Sophie: howto-text-ja-2006-5mdv2010.0 noarch

howto-text-ja-2006-5mdv2010.0.noarch.rpm

  CPU Design HOW-TO
  Al Dev (Alavoor Vasudevan) alavoor@yahoo.com
  v11.0, 26 Feb 2001
  |ó:£Ëû  setzer@mx3.tiki.ne.jp Æ JF Project
  |óú:2001N 5 31ú

  CPU ÍRs[^Ì "ª]" Å èARs[^VXeÉâÎsÂÈ
  \¬iÅ·BÜ½ALinux â UNIX Æ¢Á½Iy[eBOVXeÆñ
  íÉ§ÚÈÖWª èÜ·B±Ì¶ÍAcÌâéÆAåw»µÄ²¸ïÐª
  CPU ðÝvJµA»¢·éÌÉð§¿Ü·BRs[^TCGXâvZ
  @HwðwñÅ¢éw¶Éàð§ÂÅµå¤B±Ì¶ÉÍARs[^ª
  ÇÌæ¤ÉÝv³ê»¢³êÄ¢éÌ©ðw¶ªð·éÌÉð§Â URL 
  Nð½³ñÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B«ÁÆß¢«ÉÍ GNU/GPL CZXÉ
  îÃ¢½ CPU ªoêµA Linux â UNIX, Microsoft Windows, Apple Mach-
  intosh, BeOS ÈÇÌ OS ðg¤±ÆªÅ«éúªé±ÆÅµå¤!
  ______________________________________________________________________

  Ú

  1. Í
  2. IP ÆÍ½© ?
     2.1 t[ CPU Ìê
     2.2 ¤p CPU Ìê

  3. CPU Museum Æ Silicon Zoo
     3.1 CPU Museum
     3.2 gWX^ÍÇÌæ¤É®ì·é©
     3.3 gWX^ÍÇÌæ¤Éîñðµ¤Ì©
     3.4 2iÌîñð\¦·é
     3.5 ¼±ÌÆÍ½© ?
        3.5.1 gWX^ÌªÍ
        3.5.2 ®ìÌgWX^
        3.5.3 gWX^ÌÕ

  4. CPU ÌÝvÆA[LeN`
     4.1 CPU ÌÝv
     4.2 CPU A[LeN`ÉÖ·éICÌðà
     4.3 CPU A[LeN`ÉÖ·éåwÌu`ÖAÌ¨
     4.4 CPU A[LeN`
     4.5 CPU ÝvÉÖ·é Usenet j[XO[v

  5. CPU Ì\¬Æ»¢
     5.1 t@EhrWlXÍ¡A½\hàÌsêÅ·!!
     5.2 CPU ÌgÝ§Ä

  6. X[p[Rs[^ÌA[LeN`
     6.1 åÈA[LeN`ÌíÞ
     6.2 SISD (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V
     6.3 SIMD(Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V
     6.4 MISD(Multiple Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V
     6.5 MIMD(Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V
        6.5.1 ¤LVXe (Shared Memory systems)
        6.5.2 ªUVXe (Distributed Memory systems)
     6.6 ªUVXe
     6.7 ccNUMA }V

  7. j[lbg[NvZbT
  8. ÖA URL
  9. ±ÌhLgÌ¼tH[}bgÌàÌ
  10. Copyright
  11. ú{êóÉÂ¢Ä

  ______________________________________________________________________

  1.  Í

  ±Ì¶ÅÍ CPU ÌÝvÆ\¬ÉÂ¢ÄÌ URL Ìª©èâ·¢êªÐî³
  êÄ¢Ü·B±Ìîñðg¦ÎAw¶AéÆAåwANÆÆ½¿ªALinux â
  UNIX ðç¹éÌÅ«éVµ¢ CPU ðìé±ÆªÂ\Å·B

  ÌÍ`bvx_[BÍ¯É IP ÌJÒÅà èAEDA c[ÌJÒÅ
  à èÜµ½BÅßÅÍ»ê¼êÌªìÉÁ»µ½êåÌïÐª èÜ·B»
  êçÍÈºÌæ¤ÈàÌÅ·Bg§A\¬ (FAB) ÆÒ (TSMC
  <http://www.tsmc.com>)A IPéÆ (ARM  <http://www.arm.com>, MIPS
  <http://www.mips.com>, Gray Research LLC
  <http://cnets.sourceforge.net/grllc.html> )A »µÄc[ (EDA) x
  _ (Mentor  <http://www.mentor.com>, Cadence  <http://www.cadence.com>
  ÈÇ)A»µÄA±êçðµ½éÆ (Intel)B È½Í IP ðAn[h
  EFAÆ¢¤`Å (Intel ©ç) wü·é±ÆàAc[Æ¢¤`Å (EDA
  x_©ç)wü·é±ÆàÅ«Ü·µAIP »ÌàÌðPiÅ (IP éÆ©ç)
  wü·é±ÆàÅ«Ü·B

  FPGA x_[ÌTCg (Xilinx  <http://www.xilinx.com>âA Altera
  <http://www.altera.com>)à©Ä¾³¢B»±ÉÍÆ©ÌrWlXfð
  p·é@ïª èÜ·B

