ä¢È¢±Æ

  è`ÁÄ¾³éûÍ¢Ü¹ñ©?

  1. á¦Î CD-ROM â ZIP fBXNCLS110 fBXNÈÇCN®fBXNÌæ
     ¤Ég¦éÊÌfBAÌìèûðà¾·é( é¢Íà¾µÄ¢é¼Ì¶
     ÖÌNðpÓ·é)D

  2. åÈ libc.so ¤LCuÌµ¢ûðà¾·éDIðÍî{IÉC
     ÃÄ¬³¢Cuðüè·é©CÜ½Íù¶ÌCuðØèl
     ßé©ÌÇ¿ç©Åµå¤D

  3. fBXgr[VÌN®fBXNÌªÍðâè¼·Duvªg¤
     û@vÌÍðXV·éD

  4. fBXgr[VÉpÓ³êÄ¢éN®fBXNÌAbvO[h
     Ìû@ðà¾µÄ¢éÍðí·éD±ÌÍÍðÉ§ÂæèàâèÌàÆ
     ÉÈÁÄ¢éÙ¤ª½¢æ¤Å·D

  5. guV[eBOÌÍð«¼·©C®·éD

  1.3.  tB[hobNÆNWbg

  ¢¢mç¹Å ê«¢mç¹Å êC{¶ÌàeÉÎµÄÌtB[hobN
  Í½}Å·D¶ÅÍìèâîñÍÅ«é¾¯³m©ÂMÅ«éàÌ
  Éµ½ÂàèÅ·ªCëèâ²¯ª êÎºÐ¨mç¹¾³¢D

  ù³âñÄÌ`Å{¶ðT|[gµÄê½½ÌûXÉ´ÓµÜ·D±Ì
  æ¤Èv£Ì¨©°ÅC©ªB¾¯ÅìÆµ½êæèà¸ÁÆæ¢¶ÉÈ
  èÜµ½D

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  ÒàÅ«é¾¯¿âÉ¦éÂàèÅ·ªC¿âÌOÉÍÜ¸ ``gu
  V[eBO''ÌÍðÇñÅ¾³¢D

  1.4.  zzÌûj

  Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 by Tom Fawcett and Graham
  Chapman.  This document may be distributed under the terms set forth
  in the Linux Documentation Project License at
  <http://linuxdoc.org/copyright.html>.  Please contact the authors if
  you are unable to get the license.

  This is free documentation.  It is distributed in the hope that it
  will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied
  warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.

  ú{êó:

  Copyright (C) 1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 by Tom Fawcett and Graham

  ±Ì¶Í  <http://linuxdoc.org/copyright.html> ÅüèÅ«é Linux
  Documentation Project License ÌðÉîÃ¢ÄzzÅ«Ü·DCZX
  ðüèÅ«È¢êÉÍCÒÜÅ²A¾³¢D

  ±Ì¶Ít[Å·D±Ì¶ÍLpÅ é±ÆðúÒµÄzzµÄ¢Ü·
  ªC¢©ÈéÛØàs¢Ü¹ñDÜ½C¤ÆpâÁèÚIÖÌK«ÉÖµ
  ÄàCÃÙÌÛØàÜßÄ¢©ÈéÛØàs¢Ü¹ñD

  ó: ±Ì|ó¶Ìì ð¨æÑÆÓÉÖµÄÍCIWiÉ
  ¸éàÌÆµÜ·D

  2.  Í¶ßÉ

  Linux Ìu[gfBXNÍFXÈêÊÅðÉ§¿Ü·Dá¦Î:

  o  Vµ¢J[lÌeXgD

  o  fBXNáQ©çÌD±Ìæ¤ÈáQÌ´öÉÍu[gZN^ÌÁ¸
     âfBXNwbhÌNbVÈÇlXÈàÌª èÜ·D

  o  óê½VXeÌCDroot [Uª¿åÁÆ~Xðµ½¾¯ÅàVXe
     Íg¦ÈÈÁÄµÜ¢Ü·D±Ìæ¤ÈêÍtbs[fBXN©
     çu[gµÄµÈ¯êÎÈçÈ¢Åµå¤D

  o  libc.soCNeBJÈVXet@CÌXVD

  u[gfBXNðì¬·éû@Í¢Â© èÜ·:

  o  Slackware Ìæ¤ÈfBXgr[VÌàÌðp¢éDfBXg
     r[VÉÜÜêÄ¢éu[gfBXNðp¢êÎCÈÆàu[
     gÍÅ«Ü·D

  o  XL[fBXNì¬\tgðp¢éD

  o  u[gfBXNðì¬·éÌÉ½ªKv©ðwÑC©ª©gÅu[gfB
     XNðì¬·éD

  ÅãÌû@ðIÔlà¢Ü·D©ÍÅÅ«éæ¤É·éÌÅ·ËD±êÈç½
  ©ªóê½êÅà©ÍÅCèiðl¦o·±ÆªÅ«Ü·µC¨Ü¯É
  Linux Ì®ìÉÖ·é[¢ðª¾çêÜ·D
  ±Ì¶ÅÍÇÒÌF³ñÍ Linux ÌVXeÇÌî{TOððµÄ¢
  éàÌÆµÜ·Dá¦ÎCfBNgât@CVXeCtbs[fB
  XNÉÂ¢ÄÍmÁÄ¢é±ÆÆµÜ·Dmount â df R}hÌg¢ûC
  /etc/passwd t@Câ fstabt@CÌÚIâàeàmÁÄ¢éKvª è
  Ü·DÜ½C±Ì HOWTO Åg¤R}hÌåªÍ root ÅÀsµÈ¯êÎ
  ÈçÈ¢_ÉÂ¢ÄàðµÄ¢é±ÆÆµÜ·D

  [©çÆ©Ìu[gfBXNðìé±ÆÍïµ¢©àµêÜ¹ñD±êçÌ
  fBXNðìéOÉC Linux Installation HOWTO â Linux Installation
  Guide ÈÇÌ FAQC ÖA¶ðÇñÅ¾³¢DÇñÅ¢È¢ûÍu[g
  fBXNðìé×«ÅÍ èÜ¹ñDPÉÙ}Ég¦éu[gfBXNªK
  vÈ¾¯ÈçCo¢ÌàÌð_E[hµÄéÙ¤ª¸ÁÆÈPÅ
  ·D±Ìæ¤Èu[gfBXNðüè·éÉÍCãqÌt^ ``ù»Ìu[g
  fBXNÌüè''ð²¾³¢D

  3.  u[gfBXNÆu[gÌvZX

  u[gfBXNÍî{IÉÍVXeÌ~j`AÅ èCKvÈàÌªSÄ
  µÁ½ Linux VXeð1Ìtbs[fBXNÉûß½àÌÅ·D±Ì~
  j`AVXeÍC®SÈtTCYÌ Linux VXeÌ@\Ì½ðÀ
  sÅ«È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDµ½ªÁÄCu[gtbs[ðìéOÉÍ
  Linux Ìu[gÌvZXÌî{ððµÄ¨×«Å·D±±Åîbm¯ð
  à¾µÜ·ªC±êððÅ«Ä¢êÎ{ÌcèÌªàí©éÆv¢Ü
  ·D½¾µCÚµ¢ªâÏXÂ\ÈIvVÉÂ¢ÄÍÈªµÄ¢éª
  à½ èÜ·D

  3.1.  u[gÌvZX

  SÄÌ PC VXeÌu[gÅÍCÜ¸ ROM ÌR[h(ÁÉ BIOS)ªÀs
  ³êÜ·D±ÌR[hÍu[ghCuÌV_ 0CZN^ 0 É éZN
  ^ðÇÝñÅÀsµÜ·Du[ghCuÍÊÍtbs[fBXNh
  Cu (DOS ÅÍA:CLinux ÅÍ /dev/fd0) Å·DBIOS ÍÉ±ÌZN^ðÀ
  sµæ¤ÆµÜ·Du[gÂ\ÈfBXNÌV_ 0CZN^ 0 ÉÍC½
  ¢Ä¢ÈºÌÇ¿ç©ªüÁÄ¢Ü·:

  o  LILO Ìæ¤Èu[g[_ÌR[hDu[g[_ÍJ[lÌÊuð©
     Â¯Ä»êð[hEÀsµÄu[gðKØÉJnµÜ·D

  o  Linux Ìæ¤È OS ÌJ[lÌæªªD

  Linux J[lªtbs[É¶«³êÄ¢é(raw foCXÆµÄ«
  ÜêÄ¢é)êCtbs[ÌÅÌZN^Í Linux J[l»ÌàÌÉÈ
  èÜ·D±ÌÅÌZN^Íu[gfoCX©çJ[lÌcèÌªð[
  hµÄu[gð±¯Ü·D

  J[lÌ[hª®SÉI¹·éÆC[h³ê½J[lÍî{foCX
  ðú»µÜ·DÉfoCXÌÇê©ð[gt@CVXeÆµÄ[
  hE}EgµÜ·D[gt@CVXeÍ²ÊÌt@CVXe
  ÅA``/'' ÆµÄ}Eg³êÜ·BJ[lÉÍ[gt@CVXeÌ
  êðw¦µÄâçÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD±ÌêÉ[hÅ«éC[Wª
  ³¯êÎCJ[lÍâ~µÄµÜ¢Ü·D

  óµÉæÁÄÍ -- tbs[©çu[g·éêÉÍµÎµÎ -- [g
  t@CVXeÍ RAM fBXN É[h³êÜ·D±êÍVXe©ç
  fBXNÌæ¤ÉANZXÅ«é RAM Å·DVXeð RAM fBXNÉ[
  h·éRÍ 2 Â èÜ·DÜ¸ RAM Ítbs[fBXNæèàá¢É
  ¬CVXeð¬ìÅ«é©çÅ·DÜ½J[lÍ³k³ê½t@C
  VXe ðtbs[©çÇÝñÅC±êð RAM fBXNÉWJ·é±
  ÆªÅ«é©çÅ·D±êðg¦Îtbs[É¸ÁÆ½Ìt@Cðüê
  é±ÆªÅ«Ü·D

  [gt@CVXeª[hC}Eg³êéÆCÌæ¤ÈbZ[W
  ª\¦³êÜ·:

          VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.

  ÉVXeÍ[gt@CVXe(Ì /bin Ü½Í /sbinfBNg
  )ÅinitvOð©Â¯C±êðÀsµÜ·Dinit ÍÝèt@C
  /etc/inittabðÇÝÝC sysinit Æ¢Ä ésðTµC»±Åwè³
  êÄ¢éXNvgðÀsµÜ·DsysinitXNvgÍÊíÍ /etc/rc â
  /etc/init.d/boot Å·D±ÌXNvgÍ¢ë¢ëÈVFR}hª
  ©ê½àÌÅ èCÈºÌæ¤Èî{IÈVXeT[rXÌÝèðs¢Ü
  ·:

  o  SÄÌfBXNÉÎµÄ fsck ðÀsD

  o  KvÈJ[lW[Ì[hD

  o  XbvÌJnD

  o  lbg[NÌÝèD

  o  fstabÉLq³ê½fBXNÌ}EgD

  VXeÌú»ðW[»·é½ßC±ÌXNvg©çÊÌXNv
  gð¡ÂN®·é±ÆàæsíêÜ·Dá¦ÎWIÈ SysVinit Ì\¢
  ÅÍC/etc/rc.d/ fBNgÉ¡GÈTufBNgª èC»ê¼ê
  ÌTufBNgÉÍVXeT[rXÌN®Æâ~Ìû@ðwèµÄ¢é
  t@Cª èÜ·DÅ·ªCu[gfBXNÌ sysinit XNvgÍÊ
  ÍÆÄàVvÈàÌÉÈéÅµå¤D

  sysinit XNvgªI¹·éÆC§äÍ init ÉÔ³êÜ·D init Í±¢
  ÄftHgÌÀsxÉüèÜ·(±êÍ inittab Ì initdefault Ì
  ÚÅwèµÜ·)DÀsxÌsÅÍÊÍ getty Ìæ¤ÈvOðw
  èµÜ·D±±Åwèµ½vOÍR\[â tty oRÌÊMð
  µÜ·D¨È¶ÝÌ ``login:'' Æ¢¤vvgðoµÄ¢éÌà getty
  vOÅ·Dgetty vOÍ±¢Ä login vOðÀsµC±
  êªOCFØâ[UZbVÌÝèðs¢Ü·D

  3.2.  fBXNÌíÞ

  ±êÜÅà¾µ½î{IÈu[gððµÄ¢êÎCu[gÉKvÆÈé
  FXÈíÞÌfBXNðè`·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·D±±ÅÍfBXNð4ÂÉ
  ªÞµÜ·DÁÉfçÈ¢ÀèC±êÈ~Ìc_ÅÍufBXNvÆ¢¤¾t
  Ítbs[fBXNðw·àÌÆµÜ·D½¾µCc_ÌåªÍn[h
  fBXNÉà¯lÉKpÅ«é¾ë¤Æv¢Ü·D

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        u[gÂ\ÈJ[lðÜÞfBXND±ÌfBXNðg¦ÎJ[l
        ðu[g·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·D±ÌC¼ÌfBXNÉ é[gt@
        CVXeðg¤±ÆàÅ«Ü·DÊíu[gfBXNÉüÁÄ¢é
        J[lÉÍC[gt@CVXeÌêð³¦ÄâçÈ¯êÎÈ
        èÜ¹ñD

        u[gfBXNÍ¼Ìtbs[É é[gt@CVXeð[
        h·é±Æª½¢Å·ªCn[hfBXNãÌ[gt@CVXe
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  g(t@C)Ìªð¼ûì¬·é±ÆðwµÜ·D±êçÍ¯¶fBXNÉ
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  fBXN + [gfBXN)à èÜ·DXL[fBXNÌprÉÍCÊ
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  Å«éÅµå¤D»µÄCüè«çÈ¢ªÉÎµÄ[eBeBfBXNð
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  4.  [gt@CVXeÌì¬

  [gt@CVXeðìéÛÉÍCVXeðÀs·é½ßÉKvÈt@
  CðIð·éKvª èÜ·D±ÌÍÅÍC³k`®Ì[gt@CVX
  eÌìèûðà¾µÜ·D ÜèsíêÜ¹ñªA¼Ú[gt@CVX
  eÆµÄ}Eg³êéC³k`®ÅÈ¢t@CVXeðtbs[ã
  Éìéû@à èÜ·D±Ìû@Í``ñ RAM fBXNÌ[gt@CVX
  e'' ÌÍÅà¾µÜ·D

  4.1.  Tv

  root t@CVXeÉÍC®SÉ®ì·é Linux VXeÉKvÈt@C
  SÄªüÁÄ¢È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD»Ì½ßfBXNÉÍ Linux VXe
  ÉÆÁÄKvÅ¬ÀÌt@CªüÁÄ¢È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñ:

  o  î{IÈt@CVXe\¢

  o  ÅáÀKvÈfBNg: /dev, /proc, /bin, /etc, /lib, /usr, /tmp

  o  î{IÈ[eBeB: sh, ls, cp, mv

  o  ÅáÀKvÈÝèt@C: rc, inittab, fstab

  o  foCX: /dev/hd*, /dev/tty*, /dev/fd0

  o  [eBeBªg¤ÀsCu

  à¿ëñ½©ª»ÌãÅ®©È¯êÎVXeÍðÉ§¿Ü¹ñDÈºÌæ¤
  È±ÆªÅ«È¯êÎC[gfBXNÍðÉ§ÂÆÍ¾¦Ü¹ñ:

  o  ¼ÌhCuÉ ét@CVXe(á¦În[hfBXNãÌ[g
     t@CVXe)Ì¸D±êðsÈ¤ÉÍC¸µ½¢fBXNÆÍÊ
     ÌhCu(á¦Î[gfBXN)Å Linux ð§¿ã°C¸µ½¢fB
     XNð}EgµÄ¢È¢óÔÅ fsck ðÀs·éKvª èÜ·D

  o  obNAbv©ç³Ì[ghCuÌSÜ½Íêð cpio, tar,
     gzip, ftape ÌA[JCuâ³kpÌ[eBeBðp¢Ä³·é
     ìÆD