  VA Linux systems  <http://www.valinux.com>Í®SÈVXeð\zµÄ¨
  èA¨»ç« Linux Ì½ßÌ CPU ðÝv·éÅµå¤B

  ÈºÌ CPU ÝvÉÖ·éTCgà©Ä¾³¢B

  o  FPGA CPU Links  <http://www.fpgacpu.org/links.html>

  o  FPGA Main site  <http://www.fpgacpu.org>

  o  OpenRISC 1000 - ÆèIÈ ARM â MIPS ÉÎRµ¾ét[ÅI[v\
     [XÌ 32-bit RISC vZbTÌ IP RA <http://www.opencores.org>

  o  Open IP org  <http://www.openip.org>

  o  Free IP org - åOü¯Ì ASIC Æ FPGA RA  <http://www.free-
     ip.com>

     (ó:FPGA...Field Programmable Gate Array ÌªBvOÂ\Èv
     ZbTÌBASIC...Application Specific Integrated Circuit ÌªB
     ÁèÌprÌ×ÉÝv³ê½êpÌJX^ IC ÌB)

  2.  IP ÆÍ½© ?

  IP ÆÍ½Åµå¤©?  IP ÆÍ Intellectual Property(mIàY) ÌªÅ
  ·B{ÌêAïÌIÉÍ ASIC â FPGA ðìéÉgíêéêÊèÌ
  WbNÆ¢Á½mIàY (IP)ÌÅ·B "IP RA" ÌáÆµÄÍ UART,
  CPU, Ethernet Rg[, PCI C^tF[XÈÇÌàÌª èÜ·BÈ
  OÍA±ÌíÌÇ¿È IP RAÍ 5,000h©ç350,000hÈã·é±Æà
   èÜµ½B²ÊÌéÆâÂlÉÆÁÄAgpðl¦é±Æ·çÈ¢ÙÇ
  @OÈàÌÅ·B»±ÅAFree-IP vWFNgÅ·B

  Free-IP vWFNgÍÜ¸ CPU â Ethernet Rg[Ìæ¤Èæè¡
  GÈRAÉÚµÜ·BärI¡GÅÈ¢RAà»êÉ±©àmêÜ¹ñB

  Free-IP vWFNgÆÍANÅàpÂ\ÈÇ¿È IP RAðìë¤Æ¢¤
  wÍÈÌÅ·B±êçÌ IP RA ÉÖ·éTCgðKêÄÝÄ¾³¢B

  o  Open IP org  <http://www.openip.org>

  o  Free IP org - åOü¯Ì ASIC Æ FPGA RA  <http://www.free-
     ip.com>

  o  FPGA Main site  <http://www.fpgacpu.org>

  2.1.  t[ CPU Ìê

  ·ÅÉpÂ\A é¢Í»ÝJÌt[Ì CPU ðêÅÐîµÜ·B

  o  F-CPU 64-bit Freedom CPU  <http://www.f-cpu.org> ~[TCg -
     <http://www.f-cpu.de>

  o  European Space Agency - SPARC A[LeN` LEON CPU
     <http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/leon>

  o  European Space Agency - ERC32 SPARC V7 CPU
     <http://www.estec.esa.nl/wsmwww/erc32>

  o  Atmel ERC32 SPARC part # TSC695E  <http://www.atmel-
     wm.com/products> Aerospace=>Space=>Processors ÌÉNbNµÄ
     ¾³¢B

  o  Sayuri Í
     <http://www.morphyplanning.co.jp/Products/FreeCPU/freecpu-e.html>
     Morphy Planning Ltd  <http://www.morphyone.org> ÉæÁÄìçêÄ¢
     Ü·B@\XgÍ
     <http://ds.dial.pipex.com/town/plaza/aj93/waggy/hp/features/morphyone.htm>
     ú{êÌy[WÍ  <http://www.morphyplanning.or.jp> É èÜ·B

  o  OpenRISC 1000 - ÆèIÈ ARM â MIPS ÉÎRµ¾ét[ÅI[v\
     [XÌ 32-bit RISC vZbTÌ IP RA  <http://www.opencores.org>

  o  OpenRISC 2000 Í  <http://www.opencores.org>

  o  STM 32-bit, oûüX[p[XJ RISC CPU  <http://www.asahi-
     net.or.jp/~uf8e-itu>

  o  Green Mountain - GM HC11 CPU Core Í
     <http://www.gmvhdl.com/hc11core.html>

  o  Open-source CPU site - Google õÌI[v\[X CPU TCg
     "Computers>Hardware>Open Source"
     <http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Hardware/Open_Source>

  o  Verilog â VHDL ÅLq³ê½t[Ì}CNvZbT[â DSP (f
     W^M) ÌRA <http://www.cmosexod.com>

  o  J¬xðÁ¬·ét[Ìn[hEFARA
     <http://www.scrap.de/html/opencore.htm>

  o  Linux ÌI[vn[hEFAÆt[Ì EDA VXe
     <http://opencollector.org>

  2.2.  ¤p CPU Ìê

  o  VA» E2K 64-bit CPU (ñíÉ¬È CPU Å·!!!)  EFuTCg :
     <http://www.elbrus.ru/roadmap/e2k.html>.  ELBRUS ÍÄTE}CN
     VXeYÆñgµÄ¢Ü·B

  o  Ø Samsung» ÌDEC AlphaN[ 64-bit CPU
     <http://www.samsungsemi.com> Alpha-64bit CPU Í  <http://www.alpha-
     processor.com> »Ý Alpha CPU ÉÂ¢Ä Samsung Æ ÄCompaq ÅÌ¦Æ
     ª èÜ·B
  o  Intel IA 64  <http://developer.intel.com/design/ia-64>

  o  Transmeta crusoe CPU Æ¢ã Transmeta 64-bit CPU -->
     <http://www.transmeta.com>

  o  Sun Ultra-sparc 64-bit CPU <http://www.sun.com> or
     <http://www.sunmicrosystems.com>

  o  MIPS RISC CPUs  <http://www.mips.com>

  o  Silicon Graphics MIPS Architecture CPUs
     <http://www.sgi.com/processors>

  o  IBM Power PC (motorola)
     <http://www.motorola.com/SPS/PowerPC/index.html>

  o  Motorola ÌgÝÝvZbT PowerPC, M-CORE, ColdFire, M68k, â
     M68HC RAx[XÌ SPS vZbT  <http://www.mot-sps.com>

  o  Hitachi SuperH 64-bit RISC processor SH7750
     <http://www.hitachi.com> Í 10,000bgÅ 1CPU  ½è40hÅÌ
     ³êÄ¢Ü·B Hitachi SH4,3,2,1 CPU
     <http://semiconductor.hitachi.com/superh>

  o  Fujitsu 64-bit processor  <http://www.fujitsu.com>

  o  HAL-Fujitsu (California) Super-Sparc 64-bit processor
     <http://www.hal.com> àTÌ SPARC A[LeN`Ý·Å·B

  o  Seimens Pyramid CPU from Pyramid Technologies

  o  Intel X86 series 32-bit CPUs Pentiums, Celeron etc..

  o  AMDs X86 series 32-bit CPUs K-6, Athlon etc..

  o  National's Cyrix X86 V[Y 32-bit CPU Cyrix ÈÇ

  o  ARC CPUs :  <http://www.arccores.com>

  o  QED RISC 64-bit and MIPS cpus :  <http://www.qedinc.com/about.htm>

  o  Origin 2000 CPU -
     <http://techpubs.sgi.com/library/manuals/3000/007-3511-001/html/O2000Tuning.1.html>

  o  NVAX CPU
     <http://www.research.compaq.com/wrl/DECarchives/DTJ/DTJ700> and at
     mirror-site <http://www.digital.com/info/DTJ700>

  o  Univ. of Mich High-perf. GaAs(KEáåf) Microprocessor Project
     <http://www.eecs.umich.edu/UMichMP>

  o  Hyperstone E1-32 RISC/DSP processor
     <http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech/hyperstone>

  o  PSC1000 32-bit RISC processor
     <http://www.ptsc.com/psc1000/index.html>

  o  IDT R/RV4640 and R/RV4650 64-bit CPU w/DSP Capability
     <http://www.idt.com/products/pages/Processors-
     PL100_Sub205_Dev128.html>

  o  ARM CPU  <http://www.arm.com/Documentation>

  o  Cogent CPUs  <http://www.cogcomp.com>

  o  CPU Info center - SPARC â ARM ÈÇÌ CPU Ìê
     <http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech>

  o  åvÈ CPU TCgÍ : Google õGWÌ CPU TCg©ç©Â¯é
     ±ÆªÅ«Ü·B"Computers>Hardware>Components>Microprocessors"
     <http://directory.google.com/Top/Computers/Hardware/Components/Microprocessors>

  »ÌÙ©ÌdvÈ CPU TCgÍ -

  o  CPU ÉÖ·é¢EÌj[X
     <http://www.newsnow.co.uk/cgi/NewsNow/NewsLink.htm?Theme=Processors>

  o  Rs[^A[LeN`ÌTCgÍ
     <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www>

  o  ARM CPU  <http://www.arm.com/Documentation>

  o  Great CPUs  <http://www.cs.uregina.ca/~bayko/cpu.html>

  o  Microdesign resources  <http://www.mdronline.com>

  3.  CPU Museum Æ Silicon Zoo

  ±ÌÍÅÍ CPU eNmWÌî{Ìî{ðæèµ¢Ü·B·ÅÉZpIÈ
  obNOEhð¨¿Å êÎÇÝòÎµÄ¸¢Ä\¢Ü¹ñB

  3.1.  CPU Museum

  CPU Museum Í

  o  Intel CPU Museum  <http://www.intel.com/intel/intelis/museum>

  o  Intel - }CNvZbTÌðj
     <http://www.intel.com/intel/museum/25anniv>

  o  Virtual Museum of Computing
     <http://www.museums.reading.ac.uk/vmoc>

  o  Silicon Zoo  <http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/creatures/index.html>

  o  Intel - vZbTÍÇ¤âÁÄ®Ì©
     <http://www.intel.com/education/mpuworks>

  o  Simple course in Microprocessors
     <http://www.hkrmicro.com/course/micro.html>