  ±±Å³k`®Ìt@CVXeÌìèûðà¾µÜ·D±Ìt@CVX
  eÍfBXNãÅÍ³k³êÄ¢ÄCN®É RAM fBXNãÉWJ³ê
  Ü·D³k`®Ìt@CVXeðg¤ÆCWÌ 1.44M Ìtbs[É
  ½³ñÌt@C(ñ 6 KoCg)ðüêé±ÆªÅ«Ü·D±Ìt@C
  VXeÍtbs[æèà¸ÁÆå«¢½ßCtbs[ãÅìé±ÆÍ
  Å«Ü¹ñDµ½ªÁÄC¼ÌêÅì¬µÄ³kðµÄ©çtbs[É
  «ÜÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  4.2.  t@CVXeÌì¬

  ±Ìæ¤È[gt@CVXeðì¬·éÉÍC³kOÌt@CSÄð
  i[Å«éå«³ðÂfoCXªKvÉÈèÜ·D¨æ» 4 KoCgö
  xÌeÊðÂfoCXªKvÉÈéÅµå¤D¢Â©ÌóâðÈºÉ°
  Ü·:

  o  ramdisk (DEVICE = /dev/ram0)ðp¢éû@D±ÌêÍãÉ¼z
     IÈfBXNhCuªì¬³êÜ·D RAM fBXNÍKØÈTCYÌ
     t@CVXeð[ßéÌÉ\ªÈeÊðÁÄ¢È¯êÎÈèÜ¹
     ñD LILO ðgÁÄ¢éÈçÎCÝèt@C (/etc/lilo.conf)ÉÈºÌ
     æ¤ÈsðLqµÄ¾³¢:

             RAMDISK_SIZE = nnn

  ±êÉæÁÄCRAM fBXNÉèÄé±ÆªÅ«éÅåÌ RAM eÊðw
  èµÜ·DftHglÍ 4096K Å·D½Ôñ±Ìå«³Å\ªÅµå¤D
  ª 8M æèÈ¢}VÅÍC±Ìæ¤ÈÝèÅ RAM fBXNðg¤
  ÌÍð¯½Ù¤ªæ¢Åµå¤D

  /dev/ram0â/dev/ram, /dev/ramdiskÆ¢Á½foCXt@Cª é±Æð
  mFµÜµå¤DàµÈ¯êÎC mknod ðgÁÄ /dev/ram0 ðìèÜµå
  ¤(W[ÔÍ 1, }Ci[ÔÍ 0 Å·)D

  o  \ªÈeÊ(KoCgöx)Ì é¢gpÌn[hfBXNp[eB
     Vª êÎC±êðg¤ÆÇ¢Åµå¤D

  o  [vobNfoCXÌpD±êðg¤ÆfBXNãÌt@Cðfo
     CXÆµÄµ¤±ÆªÅ«Ü·D[vobNfoCXðg¤ÆC3 K
     oCgÌt@Cðn[hfBXNãÉpÓµC»ÌãÉt@CVXe
     ðìé±ÆªÅ«Ü·D
     [vobNfoCXÌg¢ûÍ man losetup Å²×Ä¾³¢D
     losetup ªÈ¯êÎC <ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/utils/util-
     linux/> É é util-linux pbP[WÉÜÜêÄ¢éCÎÅ mount Æ
     unmount Åà¯¶±ÆªÅ«Ü·D

     VXeãÉ[vobNfoCX(/dev/loop0, /dev/loop1)ª³¯ê
     ÎCR}h ``mknod /dev/loop0 b 7 0'' ðÀsµÄì¬µÜµå¤D
     ùÉÎÅÌ mount Æ umount ÌoCiðCXg[ÏÝÈçC\ª
     Èå«³ðÂn[hfBXNÉêt@Cðì¬µÜ·(±±ÅÍ
     /tmp/fsfile ÆµÜ·)DÌæ¤ÈR}hðg¢Ü·:

       dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/fsfile bs=1k count=nnn

  ±êÉæèCnnn ubNÌt@Cªì¬³êÜ·D

  ÈºÌèÅfoCX¼ðwè·éÆ±ëÅÍC DEVICE ÌãíèÉ±Ìì¬
  µ½t@CÌ¼OðgÁÄ¾³¢D mount ð[vobNfoCXÉÎ
  µÄg¤ÉÍ ``-o loop'' IvVðp¢Ü·DÈºÉáð¦µÜ·:

          mount -o loop -t ext2 /tmp/fsfile /mnt

  ±Ìæ¤É·êÎt@C /tmp/fsfile ª /mntÉ ([vobNfoCXo
  RÅ)}Eg³êÜ·D df R}hðgÁÄmFµÄ¾³¢D

  ÈãÌÇê©ðp¢ÄfoCXðìÁ½çCÜ¸Ìæ¤ÈR}hðÀsµ
  Ü·D

          dd if=/dev/zero of=DEVICE bs=1k count=3000

  ±ÌR}hÉæÁÄfoCXÌgª 0 Åßs³êÜ·D³kt@C
  VXeðì¬·éÉ ½ÁÄÍ±ÌìÆÍdvÅ·D¢gpÌªðSÄ
  0 ÉµÄ¨Æ³k¦ðÅåÉÅ«é©çÅ·D

  Ét@CVXeðì¬µÜ·D RAM fBXNÉ©®Rs[³êé[
  gfBXNÆµÄ Linux J[lªF¯Å«ét@CVXeÉÍC
  minix Æ ext2 ª èÜ·Dext2 Ìûª¨©ßÅ·Dext2 ðgÁÄ¢éê
  Í -i IvVðwèµÄftHgæè½Ì i-m[hðìÁÄ¨Æ
  æ¢Åµå¤D -i 2000 ÆµÄ¨¯Î i-m[hðg¢ØéSzÍµÈÄæ
  ¢Åµå¤D é¢Í /dev ©çsKvÈt@CðÁµÄ i-m[hðßñ
  µÄà¢¢Åµå¤DftHgÅÍ mke2fs Í 1.44 KÌtbs[É
  360 ÂÌ i-m[hðìèÜ·D³Á«MÒÌXL[fBXNð©ÄÝ½
  ç 120 ÂÌ i-m[hª]ÁÄ¢Üµ½Dµ©µ /dev fBNgÌt@C
  ðSÄÜßéÆ 360 ÂðÈPÉz¦ÄµÜ¤Åµå¤D³k`®Ì[g
  t@CVXeðp¢éÆt@CVXeÌå«³ª¦Ü·©çCf
  tHgÌ i-m[hÌà 360 ÈãÉÈèÜ·Dµ©µ»êÅàt@Cð
  ¸ç·© i-m[hðâ·©·éKvª éÅµå¤D

  i-m[hðâ·ÉÍCÌæ¤ÈR}hðg¢Ü·:

          mke2fs -m 0 -i 2000 DEVICE

  ([vobNfoCXðg¤Æ«ÍCãLÌ DEVICE Ìªðgp·ét@
  CÉu«·¦Ä¾³¢D±ÌêCmke2fs ÍÀsÌmFðµÄéÆv
  ¢Ü·D)

  mke2fs R}hÍpÂ\ÈeÊð©®IÉmµCt@CVXeðK
  ØÉÝèµÄêÜ·D-m 0 p[^ðp·éÆX[p[[UêpÌ
  \ñÌæðìçÈÈéÌÅCpÅ«éfBXNÌæª¦Ü·D

  ÉfoCXð}EgµÜ·:

          mount -t ext2 DEVICE /mnt

  (Ü¾ìÁÄ¢È¯êÎC}Eg|Cg /mnt ðpÓµÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹
  ñD)È~ÌÍÅÍCÎÛÆÈéfBNg¼Í /mnt©çÌÎpXÅ\·
  àÌÆµÜ·D

  4.3.  t@CVXeÌÚA

  [gt@CVXepÌ»ÀIÈÅ¬ÌfBNg\¬ÍÈºÌæ¤É
  ÈèÜ·:

  o  /dev -- foCXCI/O ÌÀsÉKv

  o  /proc -- proc t@CVXeÉKvÈfBNg

  o  /etc -- VXeÝèt@C

  o  /sbin -- K{ÌVXeoCi

  o  /bin  -- VXeÌêÆÝÈ³êéî{oCi

  o  /lib -- vOÀsÉg¤¤LCu

  o  /mnt -- ¼ÌfBXNðµ¤½ßÌ}Eg|Cg

  o  /usr -- »Ì¼Ì[eBeBâAvP[V

  (±±Å¦µ½fBNg\¢Í[gtbs[pÌàÌÅ·DÀÛÌ
  Linux VXeÅÍàÁÆ¡GÅ·µC¿áñÆµ½ûjÉ]ÁÄ¢Ü·D±
  ÌûjÍ Filesystem Hierarchy Standard ÆÄÎêéàÌÅCt@Cðu
  ×«êðßéK¥Å·D)

  ±ÌfBNgÌ¤¿ 3 ÂÍófBNgÈÌÅCPÉmkdirR}hÅ
  ì¬·é¾¯Å©Ü¢Ü¹ñD/procfBNgÍ proc t@CVXe
  ðzu·é½ßÌPÈéíÅ·D/mntÆ/usrÍCu[g/[gVXeªN
  ®µ½ãÉg¤½¾Ì}Eg|CgÅ·DÆ¢¤í¯ÅCJèÔµÉÈè
  Ü·ªC±Ì 3 ÂÌfBNgÍì¬·é¾¯Å©Ü¢Ü¹ñD

  cèÌ 4 ÂÌfBNgÉÂ¢ÄÍÈ~ÌÍÅà¾µÜ·D

  4.3.1.  /dev

  /dev fBNgÍSÄÌ Linux VXeÉK{ÌfBNgÅCVXe
  ªg¤SÄÌfoCXÉÎ·éXyVt@Cª±±É èÜ·D/dev
  ©gÍÊÌfBNgÅC²ÊÉ mkdir R}hÅì¬Å«Ü·D
  µ©µfoCXÌXyVt@CÍÁÊÈû@ (mknodR}h)ðp¢Ä
  ì¬µÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  àÁÆyÈû@à èÜ·DùÉ¶Ý·é /dev fBNgÌàeðRs[
  µÄC»ê©çsvÈàÌðÁ·éÌÅ·DÓµÈ¯êÎ¢¯È¢_ÍC
  foCXÌXyVt@CðRs[·éêÉÍ -R IvVªKvÈ
  ±Æç¢Å·D-R IvVðwè·éÆCt@CÌàeÍRs[¹¸
  ÉfBNgªRs[³êÜ·DR ÍK¸å¶ÉµÜ·D¬¶Ì -r I
  vVðg¤ÆSÙÈÁ½®ìÆÈèÜ·Dn[hfBXNÌàeª(
  ÈÆàtbs[ªêtÉÈéÜÅ)SRs[³êÄµÜ¤ÌÅ·! Å·
  ©çÌR}hðg¤Æ«ÍIvVÉÓµÄ¾³¢:

          cp -dpR /dev /mnt

  ±±Åtbs[Í /mnt É}Eg³êÄ¢éàÌÆµÜ·D d IvV
  ÍV{bNNðRs[·éÛÉCNæÌÀÌÅÍÈN»
  ÌàÌðRs[·é½ßÌwèÅ·D p IvVÍ³Ìt@CÌ®«ð
  Û¶µÜ·(µ½ªÁÄLÒîñàÛ¶³êÜ·)D

   ¦ÄèÔÌ©©éû@Åâè½¢êÍC Rs[µ½¢foCXÌW
  [ÔÆ}Ci[Ôð ls -l Å²×C mknod R}hÅtbs[ãÉ»
  êçðì¬µÜ·D

  foCXðRs[µ½ ÆCKvÈfoCXªS¿áñÆXL[fBX
  NÉ é©Ç¤©ðmFµÜµå¤Dá¦ÎCftape Íe[vfoCXðg¢
  Ü·©çCu[gfBXN©çe[vfoCXÉANZX·é\èª éÈ
  çCe[vÌfoCXt@CÍSÄRs[µÄ¨Kvª èÜ·D

  »ê¼êÌfoCXt@CÉÐÆÂÃÂ i-m[hªKvÅ·Dtbs[
  Ìt@CVXeÅÍ i-m[hÍs«µª¿Å·©çCKvÅÈ¢foC
  Xt@Cðtbs[Ì /devfBNg©çÁµÄ¨ÆÇ¢Åµå
  ¤D¾ç©ÉsKvÈfoCXª\ éÍ¸Å·Dá¦Î SCSI fBXNð
  ÁÄ¢È¢ÌÈç sd ÅÍ¶Üé¼OÌt@CÍSÄÁµÄµÜ¦Ü·D
  ¯lÉVA|[gðgíÈ¢ÂàèÈç cuaÅnÜét@CàÁ¹Ü
  ·D

  Ìt@CÍ±ÌfBNgÉK¸È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñ: console, kmem,
  mem, null, ram, tty1

  4.3.2.  /etc

  ±ÌfBNgÉÍ½ÌÝèt@Cªu©êÜ·DåïÌVXeÅÍ
  Ýèt@CÍÈºÌ 3 ÂÉªÞÅ«Ü·:

  1. âÎÉKvÈàÌDá¦Î rc, fstab, passwd ÈÇD

  2. Kv©àµêÈ¢¯êÇCæí©çÈ¢àÌD

  3. èÉÅ«ÄµÜ¤S~D

  KvÅÈ¢t@CÍÈºÌR}hÅ©Â¯é±ÆªÅ«Ü·:

               ls -ltru

  ±ÌR}hðg¤ÆCt@CÍÅãÉANZX³ê½úªÃ¢Éê\
  ¦³êéÌÅCANZX³êÄ¢È¢t@Cª êÎC[gtbs[©
  çæè¢ÄµÜ¢Üµå¤D

  Ìê[gtbs[ÉüêéÝèt@CÌÍºLÌ 15 ÂÉÜÅ¸
  çµÄ¢Ü·D±êÉæèCÈºÌ 3 íÞÌt@Cðµ¦Îæ¢æ¤É
  ÈÁÄ¢Ü·:

  1. u[g/[gVXeÉÝèµÈ¯êÎÈçÈ¢t@C:

     a. rc.d/* -- VXeÌN®ÆÀsxÏXÌXNvg

     b. fstab -- }Eg·ét@CVXeÌXg

     c. inittab -- init vZX (N®ÌÅÌvZX)Ìp[^D

  2. u[g/[gVXepÉZµÄ¨¢½ûªÇ¢t@C:

     a. passwd -- [UCz[fBNgÌXg

     b. group -- [UO[v

     c. shadow -- [UÌpX[hD±Ìt@CÍ³¢©àµêÈ¢D

     d. termcap -- [@\f[^x[X

     ZLeBªdvÈêÍCpasswd Æ shadow ð®µÄCVXeÌ
     OÉ[UÌpX[hªRs[³êÈ¢æ¤É·×«Å·DÜ½±¤·
     êÎCtbs[©çu[gµ½Æ«C\èOÌOCðÛÅ«Ü
     ·D

     passwd ÉÍÈÆàroot[UðüêÄ¾³¢D¼ÉOC³¹é
     ÂàèÌ[Uª¢éÈçCz[fBNgâVFàmFµÜµå
     ¤D

     termcap ([f[^x[X) ÌTCYÍCÊíSLoCgöxÅ·D
     N®fBXNâ[gfBXNÉüêé termcap t@CÉÍCgp·é
     [ÌÚ¾¯ðüêéæ¤ÉµÜµå¤DÊÍ linux-console ÌÚ
     ¾¯ÉÈèÜ·D

  3. cèD»_Å±êçÌt@Cðu¢½ÜÜÅVXeÍ¿áñÆ¢
     Ä¢éÌÅC»ÌÜÜÉµÄ èÜ·D

  ±ÌÅ{ÉÝèµÈ¯êÎÈçÈ¢ÌÍ 2 ÂÌt@C¾¯Å·D»Ì
  gÍÁÙÇ¬³¢àÌÅ·D

  o  rc ÍÈºÌæ¤ÉÈÁÄ¢Ü·:

             #!/bin/sh
             /bin/mount -av
             /bin/hostname Kangaroo

  fBNgª³µ¢±ÆðK¸m©ßÄ¾³¢D hostname ÍÁÉÀs·
  éKvÍ èÜ¹ñDPÉ©h¦ðÇ·é½ßÌàÌÅ·D

  o  fstab ÌàeÍÈºÌÊèÅ·:

             /dev/ram0       /               ext2    defaults
             /dev/fd0        /               ext2    defaults
             /proc           /proc           proc    defaults

  ùÉ¶Ý·é fstab ÌGg[ðRs[µÄà©Ü¢Ü¹ñªCn[h
  fBXNÌp[eBVª©®IÉÍ}Eg³êÈ¢æ¤É·×«Å·D
  noauto IvVðg¦ÎC»Ìæ¤ÈÝèÉÅ«Ü·D±¤µÄ¨¯ÎC
  n[hfBXNªóê½Éà±Ìu[gfBXNðgpÅ«Ü·D

  inittabÌ sysinit sÍÏXµÄC rc Ìî{IÆÈéN®XNvgðÀ
  s·éæ¤ÉµÄ¨©È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDVA|[g©çÌOCð
  Ö~·éÈçÎC inittab ÉÜÜêé getty ÌGgÌ¤¿Csª
  ttys Ü½Í ttyS foCXÉÈÁÄ¢éàÌðSRgAEgµÜ·D
  R\[©çÍOCÅ«éæ¤Étty ÌGgÍcµÄ¨«Üµå
  ¤D

  Å¬ÀÌ inittab ÍÌæ¤ÉÈéÅµå¤:

          id:2:initdefault:
          si::sysinit:/etc/rc
          1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 9600 tty1
          2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 9600 tty2

  inittab t@CÍCN®â}`[U[hÖÌÚsCd¹fÌÆ«
  ÈÇÉVXeªN®( é¢ÍÄN®)·éàÌðè`µÜ·D±±ÅÁÉ
  ÓµÄ¨«½¢_ÍC inittab ÉLq³êÄ¢ét@C¼ðÓ[mF
  ·é±ÆÅ·DLq³êÄ¢évOð init ª©Â¯çêÈ¢ÆCN®
  fBXNÍnOµÜ·D±Ìæ¤ÈêÉÍG[bZ[W³¦\¦³ê
  È¢©àµêÜ¹ñD

  vOÉæÁÄÍC¼ÌêÉÍÚ®³¹çêÈ¢±Æà èÜ·D¼Ì
  vOÉÊuªn[hR[h (¼ÚLq) ³êÄ¢éêÈÇª±êÉ 
  ½èÜ·D /etc/reboot ÌêÍ /etc/shutdown Ån[hR[h³êÄ¢Ü
  ·Dàµ reboot ð /bin/reboot ÉÚ®³¹éÆC shutdown Í reboot
  t@Cð©Â¯çêÈ¢ÌÅCÀsÅ«ÈÈÁÄµÜ¢Ü·D

  cèÌt@CÉÂ¢ÄÍ /etc fBNgÉ éSÄÌeLXgt@C
  ðPÉtbs[ÉRs[·é¾¯Å·DÁ¦Ä /etc fBNgÉ éÀ
  st@CÌ¤¿Csv¾Æ¢¤©MÌ³¢àÌðSÄRs[µÜ·D ``
  [gfBXNÌTvÌfBNgê'' ÌÍªðÉ§ÂÅµå¤D±
  Ìæ¤Èt@CðRs[·é¾¯Å¤Üs±Æà èÜ·ªCVXe
  Í»ê¼êå«ÙÈéÌªÊÅ·©çCR¤Üs©È¢êà è¦
  Ü·DâÎmÀÆ¾¦éû@ÍCinittab ©ç½ÇÁÄKvÈt@CðS
  mF·é±Æ¾¯Å·D

  »ÝÙÆñÇÌVXeÅÍCÀsx²ÆÉÙÈéVFXNvgÌu
  «êÆµÄ /etc/rc.d fBNgðgÁÄ¢Ü·DÆÉ©¬³µ½
  ¢êÉÍ rc XNvgÐÆÂ¾¯É·é±ÆàÅ«Ü·ªCÀÛÉÍ¡Ì
  VXe©ç inittab Æ /etc/rc.d fBNgðRs[µÄCtbs[
  x[XÌVXeÉsvÈàÌðíÁÄ¢ûª¸ÁÆÈPÅµå¤D

  4.3.3.  /bin Æ /sbin

  /bin fBNgÉÍ ls â mv, cat, dd ÈÇÌî{IÈìðs¤Æ«É
  KvÈR}hðu¢Ä¨ÆÇ¢Åµå¤Dt^Ì ``[gfBXNÌT
  vÌfBNgê'' ÅC/bin fBNgâ /sbinfBNgÉ
  u¢½t@CÌáð©Ä¾³¢D±ÌáÅÍ cpio, tar, gzip Æ¢Á½
  obNAbvÌ³ÉKvÈvOÍ èÜ¹ñD±êÍu[g/[g
  tbs[Ìó«Ìæðâ·½ßÉCÊÌtbs[([eBeBfB
  XN)ÉüêÄ é©çÅ·D¢Á½ñu[g/[gtbs[ðgÁÄu[
  g·éÆC±Ìtbs[ÌàeÍ©®IÉ RAM fBXNÉRs[³êÜ
  ·D·éÆCtbs[fBXNhCuÍó¢Ä¼ÌfBXNð}EgÅ
  «éæ¤ÉÈéÌÅC[eBeBfBXNð}EgµÄg¢Ü·DMÒ
  Í[eBeBfBXNðÊ /usr É}EgµÄ¢Ü·D

  [eBeBtbs[Ìì¬û@ÍãqÌ ``[eBeBfBXNÌ
  ì¬''ÌßÅà¾µÄ¢Ü·DobNAbvÌì¬ÉgÁ½ÌÆ¯¶o[W
  ÌobNAbv[eBeBðÛ¶µÄ¨ûª½Ôñæ¢Åµå¤D»
  ¤·êÎobNAbve[vðÇßÈ¢o[WÌàÌðCXg[µÄ
  Ôð³ÊÉ·é±ÆàÈ¢Åµå¤D

  ÌvOÍmÀÉüêÜµå¤: init, getty(Ü½Í¯i), login,
  mount, rc XNvgðÀsÅ«éVFC sh ©ç»ÌVFÖÌND

  4.3.4.  /lib

  /lib ÉÍKvÈ¤LCuÆ[_ðu«Ü·DKvÈ¤LCu
  ª /lib ÉÈ¯êÎVXeðu[g·é±ÆªÅ«Ü¹ñD^ªÇ¯êÎG
  [bZ[WÅ½ª«èÈ¢©ªí©éÅµå¤ªD

  ÙÆñÇSÄÌvOÍCÈÆà libc CuÅ é libc.so.N
  ðKvÆµÜ·D±±ÅCN Í»ÝÌo[WÔÅ·DÇÒÌÝÈ³ñÌ
  /lib ð`FbNµÄÝÄ¾³¢D libc.so.N ÍÊíC®SÈo[WÔ
  ðÂt@CÖÌV{bNNÅ·:

       % ls -l /lib/libc*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root      4016683 Apr 16 18:48 libc-2.1.1.so*
       lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           13 Apr 10 12:25 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.1.1.so*

  ±ÌêÉÍ libc-2.1.1.so ªKvÆÈèÜ·DRs[·×«¼ÌCu
  ð©Â¯éÉÍCüêæ¤Æ·éoCiðSÄ²×C ldd R}hð
  gÁÄË¶ÖWð`FbNµÜ·Dáð¦µÜ·:

          % ldd /sbin/mke2fs
          libext2fs.so.2 => /lib/libext2fs.so.2 (0x40014000)
          libcom_err.so.2 => /lib/libcom_err.so.2 (0x40026000)
          libuuid.so.1 => /lib/libuuid.so.1 (0x40028000)
          libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x4002c000)
          /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)

  E¤É ét@CªKvÈàÌÅ·Dt@CÍV{bNNÅ é
  ±Æà èÜ·D

  êÌCuÍñíÉå«CeÕÉÍ[gt@CVXeÉüêç
  êÈ¢±Æà èÜ·Dá¦ÎCæÉ°½ libc.so ÌTCYÍñ 4 Ko
  CgÅ·D±Ìt@Cð[gt@CVXeÉRs[·éÛÉÍCC
  uð strip ·éKvª é©àµêÜ¹ñD±ÌèÉÂ¢Ä
  ÍC``t@CVXeÌTCYÌí¸'' ÌßðQÆµÄ¾³¢D

  /lib ÉÍCuð[h·é½ßÌ[_àüêéKvª èÜ·D
  [_Ìt@CÌ¼OÍ ld.so (a.out Cup) Ü½Í ld-linux.so
  (ELF Cup) Å·DVµ¢o[WÌ ldd ðg¦ÎC(æÉ¦µ½
  áÌæ¤É)ÇÌ[_ªKvÈÌ©ª³mÉª©èÜ·ªCÃ¢o[W
  Ì ldd ÅÍ±êªª©çÈ¢±Æª èÜ·DÇ¿çªKvÈÌ©ªm©Å
  È¯êÎCCuÉÎµÄ file R}hðÀsµÄ¾³¢DÀsáð
  ¦µÜ·:

          % file/lib/libc.so.4.7.2 /lib/libc.so.5.4.33 /lib/libc-2.1.1.so
          /lib/libc.so.4.7.2: Linux/i386 demand-paged executable (QMAGIC), stripped
          /lib/libc.so.5.4.33: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1, stripped
          /lib/libc-2.1.1.so: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1, not stripped

  QMAGIC Í 4.7.2 Í a.out pCuÅ é±Æð¦µC ELF Í 5.4.33
  Æ 2.1.1 ª ELF pCuÅ é±Æð¦µÜ·D

  ìë¤ÆµÄ¢é[gt@CVXeÉKvÈ[_ðRs[µÄ¾³
  ¢D¼ûÆàKvÈêà é©àµêÜ¹ñDüêéoCiÉÎµÄC
  CuÆ[_ÍTdÉ`FbNµÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDJ[lªKvÈ
  Cuð[hÅ«È¢êCÊJ[lÍG[bZ[Wào³¸
  É~ÜÁÄµÜ¤Åµå¤D

  4.4.  PAM Æ NSS ÌÝè

  ldd ÅÍ©¦È¢C®IÉ[h³êéCuªVXeÉKvÆ³êé
  ©àµêÜ¹ñD

  4.4.1.  PAM (·µÖ¦Â\ÈFØW[)

  VXeª PAM (·µÖ¦Â\ÈFØW[)ðgÁÄ¢éêCu[g
  fBXNÉ¢ç©èðÁ¦È¢ÆOCÅ«ÈÈÁÄµÜ¢Ü·DPAM
  ÆÍ[UÌFØÆT[rXÖÌ[UANZXÆð§ä·é½ßÌè@ÅC
  «ê¢ÉW[»³êÄ¢éàÌÅ·DVXeª PAM ðgÁÄ¢é©
  Ç¤©ðÈPÉ²×éÉÍCn[hfBXNÌ /etc fBNgÉ
  pam.conf t@C© pam.d fBNgª é©Ç¤©mF·é±ÆÅ·D
  ±ÌÇ¿ç©ª¶Ý·éêCÅáÀÌ PAM T|[gðõµÈ¯êÎÈè
  Ü¹ñD(²×é½ßÌÊÌû@ÆµÄÍC ldd ð login ÌÀst@CÉ
  ÎµÄgÁÄÝéû@à èÜ·DoÍÉ libpam.so ªÜÜêéêÉÍC
  PAM ªKvÅ·D)

  D^È±ÆÉCu[gfBXNÅÍÊíCZLeBðl¦éKvÍS 
  èÜ¹ñDÈºÈçC}VÉ¨IÉANZXÅ«éÈçÎC¢¸êÉ¹æ
  ÇñÈ±ÆÅàÅ«é©çÅ·DæÁÄCÀãÍ PAM ð³ø»µÄà\¢
  Ü¹ñD±êÍÌæ¤ÈàeÌÈPÈ /etc/pam.conf ðì¬·é¾¯Å OK
  Å·:

  ______________________________________________________________________
  OTHER   auth       optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  OTHER   account    optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  OTHER   password   optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  OTHER   session    optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
  ______________________________________________________________________

  /lib/security/pam_permit.so t@Cà[gt@CVXeÉRs[µ
  Ü·D±ÌCuÍ 8K öxµ©È¢ÌÅCSÍÅ¬ÀÅÏÝÜ·D

  ±ÌÝèÉ·éÆC»Ì}VÌt@CâT[rXÉÍNÅà®SÈANZ
  XªÅ«éæ¤ÉÈèÜ·D½ç©ÌRÅu[gfBXNÅàZLeB
  ÉÓµ½¢êÉÍCn[hfBXNÌ PAM ÌÝèÌê é¢ÍSð
  [gt@CVXeãÉRs[µÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDPAM Ì¶ðæ
  ÇñÅC/lib/security É éCuÌ¤¿KvÈàÌð[gt@C
  VXeÉRs[µÄ¾³¢D

  Ü½Cu[gfBXNÉÍ /lib/libpam.so ðüêéKvª èÜ·ªCùÉ
  ÇÒÌÝÈ³ñÍ±êÍmÁÄ¢éÍ¸Å·DÈºÈçC /bin/login É ldd
  ðÀsµ½Æ«ÉC±Ìt@CªË¶ÖWÅ\¦³ê½©çÅ·D

  4.4.2.  NSS (l[T[rXØèÖ¦)

  glibc(Ê¼ libc6)ðgÁÄ¢éêCl[T[rXÉèðÁ¦È¯êÎ
  OCÅ«Ü¹ñDNSS ÅÍt@C /etc/nsswitch.conf ðgÁÄlXÈT
  [rXÖÌf[^x[XQÆð§äµÜ·Dlbg[NÌT[rX(DNS â
  NIS ÌQÆ)ÉANZX·éÂàèªÈ¯êÎCÈºÌæ¤ÈÈPÈ
  nsswitch.conf ðõ·é¾¯Å·:

  ______________________________________________________________________
       passwd:     files
       shadow:     files
       group:      files
       hosts:      files
       services:   files
       networks:   files
       protocols:  files
       rpc:        files
       ethers:     files
       netmasks:   files
       bootparams: files
       automount:  files
       aliases:    files
       netgroup:   files
       publickey:  files
  ______________________________________________________________________

  ±ÌwèÅÍSÄÌT[rXð[Jt@C¾¯©çó¯éæ¤ÉÈèÜ
  ·DÜ½C/lib/libnss_files.so.1 t@CàKvÉÈéÅµå¤D±Ì
  t@CÍt@CÌQÆðµ¤½ßÉ®IÉ[h³êÜ·D

  u[gfBXN©çlbg[NÉANZX·é±Æðl¦Ä¢éÈçÎC
  àÁÆ¿áñÆµ½ nsswitch.conf ð±¤Æv¤©àµêÜ¹ñDwèµ
  æ¤Æ·éT[rX²ÆÉ /lib/libnss_T[rX.so.1ðgÝÞKvª é
  ±ÆðYêÈ¢Å¾³¢D

  4.5.  W[

  W[»µ½J[lðgÁÄ¢éêCN®ãÉu[gfBXN©çÇ
  ÌW[ð[hµ½¢Ì©ðl¦È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDobNAbve
  [vªtbs[e[vÉ éêÍftape W[â zftapeW[
  ªKvÅµå¤µCSCSI @íª éÈç SCSI foCXpÌW[ªK
  vÅµå¤DÜ½CÙ}ÉlbgÉANZXµ½¯êÎ PPP â SLIP ðT
  |[g·é½ßÌW[àKvÉÈéÅµå¤D

  ±Ìæ¤ÈW[Í /lib/modules Éu«Ü·DÜ½C insmod, rmmod,
  lsmod àüêÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDW[ð©®IÉ[h·é©Ç¤©
  ÉæÁÄCmodprobe, depmod, swapout ªKvÉÈé©Ç¤©àÜèÜ
  ·Dkerneld ðg¤ÈçÎ /etc/conf.modules àêÉüêÜµå¤D

  µ©µCW[ðg¤ÅåÌ_ÍCK{ÅÈ¢W[ð[eB
  eBfBXNÉÚµÄ¨¢ÄKvÈÉ[hÅ«é_Å·D±êÉæèC
  [gfBXNÅg¤eÊª¸èÜ·DÙÈéíÞÌfoCXð½µíÈ¯ê
  ÎÈçÈ¢©àµêÈ¢êC½³ñÌhCoðgÝñ¾åÈJ[l
  ð1Âìéæèà±ÌAv[`ÌûªDÜµ¢Åµå¤D

  ³k`®Ì ext2 t@CVXeðg¤ÉÍ RAM fBXNÆ ext2 ÌT
  |[gÍJ[lÉgÝÜÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD±êçðW[ÆµÄ
  g¤±ÆÍÅ«Ü¹ñD