  3.2.  gWX^ÍÇÌæ¤É®ì·é©

  }CNvZbTÍBªúg¤ TV â©®ÔAWIAÆëp@íA»
  µÄà¿ëñRs[^ÈÇÌ½Ì»iÉÆÁÄ©¹È¢àÌÆÈÁÄ
  ¢Ü·B}CNvZbTÍåÉgWX^Å\¬³êÄ¢Ü·BàÁÆ
  àî{IÈxÉ¨¢ÄÍAgWX^ÍPÉ©¦é©àmêÜ¹ñB
  µ©µÈªçAgWX^ÌJÉÍÀÛ½NÉàí½éÈ§È²¸ªKv
  Åµ½BgWX^ÌoêÈOÍARs[^Íîñð·éÌÉAx
  Äð§½¸Ì^óÇÆ@BIÈXCb`(ó:[)ÉÁÄ¢Üµ½B
  1958 NÉZpÒBÍ (»Ì¤¿ÌêlÍ Intel ÌnÝÒÌ Robert Noyce Å
  ·ª ) êÂÌVR»ãÉñÂÌgWX^ðÌ¹éÉ¬÷µAã
  É}CNvZbTÖÆ±AÅÌWÏñHðìèÜµ½B

  gWX^Í¬^ÌdqXCb`Å èARs[^Ìª]Å é}CN
  vZbTÌî{vfÅ·B²ÊÌdÌXCb`Æ¯¶æ¤ÉAg
  WX^Í ON Æ OFF ÌñÂÌì®ÊuðàÁÄ¢Ü·BgWX^ÌA
  ±Ì ON/OFF ·Èí¿ 2lðàÂÆ¢¤@\ÉæÁÄRs[^Íîñð
  ·éªÅ«Ü·B

  dqXCb`Ì®ì´

  Rs[^ªðÅ«éBêÌîñÍAON © OFF ©ÌdCM¾¯Å·B
  gWX^ðð·é×ÉÍAdqXCb`ñHÌ®ì´ðméKvª 
  èÜ·BdqXCb`ñHÍ¢Â©ÌªÅ\¬³êÄ¢Ü·B»Ì¤¿Ì
  êÂÍAd¬ª¬êéÊè¹Å· - ã\IÈáÍdüÅ·Bà¤êÂÍX
  Cb`A·Èí¿d¬ð~ß½è¬µ½è·éuÅA±êÍñHÌÊè¹ð
  ÂÈ¢¾èØè£µ½èµÄsÈ¢Ü·BgWX^Í@BI®ìªðà
  ½¸AdCMÅ ON/OFF ÌØÖðsÈ¤ªÅ«Ü·BgWX^Ì
  ON/OFF ØÖÉæÁÄ}CNvZbTÍdð±ÈµÄ¢éÌÅ·B

  3.3.  gWX^ÍÇÌæ¤Éîñðµ¤Ì©

  gWX^ÌlÉ½Á½ñÂÌóÔµ©à½È¢¨ÍA2iÅ éÆ¢¦
  Ü·B 1 ªgWX^Ì ON óÔð\µA0 ª OFF óÔð\µÜ·B¡
  ÌgWX^ÉæÁÄìçêé 1 Æ 0 ÌÁèÌÔÆg¹Å¶â
  AF»µÄæÈÇð\·ªÅ«Ü·B±êÍA2i\L@ÆµÄmçê
  Ä¢Ü·B

  3.4.  2iÌîñð\¦·é

    È½Ì¼Oð2iÅÔÁÄÝÜµå¤

  At@xbgÌ¶ÉÍ»ê¼êÎ·é2iª èÜ·BÈºÉ JOHN
  Æ¢¤¼OÆA»êÉÎ·é2ið¦µÜ·B

  ______________________________________________________________________
          J  0100 1010
          O  0100 1111
          H  0100 1000
          N  0100 1110
  ______________________________________________________________________

  æè¡GÈAæâI[fBIArfIÌlÈîñà 2iA·Èí¿g
  WX^Ì ON/OFF ®ìðgÁÄ\·±ÆªÅ«Ü·By[WðXN[µ
  ÄºÌAt@xbgÆ2iÌÎ\ð©Ä¾³¢B

                ¶    2i         ¶    2i
                ________________________________________________________
                   A     0100 0001       N     0100 1110
                   B     0100 0010       O     0100 1111
                   C     0100 0011       P     0101 0000
                   D     0100 0100       Q     0101 0001
                   E     0100 0101       R     0101 0010
                   F     0100 0110       S     0101 0011
                   G     0100 0111       T     0101 0100
                   H     0100 1000       U     0101 0101
                   I     0100 1001       V     0101 0110
                   J     0100 1010       W     0101 0111
                   K     0100 1011       X     0101 1000
                   L     0100 1100       Y     0101 1001
                   M     0100 1101       Z     0101 1010

                       At@xbg - 2iÎ\

  3.5.  ¼±ÌÆÍ½© ?

  ±ÌÆâÌ

  ÙÆñÇÌà®ðÍ¶ßAdCðÊ·¨¿Í½³ñ èÜ·B»êçÍ±Ì
  ÆµÄmçêÄ¢Ü·BdCðÊ³È¢¨¿ÍâÌÆÄÎêÜ·BåªÌ
  gWX^Ìx[XfÞÅ éÈVRÍ¼±ÌÆl¦çêÜ·BÈ
  ºÈçÎAs¨ðYÁ·é±ÆÅ±d«ðÏ»³¹é±ÆªÅ«é©çÅ
  ·B (ó:¼±ÌÆÄÎêéRÅÍ±êÅÍÈ¢æ¤ÈCªµÜ·B)

  3.5.1.  gWX^ÌªÍ

  ¼±ÌÆdCÌ¬ê

   éíÌs¨ðgWX^ÌVRÉYÁ·éÆA»¿ªÏ»µÄ±
  d«ªüãµÜ·BzEfs¨ðYÁµ½VRÍ p `VRÆÄÎ
  êÜ·B - p Í³ (positive) ·Èí¿Adqªs«µÄ¢éÆ¢¤Ó¡Å
  ·B (ó: ³Ìd×A·Èí¿dqª¯½ðu³E(positive hole)v
  Æ¢¢Ü·B) s¨ðYÁµ½VRÍ n `VRÆÄÎêÜ
  ·B - n Í (negative) ·Èí¿A½Ì©RdqðàÁÄ¢éÆ¢¤Ó
  ¡Å·B

  3.5.2.  ®ìÌgWX^

  ®ìÌgWX^ - gWX^Ì ON/OFF óÔ

  gWX^ÉÍ½Ì^Cvª èÜ·ªA±±ÅÍáÆµÄ¼±ÌÌWÏ
  ñHÉægíêÄ¢é n `l MOS FET(nMOSFET) ÉÂ¢ÄðàµÜ
  ·B MOS ÆÍ Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor ÌªÅA<à®> - <_»¨ (½
  Ìê SiO2 Åâçð`¬ )> - <¼±Ì> ¢¤ThCb`\¢ (MOS
  \¢ )ðàÁÄ¢éAÆ¢¤Ó¡Å·B MOSFET ÅÍQ[g[qª MOS \¢
  ÆÈÁÄ¢Ü·BÈãA±Ì nMOSFET Ì±ÆðPÉugWX^vÆ\L
  µÜ·B

  ±ÌgWX^Íº}Ìæ¤È\¢ðµÄ¨èA\[X(S)AQ[g(G)Ah
  C(D) Æ¢¤3ÂÌ[qðàÁÄ¢Ü·B

    S     G     D
         ###
        =====
  -----------------
  | n+ |@@@@@| n+ |
  |____|     |____|
       p+ area
  -----------------
  n+ : dq§xÌ¢ª
  p+ : ³E§xÌ¢ª
  == : _»¨âç
  ## : à®dÉ
  @@ : d¬ÌÊè¹

  ±Ì^CvÌgWX^ÅÍA\[XÆhCÍÉÑdµÄ¢ÄA p
  `VRÌ³ÉÑdµ½ÚÝÉÌÁÄ¢Ü·BQ[gÉ³d³ªÁíé
  ÆAp `VRÌÌdqªQ[gÌºÌÌæÉø«t¯çê\[XÆh
  CÌÔÉdqÌÊè¹ðìèÜ·BhCÉ³d³ªÁíéÆAdqÍ\
  [X©çhCÉü©ÁÄøÁ£çêÜ·B±ÌóÔÉ éAgWX
  ^Í ON Å·BQ[gÉÁíÁÄ¢éd³ªÈÈéÆA\[XÆhCÌ
  ÔÌÌæÉdqªø«t¯çêÈÈèÜ·BdqÌÊè¹ÍÂ´³êAg
  WX^Í OFF ÆÈèÜ·B

  3.5.3.  gWX^ÌÕ

  gWX^ÌÕ - }CNvZbTªÇêÙÇBÌ¶Ée¿µÄ
  ¢é©
  gWX^Ì2i@\Ì¨©°Å}CNvZbTÍAPÈé[v©
  çrfIÒWÜÅA½Ìdð±È·ªÅ«Ü·B}CNvZbT
  ÍA1ÂÌ`bvÅ 1bÔ ½è½Æ¢¤½ßðgWX^ªÀs·éA
  Æ¢¤Æ±ëÜÅi»µÜµ½B©®ÔAãÃ@íAerARs[^»
  µÄXy[XVgÅ³¦}CNvZbTðgÁÄ¢Ü·B»êçÍS
  ÄAgWX^ÉæÁÄÂ\ÆÈé2iîñÌ¬êÉÁÄ¢Ü·B