  4.6.  »Ì¼Ì×©¢

  /var/run/utmp t@Câ /var/log fBNgª¶ÝµÈ¢êCêÌ
  VXevO(login )Í¶åð¾ÁÄ«Ü·D»±ÅÌæ¤ÉµÄ
  ¨«Ü·:

          mkdir -p /mnt/var/{log,run}
          touch /mnt/var/run/utmp

  KvÈCuðÝèµ½çCÅãÉ ldconfig ðÀsµÄ[gt@C
  VXeÌ /etc/ld.so.cache ðìè¼µÜ·D±ÌLbVª[_É
  CuÌêð³¦Ü·Dld.so.cache ðìè¼·ÉÍÌR}hðÀs
  µÜ·:

          chdir /mnt; chroot /mnt /sbin/ldconfig

  chroot ªKvÈÌÍCldconfig ªíÉ[gt@CVXeÌLbV
  ðìè¼·©çÅ·D

  4.7.  dã°

  [gt@CVXeÌì¬ªIíÁ½çC±Ìt@CVXeðA}
  EgµCt@CÉRs[µÄC³kµÜ·:

          umount /mnt
          dd if=DEVICE bs=1k | gzip -v9 > rootfs.gz

  ±êªIíÁ½ç³k`®Ì[gt@CVXeÅ é rootfs.gz ªÅ
  «éÍ¸Å·D±Ìå«³ð²×Ctbs[ÉûÜé±Æðm©ßÜµå
  ¤DûÜèØçÈ¢êÉÍCt@Cð¢Â©ÁµÜµå¤D[gt@
  CVXeÌTCYð¬³·éêC ``[gt@CVXeÌTC
  YÌí¸''ZNVªQlÉÈéÅµå¤D

  5.  J[lÌIð

  ±Ì_Å³k`®Ì[gt@CVXeÍ®¬µÄ¢Ü·DÌXeb
  vÍJ[lð\zÜ½ÍIð·é±ÆÅ·DÙÆñÇÌêÍ»ÝgÁÄ¢
  éJ[lðRs[µC»êÅìÁ½tbs[©çu[g·êÎæ¢Åµå
  ¤D»êÅàÊÌJ[lðìè½¢êà é±ÆÅµå¤D

  RÌ1ÂÍå«³Å·D1Ìu[g/[gfBXNðìéêCJ[l
  Ítbs[ÅÅåÉß¢t@CÉÈéÍ¸Å·D»±ÅCJ[lÌT
  CYðÅ«é¾¯¬³µÄ¨Kvª èÜ·DJ[lÌTCYð¬³
  ·éÉÍCT|[g·é@\ðVXeÉKvÈÅ¬ÀÌàÌÉiÁÄJ[l
  ð\zµÜ·DÂÜèCsvÈàÌðSÄO·ÌÅ·Dlbg[N@\Í
  OµÄæ¢Åµå¤µCu[g/[gVXeÅÍsKvÈfBXNâ»Ì
  ¼ÌfoCXàO¹éÅµå¤D½¾µCùÉq×½æ¤É RAM fBXNÆ
  ext2 ÍJ[lÉgÝñÅ¨©È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  J[lÉ½¹éÅáÀÌ@\ªÜÁ½çCÍJ[lÉß·àÌð
  ßéKvª èÜ·Du[g/[gtbs[ÌVXeðg¤êÊIÈ
  [UÌ½Í½ªóê½[gt@CVXeÌ¸Æðs¨¤ÆµÄ
  ¢éÌÅµå¤©çC±êðs¤½ßÌJ[lÌT|[gªKvÅµå¤D
  á¦ÎCobNAbvªSÄ ftape ðgÁÄe[vÉüêçêÄ¨èC©Â
  »Ý[gÉµÄ¢éhCuÆ ftape ªüÁÄ¢éhCuªóêÄµ
  ÜÁ½êCobNAbve[v©çðsÈ¤±ÆÍÅ«Ü¹ñD±¤
  ÈÁÄµÜÁ½çCLinux ðÄCXg[µÄ ftape ðüèECXg[
  µC»ê©çobNAbvÌÇÝoµðsíÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  ÂÜèdvÈÌÍCÊíÌJ[lÉgÝñÅ¢éobNAbvpÌ I/O
  T|[gÍCu[g/[gÌJ[lÉàgÝñÅ¨×«¾Æ¢¤±Æ
  Å·D

  ÀÛÉJ[lð\z·é½ßÌèÍCJ[lÉt®Ì¶Åà¾³êÄ
  ¢Ü·D±êÍÆÄàÈPÈÌÅCÜ¸Í /usr/src/linux ð²¾³¢D
  J[là¿áñÆìêÈ¢æ¤ÈçÎCu[g/[gfBXNðìë¤Æ
  l¦éÌÍâß½ûª¢¢Åµå¤D``make zImage'' ÅJ[lð³k·é
  ±ÆðYêÈ¢Å¾³¢D

  6.  SðÜÆßé: tbs[Ìì¬

  ±êÅJ[lÆ³k`®Ì[gt@CVXeªÅ«Üµ½D1Ìu
  [g/[gfBXNðìéÈçÎC¼ûÌTCYðí¹Äà1ÌfBXN
  ÉûÜé±ÆðmFµÜ·Du[g+[gð2gÅìéÈçÎC[gt@
  CVXeª1Ìtbs[ÉûÜé±ÆðmFµÜ·D

  Éu[gfBXNÌJ[lð LILO ÅN®·é©Ç¤©ðßÜ·DÊÌ
  û@ÆµÄÍCJ[lð¼Útbs[É«ñÅ LILO ³µÅN®³¹
  é±ÆàÅ«Ü·DLILO ðg¤_ÍCVXeãÌn[hEFAÌú»
  ÉKvÈp[^ðwèÅ«é_Å·D(VXeÌ /etc/lilo.conf ð©
  Ä¾³¢D±Ìt@Cª ÁÄC ``append=...'' Æ¢Á½Lqª ê
  ÎC½Ôñ±Ì@\ªKvÅ·D) LILO ðg¤_Íu[gfBXNðìé
  ÌªÊ|È_ÆCfBXNÌgpÊªµ¦ÄµÜ¤_Å·DÜ½C¬³È
  ÊÌt@CVXe(¢íÎJ[lt@CVXe)àÝèµÈ¯êÎÈ
  çÈ¢Åµå¤D±±É LILO ªKvÆ·é¼Ìt@CÆJ[lð]·
  é±ÆÉÈèÜ·D

  LILO ðg¤±ÆÉµ½lÍ±ÌÜÜÇÝ±¯Ä¾³¢DJ[lð¼Ú]
  ·é±ÆÉµ½lÍC ``LILO ðgíÈ¢ê''ÌßÖiñÅ¾³¢D

  6.1.  LILO ðgÁ½J[lÌ]

  ÅÉ·×«±ÆÍCLILO Ì½ßÌÈPÈÝèt@Cðìé±ÆÅ·D±
  êÍÌæ¤ÉÈèÜ·:

  ______________________________________________________________________
          boot      =/dev/fd0
          install   =/boot/boot.b
          map       =/boot/map
          read-write
          backup    =/dev/null
          compact
          image     = KERNEL
          label     = Bootdisk
          root      =/dev/fd0
  ______________________________________________________________________

  p[^ÌÚ×ÉÂ¢ÄÍ LILO Ì[U¶ð²¾³¢D±Ìt@C
  ÉÍn[hfBXNÌ /etc/lilo.conf t@C©ç²«oµ½
  append=... ÌsðÇÁµÄ¨×«©àµêÜ¹ñD

  ±Ìt@CÍ bdlilo.conf ÆµÄÛ¶µÜ·D

  ±±Å¬³¢t@CVXeðìçÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD[gt@CV
  XeÆæÊ·é½ßC±Ìt@CVXeÍJ[lt@CVXeÆ
  ÄÑÜ·D

  Ü¸C±Ìt@CVXeÌå«³ðßÜ·DJ[lÌTCYðub
  NÅß(``ls -l KERNEL'' Å¾çêéTCYð 1024 ÅèC[ðØè
  ã°Ü·)C±êÉ 50 ubNðÁ¦Ü·D50 ubNÆ¢¤ÌÍCi-m[
  hâ¼Ìt@CÌªÌ¨æ»ÌTCYÅ·D±Ìlð³mÉßÄà©Ü
  ¢Ü¹ñªCPÉ50ðgÁÄà©Ü¢Ü¹ñD2gÌfBXNðìéêÉ
  ÍC±ÌTCYÍàÁÆå«©ÏàÁÄàåävÅµå¤DÇ¤¹ÅÌ
  fBXNÉÍJ[lµ©üêÈ¢ÌÅ·©çD±Ìð KERNEL_BLOCKS
  ÆµÜ·D

  hCuÉtbs[ðüêÄC±Ìtbs[É ext2 J[lt@CV
  Xeðì¬µÜ·(\LðÈPÉ·é½ßChCuÍ /dev/fd0 Å éà
  ÌÆµÜ·):

          mke2fs -i 8192 -m 0 /dev/fd0 KERNEL_BLOCKS

  ``-i 8192'' IvVÍC1ÂÌi-m[hÅ8192oCgðg¤±Æðwèµ
  Ü·DÉt@CVXeð}EgµClost+found fBNgðÁ
  µCLILO pÉ dev fBNgÆ boot fBNgðìèÜ·D

          mount /dev/fd0 /mnt
          rm -rf /mnt/lost+found
          mkdir /mnt/{boot,dev}

  É /dev/nullfoCXÆ /dev/fd0foCXðìèÜ·DfoCXÔð²
  ×ÈÄàC-R IvVðg¦În[hfBXN©ç»ÌÜÜRs[Å«
  Ü·D

          cp -R /dev/{null,fd0} /mnt/dev

  LILO ÉÍu[g[_ÌRs[(boot.b)ªKvÅ·D±êÍn[hfBXN
  ©çÁÄé±ÆªÅ«Ü·DÊí±êÍ /boot fBNgÉu©êÜ
  ·D
          cp /boot/boot.b /mnt/boot

  ÅãÉCæöÌßÅpÓµ½ LILO ÌÝèt@CðJ[lÆêÉRs[
  µÜ·D¼ûÆà[gfBNgÉu±ÆªÅ«Ü·D

          cp bdlilo.conf KERNEL /mnt

  ÈãÌèÅCLILO ªKvÆ·éàÌÍSÄJ[lt@CVXeÉ
  õÅ«Üµ½ÌÅCLILO ðÀsµÜ·DLILO Ì -r IvVðg¤ÆCu
  [g[_Í¼Ìêð[gÉµÄCXg[³êÜ·D

          lilo -v -C bdlilo.conf -r /mnt

  LILO ÍG[ðN±³È¢Í¸Å·D»µÄ LILO ÌÀsãÉÍCJ[l
  t@CVXeÍÈºÌæ¤ÉÈÁÄ¢éÍ¸Å·:

  ______________________________________________________________________
  total 361
    1 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          176 Jan 10 07:22 bdlilo.conf
    1 drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jan 10 07:23 boot/
    1 drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jan 10 07:22 dev/
  358 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       362707 Jan 10 07:23 vmlinuz
  boot:
  total 8
    4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root         3708 Jan 10 07:22 boot.b
    4 -rw-------   1 root     root         3584 Jan 10 07:23 map
  dev:
  total 0
    0 brw-r-----   1 root     root       2,   0 Jan 10 07:22 fd0
    0 crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,   3 Jan 10 07:22 null
  ______________________________________________________________________

  t@CTCYªµç¢áÁÄ¢ÄàCÉ·éKvÍ èÜ¹ñD

  hCu©çfBXNð²«C ``ramdisk ÏÌÝè''ÌßÉiÝÜµå
  ¤D

  6.2.  LILO ðgíÈ¢J[lÌ]

  LILO ðgíÈ¢êÉÍCdd R}hðgÁÄJ[lðu[gfBXNÉ
  ]µÜ·D

          % dd if=KERNEL of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
          353+1 records in
          353+1 records out

  ±ÌáÅÍCdd Í 353 R[h(ÌSÌ)Æ1R[h(Ìê)ð«ñÅ
  ¢Ü·Dµ½ªÁÄCJ[lÍfBXNæªÌ 354 ubNðgÁÄ¢Ü
  ·D±Ìð KERNEL_BLOCKS ÆµÜ·D±êÍÌZNVÅg¤Ì
  ÅCo¦Ä¨¢Ä¾³¢D

  ÅãÉC[gfoCXðtbs[ÉÝèµC[gðÇÝ«Â\Å[
  hÅ«éæ¤ÉÝèµÜ·D

          rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
          rdev -R /dev/fd0 0

  ãÌûÌ rdev ÅÍK¸ -R ðå¶ÉµÜµå¤D

  6.3.  ramdisk ÏÌÝè

  J[lC[WÌ ramdisk ÏÉÍ[gt@CVXeÌÊuÉÖW
  ·éIvVªwè³êÄ¢Ü·D±ÌÏÉÍ rdev R}hÅANZ
  X·é±ÆªÅ«CÏÌàeÍÈºÌæ¤ÉÈÁÄ¢Ü·:

          æ 0-10rbg:  RAM fBXNæªÊuÖÌItZbgAhXD
                          1024 oCgÌubNªPÊÉÈèÜ·D
          æ11-13rbg:  ¢gpÅ·D
          æ   14rbg:  RAM fBXNð[h·é©Ç¤©ÌtOÅ·D
          æ   15 rbg: [gt@CVXeð[h·éOÉtbs[
                          ð·Ìvvgðo·©Ç¤©ÌtOÅ·D

  æ 15 rbgªZbg³êÄ¢éÆCu[gÉ 2 ÚÌtbs[ðh
  CuÉüêéæ¤ÉÆ¢¤vvgªoÜ·DfBXN 2 ©çÈéu[
  gVXeÅÍ±ÌtOªKvÉÈèÜ·D

  1Ìu[g/[gfBXNðìé©C2gÌuu[g+[gvfBXNð
  ìé©ÉæÁÄCèÍ2ÂÉª©êÜ·D

  1. 1 ÌfBXNÅìéêC³k`®Ì[gt@CVXeðJ[l
     Ì¼ãÉu«Ü·DÂÜèCItZbgÊuÍÅÌó«ubNÅ
     ·(±êÍ KERNEL_BLOCKS Éµ¢Í¸Å·)Dæ14rbgÉ1ðC
     æ15rbgÉ0ðZbgµÜ·D

     á¦ÎC1 gÌfBXNð\zµæ¤ÆµÄ¢ÄC[gt@CVX
     eðubN 253 (10 il)©çnßæ¤ÆµÄ¢éÆµÜ·Dramdisk
     ÏÌlÍ 253 (10 il)ÌÍ¸Å èCrbg 14 É 1 ªZbg³êC
     rbg 15 É 0 ªZbg³êÄ¢Ü·D±ÌlðvZ·éÉÍCPÉ 10
     ilð«µí¹Ä¾³¢D·Èí¿u253 + (2^14) = 253 + 16384 =
     16637vÅ·D±ÌlÌRªÇª©çÈ¯êÎC±ÌlðÖdìÉ
     üêÄ 2 ilÉÏ·µÄÝÄ¾³¢D

  2. 2 gÌfBXNðìéêC[gt@CVXeÍ 2 ÚÌfBX
     NÌæ 0 ubN©çnÜèÜ·DÂÜèCItZbgÊuÍ 0 Å·D
     æ 14, 15 rbgÉÍ»ê¼ê 1 ðZbgµÜ·D±ÌêC10 ilÍ
     2^14 + 2^15 = 49152 ÆÈèÜ·D

  ramdisk ÏªµÁ©èÆvZÅ«½çCrdev -r R}hðgÁÄÝèµÜ
  ·DÝèÌÛÉÍ 10 iðgÁÄ¾³¢DLILO ðgÁÄ¢éêÉ
  ÍCrdev Én·ø«Í}Eg³êéJ[lÌpX(á:
  /mnt/vmlinuz)ÅÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDJ[lð dd ÅRs[µ½êÍC
  ±ÌãíèÉtbs[ÌfoCX¼(á: /dev/fd0) ðg¢Ü·D
          rdev -r KERNEL_OR_FLOPPY_DRIVE  VALUE

  LILO ðgÁÄ¢éêÉÍCtbs[ðA}EgµÜ·D

  6.4.  [gt@CVXeÌ]