  4.  CPU ÌÝvÆA[LeN`

  4.1.  CPU ÌÝv

  CPU ÝvÉÖ·éîñÅ·B±êçÌNæðKêÄÝÄ¾³¢B

  o  Hamburg University VHDL archive  <http://tech-www.informatik.uni-
     hamburg.de/vhdl>

  o  Kachina Design tools  <http://SAL.KachinaTech.COM/Z/1/index.shtml>

  o  List of FPGA-based Computing Machines
     <http://www.io.com/~guccione/HW_list.html>

  o  SPARC International  <http://www.sparc.com>

  o  Design your own processor  <http://www.spacetimepro.com>

  o  Teaching Computer Design with FPGAs  <http://www.fpgacpu.org>

  o  Technical Committee on Computer Architecture
     <http://www.computer.org/tab/tcca>

  o  Frequently Asked Questions FAQ on VHDL
     <http://www.vhdl.org/vi/comp.lang.vhdl> Ü½Í
     <http://www.vhdl.org/comp.lang.vhdl>

  o  Comp arch FAQ  <http://www.esacademy.com/automation/faq.htm>

  o  Comp arch FAQ  <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-
     hierarchy/comp/arch>

  o  VME Bus FAQ  <http://www.hitex.com/automation/FAQ/vmefaq>

  o  Homepage of SPEC
     <http://performance.netlib.org/performance/html/spec.html>

  o  Linux benchmarks  <http://www.silkroad.com/linux-bm.html>

  4.2.  CPU A[LeN`ÉÖ·éICÌðà

  o  Online HTML book
     <http://odin.ee.uwa.edu.au/~morris/CA406/CA_ToC.html>

  o  Univ of Texas Comp arch :
     <http://www.cs.panam.edu/~meng/Course/CS4335/Notes/master/master.html>

  o  Number systems and Logic circuits :
     <http://www.tpub.com/neets/book13/index.htm>

  o  Digital Logic:  <http://www.play-hookey.com/digital>

  o  FlipFlops:
     <http://www.ece.utexas.edu/~cjackson/FlipFlops/web_pages/Publish/FlipFlops.html>

  o  Instruction Execution cycle:  <http://cq-
     pan.cqu.edu.au/students/timp1/exec.html>

  o  Truth Table constructor:
     <http://pirate.shu.edu/~borowsbr/Truth/Truth.html>

  o  Overview of Shared Memory:
     <http://www.sics.se/cna/mp_overview.html>

  o  Simulaneous Multi-threading in processors :
     <http://www.cs.washington.edu/research/smt>

  o  Study Web :  <http://www.studyweb.com/links/277.html>

  o  Univ notes:
     <http://www.ece.msstate.edu/~linder/Courses/EE4713/notes>

  o  Advice: An Adaptable and Extensible Distributed Virtual Memory
     Architecture  <http://www.gsyc.inf.uc3m.es/~nemo/export/adv-
     pdcs96/adv-pdcs96.html>

  o  Univ of Utah Avalanche Scalable Parallel Processor Project
     <http://www.cs.utah.edu/avalanche/avalanche-publications.html>

  o  Distributed computing :
     <http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Vista/4015/pdcindex.html>

  o  Pisma Memory architecture:
     <http://aiolos.cti.gr/en/pisma/pisma.html>

  o  Shared Mem Arch:  <http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/General/Exemplar/ARPA>

  o  Textbooks on Comp Arch:
     <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html#book>
     »µÄ VLSI Ýv  <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html>

  o  Comp Arch Conference and Journals
     <http://www.handshake.de/user/kroening/conferences.html>

  o  WWW Comp arch page  <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~arch/www>

  4.3.  CPU A[LeN`ÉÖ·éåwÌu`ÖAÌ¨

  o  Advanced Computer Architecture
     <http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/dahlin/Classes/GradArch>

  o  Computer architecture - Course level 415
     <http://www.diku.dk/teaching/2000f/f00.415>

  o  MIT:  <http://www.csg.lcs.mit.edu/6.823>

  o  UBC CPU slides :
     <http://www.cs.ubc.ca/spider/neufeld/courses/cs218/chapter8/index.htm>

  o  Purdue Univ slides:
     <http://www.ece.purdue.edu/~gba/ee565/Sessions/S03HTML/index.htm>

  o  Rutgers Univ - Principles of Comp Arch :
     <http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~murdocca/POCA/Chapter02.html>

  o  Brown Univ -
     <http://www.engin.brown.edu/faculty/daniels/DDZO/cmparc.html>

  o  Univ of Sydney - Intro Digital Systems :
     <http://www.eelab.usyd.edu.au/digital_tutorial/part3>

  o  Bournemouth Univ, UK Principles of Computer Systems :
     <http://ncca.bournemouth.ac.uk/CourseInfo/BAVisAn/Year1/CompSys>

  o  Parallel Virtual machine:
     <http://www.netlib.org/pvm3/book/node1.html>

  o  univ center:  <http://www.eecs.lehigh.edu/~mschulte/ece401-99>

  o  univ course:  <http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/fussell/cs352>

  o  Examples of working VLSI circuits(in Greek)
     <http://students.ceid.upatras.gr/~gef/projects/vlsi>

  4.4.  CPU A[LeN`

  CPU A[LeN`ÉÖ·éîñÅ·BÈºÌNæðKêÄÝÄ¾³
  ¢B

  o  Comp architecture:
     <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/computer_architecture.html> »µÄ
     VLSI Ýv  <http://www.rdrop.com/~cary/html/vlsi.html>

  o  Beyond RISC - The Post-RISC Architecture
     <http://www.cps.msu.edu/~crs/cps920>

  o  Beyond RISC - PostRISC :
     <http://www.ceng.metu.edu.tr/~e106170/postrisc.html>

  o  List of CPUS
     <http://einstein.et.tudelft.nl/~offerman/cl.contents2.html>

  o  PowerPC Arch
     <http://www.mactech.com/articles/mactech/Vol.10/10.08/PowerPcArchitecture>

  o  CPU Info center - List of CPUs sparc, arm etc..
     <http://bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/CIC/tech>

  o  cpu arch intel IA 64  <http://developer.intel.com/design/ia-64>

  o  Intel 386 CPU architecture
     <http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/ug/asm/about-386.html>

  o  Freedom CPU architecture  <http://f-
     cpu.tux.org/original/Freedom.php3>

  o  Z80 CPU architecture
     <http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Peaks/3938/z80arki.htm>

  o  CRIMSEN OS and teaching-aid CPU
     <http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~ian/project3/node1.html>

  o  Assembly Language concepts
     <http://www.cs.uaf.edu/~cs301/notes/Chapter1/node1.html>

  o  Alpha CPU architecture
     <http://www.linux3d.net/cpu/CPU/alpha/index.shtml>

  o  <http://hugsvr.kaist.ac.kr/~exit/cpu.html>

  o  Tron CPU architecture  <http://tronweb.super-
     nova.co.jp/tronvlsicpu.html>

  4.5.  CPU ÝvÉÖ·é Usenet j[XO[v

  o  Newsgroup computer architecture  <news:comp.arch>

  o  Newsgroup FPGA  <news:comp.arch.fpga>

  o  Newsgroup Arithmetic  <news:comp.arch.arithmetic>

  o  Newsgroup Bus  <news:comp.arch.bus>

  o  Newsgroup VME Bus  <news:comp.arch.vmebus>

  o  Newsgroup embedded  <news:comp.arch.embedded>

  o  Newsgroup embedded piclist  <news:comp.arch.embedded.piclist>

  o  Newsgroup storage  <news:comp.arch.storage>

  o  Newsgroup VHDL  <news:comp.lang.vhdl>

  o  Newsgroup Computer Benchmarks  <news:comp.benchmarks>

  5.  CPU Ì\¬Æ»¢

  ÝvÆeXgª®¹µ½çÍåÊ¶Yµ½¢AÆ È½ÌïÐÍl¦é©à
  mêÜ¹ñB»¤µ½ È½Ìv]ÉA£ÍÌ éí¸©È¿iÅ¦é
  "¼±Ìt@Eh(»¢¿Æ)"ª¢EÉ½³ñ èÜ·BAJ
  OâhCcACMXAú{AäpAØ»µÄÉ»¤¢Á½ïÐª 
  èÜ·B

  TMSC (äp )Í¢EÅ "ÅåÌÆ§t@Eh" Å·B±±É¶·êÎA
  åÊ¶ (100,000ÂÈã )¾ÆÅàÀÆÈèÜ·B

  5.1.  t@EhrWlXÍ¡A½\hàÌsêÅ·!!

  t@EhéÆÍCtÉåÊÌðµÄ¨èAShà©¯ÄH
  êðÄÄ¢Ü·!  VRt@EhrWlXÍ »ÝÌ 70h©ç
  2004NÜÅÉÍ360h (414%Á!)É¬··éÅµå¤Bæè½Ì
  foCX»¢ïÐ(IDM)ªA©ÐÅVREGnÌ\Íð·éæè
  àAOÌ`bv»¢ïÐÉ¶YÏõ·é¹ðIðµÄ¢Ü·BÆ§t@E
  hÍ»Ý¢EÌ¼±ÌÌ 12%ð¶YµÄ¢Ü·ªA2004NÜÅÉÍ 2{Èã
  Ì 26%ÌVFAÆÈéÅµå¤BS½é¢EÌ "rbO 3"t@EhÍ
  -- Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC), United
  Microelectronics Corp. (UMC), »µÄ Chartered Semiconductor
  Manufacturing Ltd. Pte.Å·B±êç3ÂÌéÆÅ»ÝÌVRt@Eh
  SÌÌ 69%Ìvðã°A 2004NÜÅÉÍ»ÌVFAð 88%ÜÅLÎ·Æ
  \z³êÄ¢Ü·B

  5.2.  CPU ÌgÝ§Ä

  ¢EÉ½SàÌt@Ehª èÜ· (½ß¬ÄÐîµ«êÜ¹ñ )B»
  Ì¤¿Ì¢Â©Í -

  o  Fabless Semiconductor Association  <http://www.fsa.org>

  o  TSMC (Taiwan Semi-conductor Manufacturing Co)
     <http://www.tsmc.com>, about co
     <http://www.tsmc.com/about/index.html>

  o  Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing, Singapore
     <http://www.csminc.com>

  o  United Microelectronics Corp. (UMC)
     <http://www.umc.com/index.html>

  o  Advanced BGA Packing  <http://www.abpac.com>

  o  Amcor, Arizona  <http://www.amkor.com>

  o  Elume, USA  <http://www.elume.com>

  o  X-Fab, Gesellschaft zur Fertigung von Wafern mbH, Erfurt, Germany
     <http://www.xfab.com>