  ÅãÌXebvÍ[gt@CVXeÌ]Å·D

  o  [gt@CVXeðJ[lÆ¯¶fBXNÉuêC dd R}
     hÉ seek IvVðt¯Ät@CVXeð]µÜ·D±ÌI
     vVÍæª©çXLbv·éubNðwè·éàÌÅ·D

             dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=KERNEL_BLOCKS

  o  [gt@CVXeð2ÔÚÌfBXNÉuêCÅÌtbs[
     ð²¢Ä2ÔÚÌtbs[ðüêC±êÉ[gt@CVXeð]
     µÜ·D

             dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k

  ¨æê³ÜC±êÅìÆI¹Å·! Ù}pÌfBXNÆµÄÛÇ·éOÉÍK
  ¸eXgðµÜµå¤D±ÌfBXNÅN®Å«È¯êÎCguV[
  eBOª éÌÅC±ÌæðÇñÅÝÜµå¤D

  7.  guV[eBOCÜ½ÍÁÜÌêµÝ

  u[gfBXNðìë¤Æ·éêCÅÌ½ñ©ª¸s·éÌÍæ é±
  ÆÅ·D[gfBXNðì¬·éÛÉæp¢çêéûjÍCè¿ÌVX
  e©çiðæèoµÄtbs[x[XÌVXeÉlßÝCR\[
  ÉbZ[WªoéÜÅsöëðJèÔ·±ÆÅ·DbZ[W³¦oê
  Î¼ªÁ½à¯RÅ·DãÍVXeª¶åð¾íÈÈéÜÅCêÂêÂ
  âèððµÄ¢¯Îæ¢ÌÅ·DVXeª½ÌbZ[Wào³¸Én
  O·éêÍC»ÌRð²×éÌÍåÏÅ·D½Æ©\¦ªoéiKÉB·
  éÉÍC¢Â©Ìiª¿áñÆµÁÄ¢ÄC³µÝè³êÄ¢éKvª
   éÌÅ·DVXeª½à¾ÁÄêÈ¢æ¤Èâèð©Â¯é½ßÌ¨©
  ßÌèðÈºÉ¦µÜ·:

  o  ÈºÌæ¤ÈbZ[WªoÍ³êé©àµêÜ¹ñ:

     Kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on XX:YY

  ±êÍ èª¿ÈâèÅ·µC´öà²ÀçêÄ¢Ü·DÜ¸foCX
  XX:YY ðfoCXR[hÌXgÅmFµÄ¾³¢D±êª³µ¢[gf
  oCXÅ·©? ³µÈ¯êÎCrdev -R ÌÀsðYê½©CÔáÁ½C[
  WÉÎµÄ rdev -R ðÀsµ½ÆvíêÜ·DfoCXR[hª³µ¯ê
  ÎCÉfoCXhCoªJ[lÉgÝÜêÄ¢é©Ç¤©ðµÁ©è
  ²×Ä¾³¢Dtbs[fBXNCRAM fBXNCext2 t@CVXe
  ÌT|[gªJ[lÉgÝÜêÄ¢é±Æðm©ßÄ¾³¢D
  o  [gfBXNÉÓ}µ½fBNgª{ÉÜÜêÄ¢é©CµÁ©
     èmFµÜ·D/bin ÅÈ /rootdisk/bin Ìæ¤ÈÔáÁ½fBNg
     ÉRs[µÄµÜ¤Æ¢¤±ÆÈÇª èª¿Å·D

  o  /lib/libc.so ª é±ÆÆC/lib fBNgÌNªn[hfBX
     NÆ¯¶ÉÈÁÄ¢é±ÆðmFµÜ·D

  o  »ÝÌVXeÌ /dev fBNgÉ¨¯éV{bNNª[
     gfBXNÌt@CVXeÉà¶ÝµÄ¢é±ÆðmFµÜ·DÜ½
     Næª¿áñÆ é±ÆàmFµÜ·DÁÉ /dev/console ðYêª
     ¿ÈÌÅCðt¯Ä¾³¢D

  o  [gfBXNÉ /dev/tty1, /dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/mem,
     /dev/ram, /dev/kmem ª é±ÆðmFµÜ·D

  o  J[lÌÝèðmFµÄ¾³¢D OC·éÜÅÉKvÈVXe
     \[XÌhCoªSÄgÝÜêÄ¢éÅµå¤©(W[ÅÍ¾
     ß)D RAM fBXNÌhCoÍJ[lgÝÝÅÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹
     ñD

  o  J[lÌ[gfoCXÆ RAM fBXNÌÝèª³µ¢©Ç¤©mFµ
     Ü·D

  ÈãÌæ¤ÈêÊIÈ_ªmFÅ«½çCÉ¦·æ¤Èt@Cð`FbN
  µÄÝÜµå¤:

  1. init ª /sbin/init Ü½Í /bin/init ÆµÄ¶ÝµÄ¨èCÀsÂ\É
     ÈÁÄ¢é±ÆðmF·éD

  2. ldd init ðÀsµÄC init Ìg¤CuðmFµÄ¾³¢DÊí
     Í libc.so ¾¯Åµå¤ªC»êÅà`FbNµÄ¾³¢DKvÈC
     uâ[_ªfBXNÉüÁÄ¢é±ÆàmFµÜ·D

     gÁÄ¢éCuÉÁ½[_ª é±ÆðmFµÜ·D a.out `
     ®ÈçÎ ld.so Å·µCELF `®ÈçÎ ld-linux.so Å·D

  3. u[gfBXNÌ /etc/inittab ð©ÄC getty ( é¢Í agetty,
     mgetty, getty_ps Ì getty Æ¯ÌvO) ÌÄÑoµûð²×
     Ä¾³¢DÆOüèÉä×Ä¾³¢D¿áñÆÓ¡ðÁ½LqÉ
     ÈÁÄ¢é©C¨g¢ÌvOÌ}jAy[WàQÆµÄ¾³
     ¢Dinittab Í¨»çÅàïµ¢ªÅ·DÈºÈç¶@âàeªC
     gÁÄ¢é init vOâVXeÌìèÉæÁÄÏíÁÄµÜ¤©
     çÅ·Dinittab ð³µ½ßÌèiÍ½¾êÂCinit Æ inittab
     Ì}jAy[WðÇñÅC»ÝÌVXeªu[gÉâÁÄ¢é±
     Æðð«¾©·±ÆÅ·D /etc/inittab ð©ÄC»±ÉVXeÌú
     »ðsÁÄ¢éGgª é±ÆðmFµÄ¾³¢D±Ìt@CÉ
     ÍVXeú»Ì½ßÉÀs·éXNvgª©êÄ¢éÍ¸Å·D
     ±±Åwè³êÄ¢ét@CÍ¶ÝµÄ¢È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  4. init ÉsÁ½ÌÆ¯¶æ¤ÉC getty ÉÎµÄà ldd ðÀsµCKvÈ
     Cuð\¦³¹Ü·D»µÄ»ÌCuÌt@CÆ[_ª
     [gt@CVXeÉüÁÄ¢é±ÆðmFµÜ·D

  5. rc XNvgðSÄÀsÅ«éVFvO(á: bash â ash)ª 
     é±ÆðmFµÜ·D

  6. XL[fBXNÉ /etc/ld.so.chace ª·ÅÉ¶ÝµÄ¢éæ¤Åµ
     ½çCìè¼µÄ¾³¢D

  init ªN®µÄàÌæ¤ÈbZ[WªoÍ³êé±Æª èÜ·:

          Id xxx respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes

  ±êÍ init ªo·àÌÅC¨g¢Ì getty Ü½Í login ªN®µÄ·®É
  ÙíI¹µ½±Æð¦µÄ¢Ü·D getty â login ÌÀst@CC»µÄ
  »êçªË¶µÄ¢éCuð`FbNµÄ¾³¢D Ü
  ½C/etc/inittab ©çÌÄÑoµûª³µ¢©Ç¤©à²×Ä¾³¢D
  getty ª¨©µÈbZ[WðoÍ·éêÍC¨»ç /etc/inittab ©ç
  ÌÄÑoµûªÔáÁÄ¢Ü·Dgetty ÌIvVÍvOÉæÁÄá
  ¢Ü·DÜ½ agetty ÅÍo[WÉæÁÄÝ·«ªÈ¢ê³¦ é»¤
  Å·D

  OCvvgª»íêC³µ¢OC¼ðüÍµ½ÌÉC¦ÀÉÌ
  OCvvgðVXeªo·êÉÍCPAM © NSS Éâèª éÆ
  víêÜ·D``PAM Æ NSS'' Ìßð²¾³¢DVhEpX[hð
  gÁÄ¢éÌÉ /etc/shadow ðu[gfBXNÉRs[µÄ¢È¢êÉ
  àC±Ìâèªoé±Æª èÜ·D

  ½©ÌÀst@C(á¦Î df)ðXL[fBXN©çN®µ½Æ«ÉC
  df: not found Ìæ¤ÈbZ[WªoéêÉÍCÌ 2 _ðmFµÄ
  ¾³¢: (1) oCiª éfBNgª PATH ÉÜÜêÄ¢é©D (2)
  vOªKvÆ·éCu(Æ[_)ª é©D

  8.  »Ì¼ÌgsbNX

  8.1.  t@CVXeÌTCYÌí¸

  t@CVXeªå«·¬ÄC³kµÄàtbs[ÉüçÈ¢±Æª è
  Ü·D»±ÅCt@CVXeÌTCYð¸ç·û@ð¢Â©ÐîµÜ
  ·DLøÈàÌ©çÉÐîµÜ·:

     fBXNÌ§xðã°é
        ftHgÅÍCtbs[fBXNÍ 1440K ÅtH[}bg³êÄ
        ¢Ü·Dµ©µCàÁÆ¢§xÅg¤±ÆàÅ«Ü·Dfdformat Í
        ÌTCYÅfBXNðtH[}bgÅ«Ü·: 1600, 1680, 1722,
        1743, 1760, 1840, 1920. 1440K ÎhCuÌåªÍ 1722K Éà
        ÎµÄ¢éÌÅCMÒÍ¢Âà±ÌTCYðu[gfBXNÅgÁÄ
        ¢Ü·Dfdformat Ì}jAy[WÆ
        /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt ðQÆµÄ¾³¢D

     VFðÏ¦é
        Linux ÅÇgíêéVF(bash â tcsh )Íå«¢ãÉFXÈ
        CuðKvÆµÜ·D±êçÌãpÆµÄg¦é ash, lsh, kiss
        , smash Ìæ¤ÈyÊÌVFª èÜ·D±êçÍ¬³¢Å·µCK
        vÈCuàÈ¢Å·( é¢ÍS èÜ¹ñ)D±Ìæ¤È
        VFÌÙÆñÇÍ
        <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/shells/> ÅüèÅ«Ü
        ·D½¾µC±Ìæ¤ÈVFðg¤êÉÍCu[gfBXNÉgÝ
        ñ¾ rc t@CÅÀs·éR}hðSÄÀsÅ«é±ÆðmFµ
        Ä¨¢Ä¾³¢D

     CuâoCiðXgbv·é
        oCiâCuÌ½ÍÊÍXgbv³êÄ¢Ü¹ñ(ÂÜ
        èCfobOpÌV{ªÜÜêÄ¢Ü·)D±Ìæ¤Èt@CÉ
        'file' ðs¤Æ 'not stripped' Æ\¦³êÜ·DoCið[g
        t@CVXeÉRs[·éÆ«ÉÍCÌæ¤É·éÆæ¢Åµå
        ¤:

                objcopy --strip-all FROM TO

     CuðRs[·éÆ«ÉÍÌæ¤ÉµÜ·:

             objcopy --strip-debug FROM TO

     K{ÅÈ¢t@Cð[eBeBfBXNÉÚ·
        u[gâOCÉÍ¼ÚKvªÈ¢oCiÍC[eBeBfB
        XNÉÚ·±ÆªÅ«Ü·DÚµÍ ``[eBeBfBXNì
        ¬''Ìßð²¾³¢DW[ð[eBeBfBXNÉÚ·
        ±Æðl¦Äàæ¢©àµêÜ¹ñD

  8.2.  ñ RAM fBXNÌ[gt@CVXe

  ``[gt@CVXeì¬''ÌÍÅÍC³k`®Ì[gt@CVXe
  Ìì¬û@ðà¾µÜµ½D±êÍVXeÌN®É ramkdisk ÖÌ[
  hðs¤àÌÅ·D±Ìû@ÉÍ_ª½¢ÌÅCêÊIÉgíêÄ¢Ü·D
  Å·ªVXeÉæÁÄÍCªÈÄ RAM fBXNðpÓÅ«È¢
  ±Æà èÜ·D±Ìæ¤ÈêÉÍCtbs[fBXN©ç¼Ú[g
  t@CVXeð}EgµÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  ³k`®Ìt@CVXeðìéæèàC±Ìæ¤Èt@CVXeðì
  éûªÀÍÈPÅ·DÈºÈçC½©ÊÌfoCXÅÍÈ¼Útbs[ã
  Éì¬·é±ÆªÅ«éµC³k·éKvàÈ¢©çÅ·D±±ÅÍOÌà¾
  ÆÌá_Ì`Åì¬û@ÌTªð¦µÜ·D±Ìû@ðg¤êÉÍCg¦
  éeÊÍ¸ÁÆ¬³ÈÁÄµÜ¤_ðYêÈ¢æ¤ÉµÜµå¤D

  1. [gÉut@CÉg¦éeÊðvZµÜ·D

     1Ìu[g/[gfBXNðìéêCJ[lªÌubNÆ[g
     t@CVXeªÌubNªSÄ1ÌfBXNÉûÜéæ¤ÉµÈ¯
     êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  2. mke2fs ðp¢CKØÈTCYÌ[gt@CVXeðtbs[ãÉ
     ì¬µÜ·D

  3. æÉq×½èÅt@CVXeðÚµÜ·D

  4. ±êªIíÁ½çCt@CVXeðA}EgµC±êðfBXN
     Ìt@CÉ]µÜ·D½¾µ³kµÄÍ¢¯Ü¹ñD

  5. æÉq×½èÅJ[lðtbs[É]µÜ·Dramdisk Ïð
     ßéÆ«ÉÍCæ14rbgÍ0ÉµÄ[gt@CVXeª RAM fB
     XNÉ[h³êÈ¢±Æðw¦µÜ·DOÉà¾µ½æ¤É rdev ðÀ
     sµÜ·D

  6. æÌà¾Æ¯¶æ¤É[gt@CVXeð]µÜ·D

  à¤¿åÁÆÈPÈû@à¢Â© èÜ·D2gÌfBXNZbgðìé
  êCÅIIÈ[gt@CVXeð¼Ú2ÚÌfBXNÉìêÎCê
  xn[hfBXNÌt@CÉÚµÄ©çÄÑ«ß·KvÍ èÜ¹ñDÜ
  ½CLILO ðgÁÄ1Ìu[g/[gfBXNðìéêCfBXNSÌð
  1ÂÌt@CVXeÉµCJ[lCLILO ÖAt@CC[gÉu
  t@CðSÄu±ÆªÅ«Ü·D±ÌêàOÉq×½æ¤É LILO ðÀ
  s·é¾¯Å·D

  8.3.  [eBeBfBXNÌì¬

  OÌà¾ÉÍC[eBeBfBXNÍ /usrÉ}Eg·é±ÆªÅ«é
  Æ«Üµ½D±ÌêÉÍoCið[eBeBfBXNÌ /bin Éu
  «Ü·D±¤·éÆCpXð /usr/bin ÉÊ¹ÎANZXÅ«éæ¤ÉÈèÜ
  ·DoCiªKvÆ·éÇÁÌCuÍ[eBeBfBXNÌ
  /lib Éu«Ü·D

  [eBeBfBXNì¬ÌÛÉÍÓ·×«_ª¢Â© èÜ·:

  1. VXeÉK{ÌoCiâCuð[eBeBfBXNÉu¢
     ÄÍÈèÜ¹ñD±ÌfBXNÍVXeªN®·éÜÅÍ}Eg·é
     ±ÆªÅ«È¢©çÅ·D

  2. tbs[fBXNhCuÆtbs[e[vhCuÉ¯ÉANZ
     X·é±ÆÍÅ«Ü¹ñDÂÜè[eBeBfBXNÌ}Eg
     ÍCtbs[e[vhCuÉÍANZXÅ«È¢Æ¢¤±ÆÅ·D

  3. [eBeBfBXNãÌt@CÖÌANZXÍxÈèÜ·D

  [eBeBfBXNÉut@CÌáðCt^Ì ``[eBeB
  fBXNÌTvÌfBNgê'' ÉÚ¹Ä¢Ü·D±±ÅÍÖÆ
  víêéàÌð¢Â©°Ä¨«Ü·: fBXNÌ¸EìpÌvO
  (format, fdisk)Ct@CVXeÌ¸EìpÌvO(mke2fs,
  fsck, debugfs, isofs.o)CyÊeLXgGfB^(elvis, jove)C³kEA[
  JCuÌ[eBeB (gzip, tar, cpio, afio)Ce[vp[eB
  eB(mt, tob, taper)CÊM[eBeB(ppp.o, slip.o, minicom)Cfo
  CXpÌ[eBeB(setserial, mknod)D

  9.  vªg¤û@

  {¶Åà¾µ½u[gfBXNæèàCW[ÈfBXgr[V
  (Slackware, RedHat, Debian )ÅgíêÄ¢éu[gfBXNÌûªæÅ
  «Ä¢é±ÆÉÇÒÌF³ñàCÃ©êé©àµêÜ¹ñD±Ìæ¤ÈfBX
  gr[VÌu[gfBXNàî{IÈÆ±ëÍ¯¶ÈÌÅ·ªC¼É
  àFXÈeNjbNªgíêÄ¢Ü·DÆ¢¤ÌàC±Ìæ¤Èu[gfBX
  NÉÍCKvðªæè½ é©çÅ·DÜ¸C±Ìæ¤Èu[gfBXN
  ÍFXÈn[hEFAÅ®ìµÈ¯êÎÈçÈ¢ÌÅC[Uªwèµ½eí
  foCXhCoð[hÅ«È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñDÉCFXÈCXg[
  IvVÅ®ìµÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñ (±êÍCXg[Ì©®»Ìx
  ¢ÉæÁÄÏíèÜ·ª)D³çÉCfBXgr[VÌu[gfB
  XNÍCXg[ÆXL[Ì@\ðí¹ÁÄ¢Ü·D

  u[gfBXNÉæÁÄÍ initrd (ú RAM fBXN (initial ramdisk))
  Æ¢¤@\ðgÁÄ¢éàÌà èÜ·D±Ì@\ÍJ[l 2.0.x  ½è
  Å±ü³ê½àÌÅC2 ÂÌtF[YÉª¯ÄJ[lðN®Å«éæ¤Éµ
  Ü·DÅÉJ[lðN®·éÆ«C initrd Íú RAM fBXNÌC
  [Wðu[gfBXN©ç[hµÜ·D±Ìú RAM fBXNÍ[g
  t@CVXeÅ èCÀÛÌ[gt@CVXeÌ[hÌOÉÀs
  ·évOªüÁÄ¢Ü·DÊíC±ÌvOÍVXeÂ«ð²×
  ½èC[UÉN®IvV(ÀÛÌ[gfBXNð[h·éfoCX
  )ðâ¢í¹½èµÜ·DÜ½ initrd ÍCJ[lÉgÝÜêÄ¢È
  ¢ÇÁW[Ì[hàs¢Ü·D±ÌúvOªI¹·éÆCJ
  [lÍÀÛÌ[gC[Wð[hµÄÊíÊèÉN®ð±sµÜ
  ·Dinitrd ÉÖ·éÚµ¢îñÉÂ¢ÄÍC
  /usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txtâ
  <ftp://elserv.ffm.fgan.de/pub/linux/loadlin-1.6/initrd-example.tgz> ð
  ²¾³¢D

  ó: JF ÉÍ initrd.txt Ì|ó ª èÜ·DÜ½C Ext-Rootfs-mini-
  HOWTO Æ¢¤ÖA¶ª èÜ·D

  ÈºÅÍefBXgr[VÌCXg[fBXNªÇÌæ¤É®ì
  ·éÌ©ðÈPÉà¾µÜ·D±êÍ»ê¼êÌt@CVXeâ\[XR
  [hð²×½ÊÉîÃ¢½àÌÅ·D±Ìîñª³µ¢ÛØÍ èÜ¹ñ
  µC{¶É¢Ä éo[WÈ~ÅÏX³êÄ¢È¢ÛØà èÜ¹
  ñD

  Slackware (o[W 3.1)Í ``LILO ðgÁ½J[lÌ]''ÌßÅq×
  ½æ¤ÈCf¼Èû@ðgÁÄ¢Ü·DSlackware Ìu[gfBXNÍ LILO
  Ì message p[^ðgÁÄCN®bZ[W (``Welcome to the
  Slackware Linux bootkernel disk!'')ð\¦µÜ·D±ÌbZ[Wðg
  ¢C[UÌKvÉ¶ÄN®p[^sðüÍ³¹Ü·DN®Ìã
  ÉC2ÚÌfBXN©ç[gt@CVXeª[h³êÜ·D»ê©
  ç[UÍ setup XNvgðÀsµÄCCXg[ðJnµÜ
  ·DSlackware ÅÍCJ[lðW[»µÈ¢ÅCFXÈíÞÌJ[l
  (u[gfBXN)ðpÓµÄ¢Ü·D[UÍ©ªÌn[hEFAÉ¤à
  ÌðIðµÜ·D

  RedHat(o[W 4.0)à LILO ÉæéN®ðs¢Ü·DLILO Í³k`®Ì
  RAM fBXNðÅÌfBXN©ç[hµC±Ì ramdisk ÅJX^}CY
  ³ê½ init vOªÀs³êÜ·D±ÌvOÍhCoÌâ¢
  í¹ðs¢C»ê©çKvÉ¶ÄÇÁfBXN©çÇÁÌt@Cð[h
  µÜ·D

  Debian (o[W 1.3)ÌCXg[fBXNÍ½ªàÁÆàÃÁÄ¢é
  àÌÅµå¤D±ÌfBXNÍ SYSLINUX Æ¢¤[_ðgÁÄeí[hI
  vVð®µCinitrd C[WðgÁÄCXg[ÌÔ[UÌKC
  hðs¢Ü·DDebian ÅÍJX^}CYµ½ init ÆJX^}CYµ½VF
  ðgÁÄ¢éæ¤Å·D

  10.  FAQ(æ é¿â)Xg

  Q. boot/root fBXN©çu[g³¹½ÌÅ·ªC½àN±èÜ¹ñDÇ¤
  ·êÎæ¢Åµå¤?

  {¶Ì``guV[eBO''ÌÍð²¾³¢D

  Q. Slackware â Debian, RedHat Ìu[gfBXNÍÇÌæ¤ÉµÄ®¢Ä
  ¢éÌÅ·©?

  ``vªg¤û@''ÌÍð²¾³¢D

  Q. XYZ hCoªüÁ½u[gfBXNðìéÉÍ?

  ÅàÈPÈû@Í Slackware ÌJ[lðÅñèÌ Slackware Ì~[TC
  g©çæÁÄé±ÆÅ·D Slackware ÌJ[lÍÂ\ÈÀè½³ñÌ
  hCoðlßñ¾ÄpÌJ[lÅ·©çC SCSI © IDE ÌRg[
  ª·ÅÉ¶Ý·éÈçC»ÌhCoª Slackware ÌJ[lÉÜÜêÄ
  ¢éÂ\«Í¢Åµå¤D

  è¿ÌRg[É¤æ¤É a1 fBNg©ç IDE Ü½Í SCSI
  ÌJ[lðIÑÜ·D xxxxkern.cfg t@Cð©ÄCIñ¾J[lÉK
  vÈhCoªÜÜêÄ¢é©Ç¤©mFµÄ¾³¢DàµKvÈfoCX
  ªXgÉ êÎ»ÌJ[lÅ È½ÌRs[^ðu[gÅ«éÍ¸Å
  ·D xxxxkern.tgz ð_E[hµCu[gfBXNÌì¬û@ÌÍÅà¾
  µ½âèûÅfBXNÉRs[µÄ¾³¢D

  ÉÈºÌ rdev R}hðÀsµÄJ[lÌ[gfoCXðmFµÄ
  ¾³¢:
          rdev zImage

  rdev Í»ÝÌJ[lÉÝè³êÄ¢é[gfoCXð\¦µÜ·Dàµ
  ó]·éfoCXÆÙÈéêÍÄÑ rdev ðgÁÄÏXµÜ·Dá¦Îª
  µ½J[lÅÍ /dev/sda2 ªÝè³êÄ¢Üµ½ªCÌ[gÉÈé
  SCSI p[eBVÍ /dev/sda8 Å·D root fBXNðg¤ÉÍCÈºÌ
  R}hðÀs·éKvª éÅµå¤D

          rdev zImage /dev/fd0

  Slackware Ì root Æ¯¶æ¤ÈfBXNðìè½¢CÆ¢¤¿âÍ±Ì
  HOWTO ÌÍÍðz¦Ä¢Ü·D Linux Install Guide ð©é©CÀÛÉ
  Slackware ÌpbP[WðèÉüêÄ¾³¢Düèû@Í±Ì HOWTO ÌQ
  l¶£ÌÍÉ¢Ä èÜ·D

  Q. J[lðVµµ½çu[gtbs[ÍÇÌæ¤ÉÏX·êÎæ¢Å
  µå¤?

  Vµ¢J[lðu[g³¹éfBXNÉRs[·é¾¯Å·Du[gfBX
  NÌêÍ dd R}hðC u[g/[gfBXNÌêÍ cp R}hð
  g¢Ü·D u[gfBXNÌì¬ÉÖµÄÍC``Boot'' ÌÍðQÆµÄ¾
  ³¢D±±É¢Ä éû@Íu[gfBXNÌJ[lðXV·éêÉà
  g¦Ü·D

  ó: u[g/[gfBXNÌêÍ LILO ðÀsµÄ¨Kvª èÜ
  ·D

  Q. Ç¤·êÎ[gfBXNÌt@CðVµÅ«éÅµå¤?

  ÅàyÈû@ÍCt@CVXeð[gfBXN©ç©ªªgÁÄ¢éf
  oCXÉRs[·é±ÆÅ·(OqÌ ``t@CVXeÌì¬'' ÌßðQ
  ÆµÄ¾³¢)DÉt@CVXeð}EgµCÏXðs¢Ü·D±
  ÌÆ«C[gt@CVXeªnÜéÊuÆgp·éubNÍµ
  Ä¨«Üµå¤D

          dd if=/dev/fd0 bs=1k skip=ROOTBEGIN count=BLOCKS | gunzip > DEVICE
          mount -t ext2 DEVICE /mnt

  ÏXªIíÁ½çCOq(``dã°'' Ìß)ÌèÅ[gt@CVXe
  ðfBXNÉ«ßµÜ·DVµ¢[gt@CVXeÌJnÊuðÏX
  µÈ¢ÀèCJ[lÌ]µ¼µâCramdisk ÏÌÄvZÌKvÍ èÜ
  ¹ñD

  Q. DOS ðu[g³¹é½ßÉ LILO ðíµ½¢ÌÅ·ªD

  {Íu[gfBXNÆÍÖWÈ¢bÈñÅ·ªCñíÉæ·©êé¿âÅ
  ·DLinux ÅÍÌR}hðÀsµÄ¾³¢:

               /sbin/lilo -u

  LILO ªÛ¶µ½obNAbvð dd R}hðgÁÄu[gZN^ÉRs[
  ·é±ÆàÅ«Ü·D±Ìû@ÉÂ¢ÄÍ LILO Ì¶ðQÆµÄ¾³¢D

  DOS â Windows ÅÍÌR}hðg¢Ü·:

               FDISK /MBR

  MBR Í Master Boot Record ÌªÅ·D±ÌR}hÉæÁÄu[gZN^ª
  DOS ÌàÌÉu«ÏíèÜ·D±ÌÆ«p[eBVe[uÍÏíèÜ¹
  ñD±Ìû@É½Î·éR`R`Ì Linux ³kà¢Ü·ªC LILO ÌìÒÅ
   é Werner Almesberger Í^¬hÅ·DÈPÅ·µC¿áñÆ@\µÜ·D

  Q. J[làu[gfBXNàÜÆßÄ³µÄµÜ¢Üµ½DÇ¤µÜ
  µå¤?

  u[gfBXNðpÓµÄ¢È©Á½êÉÍC¨»ç Slackware ÌJ[
  lðp·éÌªêÔÈPÅµå¤D¨g¢ÌfBXNRg[Ì^C
  v(IDE © SCSI)É¤ûðgÁÄ¾³¢DàeÉÖµÄÍuXYZ hCo
  ªüÁ½u[gfBXNðìéÉÍ?vÌQ&AÉ¢Ä èÜ·D±ÌJ[l
  ÅRs[^ªu[gÅ«½çáQð¼µÄ¾³¢D

  æÁÄ«½J[lÅÍC[gfoCXªó]ÌfBXNâp[eBV
  ÉÈÁÄ¢È¢©àµêÜ¹ñDá¦Î Slackware Ì SCSI J[lÅÍ
  [gÌfoCXÍ /dev/sda2 ÉÈÁÄ¢Ü·Dµ©µá¦ÎÌ Linux p[
  eBVÍ /dev/sda8 Å·D±Ìæ¤ÈêÉÍJ[lÌ[gfoC
  XÝèðÏXµÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñD

  Linux ÌVXeªÈÄàCJ[lÌ[gfoCXâ RAM fBXNÌ
  ÝèÍÏX·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·D DOS ÈÇÌ OS ª êÎ OK Å·D

  rdev ÍJ[lt@CÌÜÁ½ItZbgAhXÌªÌlð«·
  ¦Ä¢Ü·DÅ·©çCÇñÈVXeãÌàÌÅàoCiGfB^³¦ 
  êÎ¯¶±ÆªÅ«Ü·Dá¦Î DOS ÈçCm[g[eBeBÌfB
  XNGfB^ÈÇªg¦Ü·DJ[lÌÈºÌItZbgAhXÌlð²
  ×ÄCKvÉ¶ÄÏXµÜ·:

       16i    10i à¾
       0x01F8  504  ramdisk ÏÌºÊoCg
       0x01F9  505  ramdisk ÏÌãÊoCg
       0x01FC  508  [gfoCXÌ}Ci[Ô -- ÈºÅà¾µÜ·
       0X01FD  509  [gfoCXÌW[Ô -- ÈºÅà¾µÜ·

  ramdisk ÏÌÓ¡Í ``ramdisk ÏÌÝè'' ÌßÅùÉà¾µÄ¢Ü·D

  W[ÔÆ}Ci[ÔÍ[gt@CVXeð}Eg·éfoC
  XÌÔÉZbgµÜ·DÇgíêéÔðÈºÉ°Ä¨«Ü·:

       foCX     W[ }Ci[
       /dev/fd0            2     0   ÅÌtbs[hCu
       /dev/hda1           3     1   ÅÌ IDE hCuÌp[eBV1
       /dev/sda1           8     1   ÅÌ SCSI hCuÌp[eBV1
       /dev/sda8           8     8   ÅÌ SCSI hCuÌp[eBV8

  ±êçÌlðÝèµ½çCJ[lt@Cðtbs[É«ÝÜ·Dm
  [g[eBeBÌfBXNGfB^âC rawrite.exe ÆÄÎêé DOS
  R}hªg¦Ü·D±ÌvOÍÙÆñÇÌfBXgr[VÉ
  üÁÄ¢Ü·DfBXNð raw foCXÆÝÈµÄu[gZN^©çt@C
  ð«ÝÜ·Dt@CVXeÆµÄÍµ¢Ü¹ñDm[g[eB
  eBðg¤êÉÍt@Cð¨fBXNÌæª©ç«ÞKvª è
  Ü·D

  Q. u[g/[gfBXNðRs[·éû@ð³¦Ä¾³¢D

  ¥CfBAÍoò»µÜ·©çCIWiªóê½Æ«Ì½ßÉ\õÌ
  XL[fBXNð½©~µ¢Æ±ëÅ·D

  u[gfBXNâ[eBeBÌtbs[ðRs[·éÅàÈPÈû@
  ÍC dd R}hðgÁÄIWiÌtbs[Ìàeðn[hfBXNÌ
  t@CÉRs[µC»êðÜ½ dd R}hÅÊÌtbs[É«ß·â
  èûÅ·D dd R}hÍ raw foCXÖÌ«ÝªÅ«Ü·©çtb
  s[ð}Eg·éKvÍ èÜ¹ñ(tÉ}EgµÄÍ¢¯Ü¹ñ)D

  IWiðRs[·éÉÍÌR}hðp¢Ü·:

               dd if=DEVICENAME of=FILENAME
               ±±Å DEVICENAME ÍfBXNhCuÌfoCX¼Å èC
               FILENAME Í(n[hfBXNãÌ)oÍt@C¼Å·

  ±Ìæ¤É count p[^ðÈª·éÆCfBXNSÌÅ é2880 ub
  N(§xtbs[Ìê)ªRs[³êÜ·D

  êt@CðVµ¢tbs[É«ß·ÉÍCVµ¢tbs[ðüêÄ
  ÌR}hðÀsµÜ·:

               dd if=FILENAME of=DEVICENAME

  ±±ÜÅq×Ä«½àeÍtbs[hCuªÐÆÂµ©È¢êÅ·Dà
  µ¯¶hCuª 2 Â éêÉÍCÌæ¤ÈR}hðg¦Î¼Út
  bs[ÔÅRs[ªÅ«Ü·:

               dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/fd1

  Q. u[gÌ½ÑÉ "ahaxxxx=nn,nn,nn" ÆÅ¿ÞÌÍÊ|Å·D

  á¦Î SCSI foCXª©®IÉo³êÈ¢æ¤ÈêÉÍCJ[lÉÈ
  ºÌæ¤Èp[^¶ñð^¦ÄâéKvª èÜ·:

               aha152x=0x340,11,3,1

  LILO ðp¢Ä±Ìp[^¶ñðJ[lÉn·ÉÍ¢Â©Ìû@ª
   èÜ·:

  o  VXeª LILO ÉæÁÄN®³êé½ÑÉR}hC©çp[
     ^ðÅ¿ÞDµ©µ±êÍÊ|ÈñÅ·æËH

  o  LILO Ì ``lock'' L[[hðp¢ÄCR}hC©çÅ¿ñ¾p
     [^ðftHgÉ·éD©çÌu[gÅÍ LILO Íñ¯¶Iv
     Vðg¤æ¤ÉÈèÜ·D

  o  LILO ÌÝèt@CÅ append= é¾ðg¤Dp[^¶ñÍøp
     ÅÍÞKvª é±ÆÉÓµÄ¾³¢D

  R}hC©çp[^¶ñðÅ¿ÞêÍÈºÌæ¤ÉÈéÅ
  µå¤:

               zImage  aha152x=0x340,11,3,1 root=/dev/sda1 lock

  ±êÍfoCXÌp[^¶ñðnµCJ[lÉ[gfoCXð
  /dev/sda1 É·éæ¤w¦µC³çÉ±ÌR}hCSÌðÛ¶µÄ©
  çÌu[gÅÄÑp¢éæ¤ÉµÄ¢Ü·D

  APPEND é¾ÌáðÈºÉ¦µÜ·:

               APPEND = "aha152x=0x340,11,3,1"

  R}hCÅÍp[^¶ñÍøpÅÍÁÄÍ¢¯Ü¹ñDtÉ
  APPEND é¾ÅÍøpÅÍíÈ¯êÎ¢¯Ü¹ñDÔá¦È¢æ¤ÉD

  p[^¶ñð@\³¹éÉÍJ[lÉhCoªÜÜêÄ¢È¯êÎ
  ÈèÜ¹ñDÜÜêÄ¢È¯êÎ»à»àp[^ðó¯æéàÌªÈ¢Ì
  Å·©çCKvÈhCoðÜñ¾J[lðÄ\z·éKvª èÜ·DJ
  [lÄ\zÌÚ×ÉÂ¢ÄÍ /usr/src/linux fBNgÌ README âC
  Linux FAQC Installation HOWTO ÈÇð¨ÇÝ¾³¢DÜ½ÍKvÈh
  CoðÜñ¾ÄpÌJ[lðèÉüêC»êðgÁÄ¾³¢D

  LILO ðCXg[·éOÉ LILO Ìt®¶ðÇñÅ¨±Æð¨E
  ßµÜ·DspÓÉ BOOT é¾ðg¤ÆCp[eBVðó·±Æà è¦
  Ü·D

  Q. u[gÉ A: cannot execute B Æ¢Á½G[ªoÜ·D

   é[eBeBª¼ÌvOðN®·éêC»ÌvOÌ¼O
  ª[eBeBÌàÉn[hR[h³êÄ¢é±Æª èÜ·D±Ìæ¤
  ÈêÍCÀÛÉvOª ÁÄà[eBeBÉÍ©¦È¢Æ¢¤±
  ÆªN±èÜ·D strings R}hðp¢½oÍðpCvÅ grep ÉÂÈ°
  ÎCâèðN±·[eBeBªÇñÈ¼OÅ¼ÌvOðgÁÄ¢é
  ©ªí©èÜ·D

  n[hR[hÌáÆµÄÈºÌæ¤ÈàÌªmçêÄ¢Ü·:

  o  ÁèÌo[WÌ shutdown Í /etc/reboot ð¼ÚvOÉ¢
     Ä¢Ü·D]ÁÄ reboot Í /etc ÉuKvª èÜ·D

  o  J[lª init ð©t¯çêÈ¢Æ¢¤âèªN±Á½±Æª èÜ
     ·D

  ±êçÌâèðð·éÉÍvOð³µ¢fBNgÉÚ®·é©C
  àµÍ inittab Ìæ¤ÈÝèt@CÌûðÏX·éKvª èÜ·Dà
  µ^íµ¢êÉÍ»Ýn[hfBXNÅgÁÄ¢éÌÆ¯¶fBNg\
  ¬C inittab, /etc/rc.d ðgÁÄÝé±ÆÅ·D

  Q. ÌJ[lÍ RAM fBXN@\ðT|[gµÄ¢éÌÉ RAM fBXN
  ÌTCYª 0K ÉÈÁÄµÜ¢Ü·D

  ±Ìæ¤È±ÆªN±éêÍCJ[lÌN®ÉÌæ¤ÈbZ[Wª
  \¦³êÜ·:

          Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 0K size

  ±êÍ¨»çu[gÉ±ÌTCYªJ[lp[^Å 0 ÉÝè³ê
  Ä¢é½ßÅµå¤D LILO ÌÝèt@CÉÈºÌæ¤Èsª èÜ¹ñ
  ©?

       ramdisk= 0

  Ã¢fBXgr[VÌêÅÍ LILO ÌÝèt@CÌTvÉ±
  ÌsªüÁÄ¢é±Æª èÜ·D±ÌsÍJ[lÅÌÝèæèDæ³êÄ
  µÜ¢Ü·D±Ìæ¤Èsª êÎíµÜµå¤D

  TCY 0 Ì RAM fBXNðgpµ½êÌÊÍ\ªÅ«Ü¹ñDJ[l
  pjbNªN±é±Æà è¦Ü·D

  A.  ÖAîñ

  pbP[Wðüè·éÆ«ÉÍCÁÊÈRªÈ¢ÀèÍÅ«é¾¯Vµ¢à
  ÌðüèµÜµå¤D

  A.1.  ù»Ìu[gfBXNÌüè

  ±±Å°éÌÍfBXgr[VÌu[gfBXNÌzz³Å·D}
  VÉ×ð©¯È¢½ßÉC~[TCgðg¤æ¤ÉµÜµå¤D

  o  Slackware Ìu[gfBXN
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/bootdsks.144/>C
     [gfBXN
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/rootdsks/>C

     Slackware Ì~[TCg <http://www.slackware.com/getslack/>

  o  RedHat Ìu[gfBXN
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/redhat/current/i386/images/>CRedHat
     Ì~[TCg <http://www.redhat.com/mirrors.html>

  o  Debian Ìu[gfBXN
     <ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/dists/stable/main/disks-
     i386/current/>, Debian Ì~[TCg
     <ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/README.mirrors.html>

  fBXgr[VÌu[gfBXNÈOÉàCÈºÌæ¤ÈXL[
  fBXNÌC[WªüèÂ\Å·DÁÉwèµÈ¢ÀèÍ
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html> fB
  NgÉ èÜ·D

  o  tomsrtbt, ìÒÍ Tom Oehser ³ñDJ[l 2.0 x[XÌ 1 Ìu[
     g/[gfBXND½³ñÌ@\ÆT|[gvOªt¢Ä¢Ü
     ·DIDE, SCSI, e[vClbg[NJ[hCPCMCIA ðT|[gD
     fBXNÌCÆf[^«ßµÌ½ßÌ[eBeBvOªñ
     100 ÂüÁÄ¢éD±ÌpbP[WÉÍCKvÉ¶ÄVµ¢àÌðÇÁ
     Å«éæ¤ÉCC[WÌªðÆÄ\¬Ì½ßÌXNvgàüÁÄ¢
     éD

  o  rescue02, ìÒÍ John Comyns ³ñDJ[l 1.3.86 x[XÌXL
     [fBXNDIDE, Adaptec 1542, NCR53C7,8xx ðT|[gDELF oCi
     ðgÁÄ¢éªCÇñÈVXeÉÅàg¦é¾¯ÌR}hªüÁÄ¢
     éD¼Ì SCSI J[hÌT|[gpÉN®ãÉ[hÅ«éW[ª
      éDRAM fBXNª 3M KvÈÌÅCª 4M Ì}VÅÍ®ìµ
     È¢ÆvíêéD

  o  resque_disk-2.0.22, ìÒÍ Sergei Viznyuk ³ñDKvÈ@\ªS
     µÁÄ¢éCJ[l 2.0.22 x[XÌ1Ìu[g/[gfBXNDIDE
     Æ½Ì SCSI Rg[CELF, a.out ðgÝñÅ éD½Ì
     W[âCfBXNCEf[^pÌ[eBeBªüÁÄ¢
     éD

  o  cramdisk C[WCJ[l 2.0.33 x[XDª 4M â 8M Ì}V
     ÅàpÂ\Dmath G~[VÆlbg[N(PPP, dialin X
     NvgCNE2000, 3C509)Cp|[gp ZIP hCuðT|[gD
     ±ÌfBXNC[WÍ RAM ª 4M Ì 386 àN®Å«éDlbg[N
     ©ç DOS p[eBVÜÅ_E[hÉpÅ«éæ¤ÉCMSDOS T
     |[gàüÁÄ¢éD

     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/images>

  A.2.  XL[pbP[W

  XL[fBXNðìé½ßÌpbP[WÍ metalab.unc.edu Å¢Â©
  üè·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·D±¤µ½pbP[Wðg¤ÆCüêét@Cð
  ZbgÅÜÆßÄwèµ½èCu[gfBXNÌì¬ð(öxÍ¢ë¢ë è
  Ü·ª)\tgEFAÅ©®»·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·DÚµÍ
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html> ð²
  ¾³¢Dt@CÌútÍæmFµÄ¾³¢DÆ¢¤ÌàCêÌpb
  P[WÍ½NÔàXV³êÄ¨ç¸CRAM fBXNÉ[h·é³k`®Ì
  [gt@CVXeÌì¬àT|[gµÄ¢Ü¹ñDMÒªméÀèÅÍC
  ±Ìæ¤ÈÃ¢pbP[WÍ Yard ¾¯Å·ªD

  A.3.  Graham Chapman ³ñÌVFXNvg

  Graham Chapman ³ñÍu[gfBXNÌìèûÌáÆµÄCÖÈXNv
  gÌZbgðì¬µÄ¢Ü·D±Ì HOWTO ÌOÌo[WÅÍ±ÌXN
  vgðt^ÆµÄüêÄ¢Üµ½ªC»ÝÍ¶ÉÚ¹éÌÍâßÄEFuy
  [WÉu¢Ä¢Ü·:

  <http://www.zeta.org.au/~grahamc/linux.html>

  ±ÌXNvgðg¦ÎÖ³ªª©éÆv¢Ü·ªCà¾ÍæÇñÅ¾
  ³¢Dá¦ÎCXbvfoCXðÔá¦Äwè·éÆC[gt@CVX
  eªÕ`àÈÁ³êÄµÜ¢Ü·Dg¤OÉÍ¿áñÆÝè³êÄ¢é
  ©m©ßÜµå¤D

  A.4.  LILO -- Linux [_

  ìÒÍ Werner Almesberger ³ñÅ·DDê½u[g[_Å·µChL
  gÉÍu[gZN^Ìàeâu[gvZXÌúiKÉÖ·éîñª©
  êÄ¢Ü·D

  <ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/lilo/> ©ç ftp Åüè·é±
  ÆªÅ«Ü·Dmetalab â»Ì~[©çàüè·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·D

  A.5.  Linux FAQ Æ HOWTO ¶

  FXÈÆ±ëÉu¢Ä èÜ·D usenet Ìj[XO[v news.answers
  â comp.os.linux.answers ð©Ä¾³¢D

  FAQ Í <http://linuxdoc.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html> ÅüèÅ«Ü·
  µCHOWTO ¶Í <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html> ÅüèÅ
  «Ü·D Linux ÖAÌ¶ÌÙÆñÇÍ Linux Documentation Project Ìz
  [y[W <http://linuxdoc.org/> ÅüèÅ«Ü·D

  A.6.  RAM fBXNÌg¢û

  VµÈÁ½ RAM fBXNÌ®ìÉÖ·éDê½¶ª Linux J[lÉt
  ®µÄ¢Ü·D /usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt ð©Ä¾³
  ¢D±êÍ Paul Gortmaker ³ñª¢½àÌÅC³kt@CVXeÌì
  èûª¢Ä èÜ·D

  A.7.  Linux Ìu[gvZX

  Linux Ìu[gvZXÌÖ·éîñÖÌ|C^ð¢Â©¦µÄ¨«Ü
  ·:

  o  uThe Linux System Administrators' GuidevÉÍu[gÉÂ¢ÄÌÍª
      èÜ·D <http://linuxdoc.org/LDP/sag/c1596.html> ð²¾³
     ¢D

  o  LILO Ì ``Technical overview''
     <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-t-20.ps.gz>
     ÍCJ[lªX^[g·éÜÅÌu[gvZXðºÊx©çLq
     µ½ZpI¶ÆµÄCñíÉDê½àÌÅ·D

  o  \[XR[hÍÉÌKChÅ·Du[gÉÖA·éJ[lÌt@C
     ð¢Â©°Ü·DLinux J[lÌ\[XR[hðÁÄ¢êÎC}
     VÌ /usr/src/linux É éÆv¢Ü·D±êÈOÉàC Shigio
     Yamaguchi ³ñ(shigio@tamacom.com) ªì¬³ê½f°çµ¢nCp[e
     LXgJ[luEUª
     <http://www.tamacom.com/tour/linux/index.html> É èÜ·DÈºÉÖ
     At@Cð¦µÜ·:

     arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S,setup.S
        u[gZN^ÉÖ·éAZuR[hª éD

     arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c
        ³k³ê½J[lÌWJÉÖ·éR[hª éD

     arch/i386/kernel/
        J[lÌú»ÌR[hª éDsetup.c É ramdisk Ïª éD

     drivers/block/rd.c
        RAM fBXNhCoª éDrd_load è±«Æ rd_load_image è±
        «ÍfoCX©ç RAM fBXNÉubNð[h·
        éDidentify_ramdisk_image Ít@CVXeÌíÞð»ÊµCW
        J·é©Ç¤©ðßéD

  B.  LILO Ìu[gÌG[R[h

  Usenet Åà LILO ÉÖ·é¿âª½¢ÌÅCöIÈT[rXÌÂàèÅà¾
  ðüêÜµ½D±Ìà¾Í Werner Almsberger ³ñª¢½ LILO Ì[U
  ü¯¶©ç²µ½àÌÅ·D±Ì¶Í
  <http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-u-21.ps.gz> Å
  üèÅ«Ü·D

  LILO ©gÌ[hªI¹·éÆC``LILO'' Æ\¦³êÜ·D»ê¼êÌ¶
  Í½ç©Ììðs¤OãÉ\¦³êÜ·DÇ±©Å LILO ª~ÜÁ½êC
  »êÜÅÉ\¦³ê½¶ð©êÎâè_ªí©èÜ·D

     (ó)
        LILO ÍS[h³êÄ¢Ü¹ñD´öÍ LILO ªCXg[³ê
        Ä¢È¢©Cu[gZN^ªQÆ³êÄ¢ép[eBVªANeB
        uÅÈ¢©ÌÇ¿ç©Åµå¤D

     L  ÅÌXe[WÌu[g[_Í[hEN®³êÜµ½ªC2 ÔÚÌ
        Xe[WÌu[g[_ª[hÅ«Ü¹ñÅµ½D2ÌG[R[
        hª\¦³êéÌÅâèÌíÞªí©èÜ·D(``Disk error codes''
        ÌÍð²¾³¢D) ±ÌóÔÌêÍÊíCfBAÙí©WI
        gÌsêv (á: fBXNÌp[^Ìëè)ªN±ÁÄ¢Ü·D

     LI ÅÌXe[WÌu[g[_ª2ÔÚÌXe[WÌu[g[_ð
        [h·é±ÆÍÅ«Üµ½ªCÀs³¹é±ÆÍÅ«Ü¹ñÅµ½D±
        Ì´öÍCWIgÌsêv© /boot/boot.b ð®©µ½ÌÉ}bv
        CXg[ðÀsµÈ©Á½Ì©ÌÇ¿ç©Åµå¤D

     LIL
        2ÔÚÌXe[WÌu[g[_ÍN®³êÜµ½ªC}bvt@C
        ©çLqe[uðÇÝo·±ÆªÅ«Ü¹ñÅµ½D±Ì´öÍ
        ÊCfBAÌÙí©WIgÌsêvÌÇ¿ç©Å·D

     LIL?
        2ÔÚÌXe[WÌu[g[_ªÔáÁ½AhXÅN®³êÜµ
        ½D±Ì´öÍÊíCWIgª÷É¸êÄ¢é©C
        /boot/boot.b ð®©µ½ÌÉ}bvCXg[ðÀsµÈ©Á½©
        Å·D

     LIL-
        Lqe[uªóêÄ¢Ü·D±Ì´öÍWIgÌsêv
        ©C/boot/boot.b ð®©µ½ÌÉ}bvCXg[ðÀsµÈ©Á
        ½©Å·D

     LILO
        LILO ÌSÄÌªð³íÉ[hÅ«Üµ½D

  LILO ªu[gC[Wð[hµæ¤Æµ½É BIOS ªG[ðoµ½ê
  C»êÉÎ·éG[R[hª\¦³êÜ·D±ÌG[R[hÌÍÍÍ
  0x00 ©ç 0xbb Å·D»ÌàeÉÂ¢ÄÍ LILO Ì[UKChðQÆµÄ
  ¾³¢D

  C.  [gfBXNÌTvÌfBNgê

  [gt@CVXeÆ[eBeBfBXNÌTvÌàeð¦µÜ
  ·:

  [gfBNg:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 bin
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         4096 Nov  1 15:39 dev
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 etc
  drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 lib
  drwx--x--x   5 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 mnt
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 proc
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 root
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 sbin
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 tmp
  drwx--x--x   7 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 usr
  drwx--x--x   5 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 var

  /bin:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        62660 Nov  1 15:39 ash
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9032 Nov  1 15:39 cat
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10276 Nov  1 15:39 chmod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9592 Nov  1 15:39 chown
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23124 Nov  1 15:39 cp
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23028 Nov  1 15:39 date
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14052 Nov  1 15:39 dd
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14144 Nov  1 15:39 df
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 egrep
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          395 Nov  1 15:39 false
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 fgrep
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 grep
  -rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 gunzip
  -rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 gzip
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8008 Nov  1 15:39 hostname
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12736 Nov  1 15:39 ln
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        15284 Nov  1 15:39 login
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        29308 Nov  1 15:39 ls
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8268 Nov  1 15:39 mkdir
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8920 Nov  1 15:39 mknod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        24836 Nov  1 15:39 more
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        37640 Nov  1 15:39 mount
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12240 Nov  1 15:39 mt
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12932 Nov  1 15:39 mv
  -r-x--x--x   1 root     root        12324 Nov  1 15:39 ps
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5388 Nov  1 15:39 pwd
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10092 Nov  1 15:39 rm
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            3 Nov  1 15:39 sh -> ash
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        25296 Nov  1 15:39 stty
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        12648 Nov  1 15:39 su
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4444 Nov  1 15:39 sync
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root       110668 Nov  1 15:39 tar
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        19712 Nov  1 15:39 touch
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          395 Nov  1 15:39 true
  -rws--x--x   1 root     root        19084 Nov  1 15:39 umount
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5368 Nov  1 15:39 uname
  -rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 zcat

  /dev:
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom -> cdu31a
  brw-rw-r--   1 root     root      15,   0 May  5  1998 cdu31a
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   0 Nov  1 15:29 console
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  64 Sep  9 19:46 cua0
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  65 May  5  1998 cua1
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  66 May  5  1998 cua2
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  67 May  5  1998 cua3
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   0 Aug  8 13:54 fd0
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  36 Aug  8 13:54 fd0CompaQ
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  84 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D1040
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  88 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D1120
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  12 Aug  8 13:54 fd0D360
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  16 Aug  8 13:54 fd0D720
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 120 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D800
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  32 Aug  8 13:54 fd0E2880
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 104 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3200
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 108 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3520
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 112 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3840
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  28 Aug  8 13:54 fd0H1440
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 124 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1600
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  44 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1680
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  60 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1722
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  76 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1743
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  96 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1760
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 116 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1840
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 100 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1920
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Nov  1 15:39 fd0H360 -> fd0D360
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Nov  1 15:39 fd0H720 -> fd0D720
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  52 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H820
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  68 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H830
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   4 Aug  8 13:54 fd0d360
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   8 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h1200
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  40 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h1440
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  56 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1476
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  72 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1494
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  92 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1600
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  20 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h360
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  48 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h410
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  64 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h420
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  24 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h720
  brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  80 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h880
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   0 May  5  1998 hda
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   1 May  5  1998 hda1
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   2 May  5  1998 hda2
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   3 May  5  1998 hda3
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   4 May  5  1998 hda4
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   5 May  5  1998 hda5
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   6 May  5  1998 hda6
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  64 May  5  1998 hdb
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  65 May  5  1998 hdb1
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  66 May  5  1998 hdb2
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  67 May  5  1998 hdb3
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  68 May  5  1998 hdb4
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  69 May  5  1998 hdb5
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  70 May  5  1998 hdb6
  crw-r-----   1 root     kmem       1,   2 May  5  1998 kmem
  crw-r-----   1 root     kmem       1,   1 May  5  1998 mem
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           12 Nov  1 15:39 modem -> ../dev/ttyS1
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           12 Nov  1 15:39 mouse -> ../dev/psaux
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       1,   3 May  5  1998 null
  crwxrwxrwx   1 root     root      10,   1 Oct  5 20:22 psaux
  brw-r-----   1 root     disk       1,   1 May  5  1998 ram
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   0 May  5  1998 ram0
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   1 May  5  1998 ram1
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   2 May  5  1998 ram2
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   3 May  5  1998 ram3
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   4 May  5  1998 ram4
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   5 May  5  1998 ram5
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   6 May  5  1998 ram6
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   7 May  5  1998 ram7
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   8 May  5  1998 ram8
  brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   9 May  5  1998 ram9
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 ramdisk -> ram0
  *** MÒªgÁÄ¢é IDE p[eBVpÌfoCX¾¯ðüêÄ¢Ü·D
  *** SCSI ðg¤êÉÍCãíèÉ /dev/sdXX foCXðg¢Ü·D
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   0 May  5  1998 tty0
  crw--w----   1 root     tty        4,   1 Nov  1 15:39 tty1
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   2 Nov  1 15:29 tty2
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   3 Nov  1 15:29 tty3
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   4 Nov  1 15:29 tty4
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   5 Nov  1 15:29 tty5
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   6 Nov  1 15:29 tty6
  crw-------   1 root     root       4,   7 May  5  1998 tty7
  crw-------   1 root     tty        4,   8 May  5  1998 tty8
  crw-------   1 root     tty        4,   9 May  8 12:57 tty9
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       4,  65 Nov  1 12:17 ttyS1
  crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       1,   5 May  5  1998 zero

  /etc:
  -rw-------   1 root     root          164 Nov  1 15:39 conf.modules
  -rw-------   1 root     root          668 Nov  1 15:39 fstab
  -rw-------   1 root     root           71 Nov  1 15:39 gettydefs
  -rw-------   1 root     root          389 Nov  1 15:39 group
  -rw-------   1 root     root          413 Nov  1 15:39 inittab
  -rw-------   1 root     root           65 Nov  1 15:39 issue
  -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          746 Nov  1 15:39 ld.so.cache
  *** ld.so.cache Í ldconfig ª¶¬·ét@CÅCCuÌÊuðLb
  *** VµÜ·DN®É ld.so.cache ª³¢Æ®©È¢àÌÍ½³ñ 
  *** èÜ·Du[gfBXNðìÁ½ãÉ ld.so.cache ðìè¼·©Cu[
  *** gfBXNÉ ldconfig ðüêCrc.x XNvg©ç ldconfig ðÀs
  *** µÄLbVðXVµÜµå¤D
  -rw-------   1 root     root           32 Nov  1 15:39 motd
  -rw-------   1 root     root          949 Nov  1 15:39 nsswitch.conf
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 pam.d
  -rw-------   1 root     root          139 Nov  1 15:39 passwd
  -rw-------   1 root     root          516 Nov  1 15:39 profile
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          387 Nov  1 15:39 rc
  -rw-------   1 root     root           55 Nov  1 15:39 shells
  -rw-------   1 root     root          774 Nov  1 15:39 termcap
  -rw-------   1 root     root           78 Nov  1 15:39 ttytype
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 utmp -> ../var/run/utmp
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 wtmp -> ../var/log/wtmp

  /etc/pam.d:
  -rw-------   1 root     root          356 Nov  1 15:39 other

  /lib:
  *** MÒÌVXeÍ glibc ðgÁ½ ELF VXeÈÌÅCld-2.so [_
  *** ªKvÅ·D
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        45415 Nov  1 15:39 ld-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           11 Nov  1 15:39 ld-linux.so.2 -> ld-2.0.7.so
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       731548 Nov  1 15:39 libc-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           13 Nov  1 15:39 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2 -> libcom_err.so.2.0
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         6209 Nov  1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2.0
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       153881 Nov  1 15:39 libcrypt-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libcrypt.so.1 -> libcrypt-2.0.7.so
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12962 Nov  1 15:39 libdl-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libdl.so.2 -> libdl-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           16 Nov  1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2 -> libext2fs.so.2.4
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        81382 Nov  1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2.4
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        25222 Nov  1 15:39 libnsl-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 libnsl.so.1 -> libnsl-2.0.7.so
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root       178336 Nov  1 15:39 libnss_files-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           21 Nov  1 15:39 libnss_files.so.1 -> libnss_files-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libpam.so.0 -> libpam.so.0.64
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        26906 Nov  1 15:39 libpam.so.0.64
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           19 Nov  1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0 -> libpam_misc.so.0.64
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         7086 Nov  1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0.64
  -r-xr-xr-x   1 root     root        35615 Nov  1 15:39 libproc.so.1.2.6
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0 -> libpwdb.so.0.54
  -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       121899 Nov  1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0.54
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           19 Nov  1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2 -> libtermcap.so.2.0.8
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12041 Nov  1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2.0.8
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12874 Nov  1 15:39 libutil-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           16 Nov  1 15:39 libutil.so.1 -> libutil-2.0.7.so
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libuuid.so.1 -> libuuid.so.1.1
  -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         8039 Nov  1 15:39 libuuid.so.1.1
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 modules
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 security

  /lib/modules:
  drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 2.0.35

  /lib/modules/2.0.35:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 block
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom

  /lib/modules/2.0.35/block:
  -rw-------   1 root     root         7156 Nov  1 15:39 loop.o

  /lib/modules/2.0.35/cdrom:
  -rw-------   1 root     root        24108 Nov  1 15:39 cdu31a.o

  /lib/security:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8771 Nov  1 15:39 pam_permit.so

  }EgpÌfBNgX^u
  /mnt:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 SparQ
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 floppy

  /proc:

  /root:
  -rw-------   1 root     root          176 Nov  1 15:39 .bashrc
  -rw-------   1 root     root          182 Nov  1 15:39 .cshrc
  -rw-------   1 root     root           47 Nov  1 15:39 .glintrc
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root          455 Nov  1 15:39 .profile
  -rw-------   1 root     root         4014 Nov  1 15:39 .tcshrc

  /sbin:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23976 Nov  1 15:39 depmod
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root       274600 Nov  1 15:39 e2fsck
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        41268 Nov  1 15:39 fdisk
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9396 Nov  1 15:39 fsck
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root       274600 Nov  1 15:39 fsck.ext2
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        29556 Nov  1 15:39 getty
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6620 Nov  1 15:39 halt
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23116 Nov  1 15:39 init
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        25612 Nov  1 15:39 insmod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10368 Nov  1 15:39 kerneld
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root       110400 Nov  1 15:39 ldconfig
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6108 Nov  1 15:39 lsmod
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root        17400 Nov  1 15:39 mke2fs
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4072 Nov  1 15:39 mkfs
  -rwx--x--x   2 root     root        17400 Nov  1 15:39 mkfs.ext2
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5664 Nov  1 15:39 mkswap
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        22032 Nov  1 15:39 modprobe
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 reboot -> halt
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7492 Nov  1 15:39 rmmod
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12932 Nov  1 15:39 shutdown
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Nov  1 15:39 swapoff -> swapon
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5124 Nov  1 15:39 swapon
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 telinit -> init
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6944 Nov  1 15:39 update

  /tmp:

  /usr:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 bin
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 lib
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 man
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 sbin
  drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 share
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           10 Nov  1 15:39 tmp -> ../var/tmp

  /usr/bin:
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        37164 Nov  1 15:39 afio
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5044 Nov  1 15:39 chroot
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10656 Nov  1 15:39 cut
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        63652 Nov  1 15:39 diff
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12972 Nov  1 15:39 du
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        56552 Nov  1 15:39 find
  -r-x--x--x   1 root     root         6280 Nov  1 15:39 free
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7680 Nov  1 15:39 head
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8504 Nov  1 15:39 id
  -r-sr-xr-x   1 root     bin          4200 Nov  1 15:39 passwd
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14856 Nov  1 15:39 tail
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root        19008 Nov  1 15:39 tr
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7160 Nov  1 15:39 wc
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4412 Nov  1 15:39 whoami

  /usr/lib:
  lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libncurses.so.4 -> libncurses.so.4.2
  -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       260474 Nov  1 15:39 libncurses.so.4.2

  /usr/sbin:
  -r-x--x--x   1 root     root        13684 Nov  1 15:39 fuser
  -rwx--x--x   1 root     root         3876 Nov  1 15:39 mklost+found

  /usr/share:
  drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 terminfo

  /usr/share/terminfo:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 l
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 v

  /usr/share/terminfo/l:
  -rw-------   1 root     root         1552 Nov  1 15:39 linux
  -rw-------   1 root     root         1516 Nov  1 15:39 linux-m
  -rw-------   1 root     root         1583 Nov  1 15:39 linux-nic

  /usr/share/terminfo/v:
  -rw-------   2 root     root         1143 Nov  1 15:39 vt100
  -rw-------   2 root     root         1143 Nov  1 15:39 vt100-am

  /var:
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 log
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 run
  drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 tmp

  /var/log:
  -rw-------   1 root     root            0 Nov  1 15:39 wtmp

  /var/run:
  -rw-------   1 root     root            0 Nov  1 15:39 utmp

  /var/tmp:

  D.  [eBeBfBXNÌTvÌfBNgê

       total 579
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        42333 Jul 28 19:05 cpio*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        32844 Aug 28 19:50 debugfs*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       103560 Jul 29 21:31 elvis*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        29536 Jul 28 19:04 fdisk*
       -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       128254 Jul 28 19:03 ftape.o
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        17564 Jul 25 03:21 ftmt*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        64161 Jul 29 20:47 grep*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        45309 Jul 29 20:48 gzip*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        23560 Jul 28 19:04 insmod*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root          118 Jul 28 19:04 lsmod*
       lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            5 Jul 28 19:04 mt -> mt-st*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         9573 Jul 28 19:03 mt-st*
       lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Jul 28 19:05 rmmod -> insmod*
       -rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       104085 Jul 28 19:05 tar*
       lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            5 Jul 29 21:35 vi -> elvis*

  E.  ú{êóÉÂ¢Ä

  ú{êóÍ Linux Japanese FAQ Project ªs¢Üµ½B|óÉÖ·é²Ó©
  Í JF vWFNg <JF@linux.or.jp> ¶ÉAµÄ¾³¢B

  üùððÈºÉ¦µÜ·B

     v1.01 (|óÍñöJ)
        |ó: dûzê³ñ

     v2.0-2.3
        |ó: ìY <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>

     v3.3-3.5
        |ó: ¡´PÃ <fujiwara@linux.or.jp>

        Z³: ·Jìõ <yaz-hase@qb3.so-net.ne.jp> äLõ
        <takei@cc.kochi-u.ac.jp> ìY <nakano@apm.seikei.ac.jp>