  o  IBM corporation, (Semi-conductor foundry div)  <http://www.ibm.com>

  o  National Semi-conductor Co, Santa Clara, USA
     <http://www.natioanl.com>

  o  Intel corporation (Semi-conductor foundries), USA
     <http://www.intel.com>

  o  Hitachi Semi-conductor Co, Japan  <http://www.hitachi.com>

  o  FUJITSU limited, Japan has Wafer-foundry-services
     <http://www.fujitsu.com/products/semiconductor/lsi>

  o  Mitsubhishi Semi-conductor Co, Japan

  o  Hyandai Semi-conductor, Korea  <http://www.hea.com>

  o  Samsumg Semi-conductor, Korea

  o  Atmel, France  <http://www.atmel-wm.com>

     àµAåèÌ»¢ð²¶mÅµ½çAÉ³¦Ä¾³¢BXgÉÇ
     ÁµÜ·B

  `bvt@EhÌê

  o  Chip directory
     <http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/foundry.htm>

  o  Chip makers
     <http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/make/index.htm>

  o  IC manufacturers  <http://www.xs4all.nl/~ganswijk/chipdir/c/a.htm>

  6.  X[p[Rs[^ÌA[LeN`

  X[p[Rs[^Ì\zÉÖµÄAÅßÌ°ÈXüÆµÄÍÙÆñÇÌ
  Vµ¢VXeÍ¯¶e[}ÉîÃ¢ÄµÏ»ðÂ¯½àÌÆÈÁÄ¢Ü
  ·B·Èí¿A¬lbg[NÅqªê½ARISC x[XÌÎÌ}`v
  ZbVO (Symmetric Multi-Processing :SMP)m[hÌWÌÅ·B±ê
  ÍAA[LeN`Ì©RÈi»¾ÆvÁÄ¾³¢BvZbT (RISC)à
  lbg[N@íàärIÀ¿Éoñéæ¤ÉÈèAW»³ê½ÊM\tg
  EFAðg¢A»êçÌvZbTðÂÈ¢ÅêÌ»·é±ÆªÂ\ÉÈÁ½
  ÅA[J[ªñ·é®¬µ½VXeðg¤©íèÉA©Æ»NX^
  Rs[^ð\z·éP[Xª¦Ä¢Ü·B

  X[p[Rs[^ÉÖ·éÈºÌTCgðKêÄÝÄ¾³¢ -

  o  Top 500 super computers  <http://www.top500.org/ORSC/2000>

  o  National Computing Facilities Foundation
     <http://www.nwo.nl/ncf/indexeng.htm>

  o  Linux Super Computer Beowulf cluster
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Beowulf-HOWTO.html>

  o  Extreme machines - beowulf cluster  <http://www.xtreme-
     machines.com>

  o  System architecture description of the Hitachi SR2201
     <http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/comp/hpc/eng/sr1.html>

  o  Personal Parallel Supercomputers
     <http://www.checs.net/checs_98/papers/super>

  6.1.  åÈA[LeN`ÌíÞ

  }V»ÌàÌÉÂ¢ÄÌbðnßéOÉA«\ðã°é×É»ÝgíêA 
  é¢ÍÌ©ç¸ÁÆgíêÄ¢é¢Â©ÌJjYÉÂ¢Äl¦é±Æª
  dvÅ·BVOvZbTÌ«\ðz¦ÄRs[^VXeð¬»
  ·éãÅÌÂ\AsÂ\Æ¢¤ÌÍA»Ìåªªn[hEFAÌ\¢ é¢
  ÍA[LeN`ÅÜÁÄµÜ¢Ü·Bn[hEFAÆÌg¹Åà¤êÂ
  l¦çêédvÈ_ÍApÓ³ê½n[hEFAvbgtH[É¨¢Ä
  ø¦ÌÇ¢R[hð¶¬·é½ßÌRpCÌ\ÍÅ·B½ÌêÉ¨
  ¢Än[hEFAÆ\tgEFAÌÇ¿çªe¿µÄ¢éÌ©ðæÊ·éÌÍ
  ¢ïÅ èA éøÊªn[hEFAA é¢Í\tgEFAAÜ½Í»Ì¼
  ûÉæéàÌÈÌ©Æ¢¤êÊÅA»ÌÊððß·éÆ«ÉÍTdÉÈçÈ
  ÄÍÈèÜ¹ñB±ÌÍÅÍ "«\" Å éÆªÞ³êé}VÉÂ¢Ä
  Lq·é½ßn[hEFAA[LeN`ÉÅàd_ðu«Ü·B

  ½NÉànèAut (Flynn)ÌªÞvª«\Rs[^ðªÞ·éÌ
  Éð§Â±ÆðØ¾µÄ«Üµ½B±êÍA½ß (instruction)Xg[Æ
  f[^Xg[Ìµ¢ûÌá¢ÉæÁÄªÞ·éû@ÅA4ÂÌåÈA[L
  eN`ÌNXª èÜ·BÜ¸A»êçÌNXÉÂ¢ÄÈPÉTvðq
  ×A»Ì ÆÅ»ê¼êÌNXÉÂ¢Äq×éÆ«ÉÚ×ÉGêéÆµÜ
  µå¤B

  6.2.  SISD (Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V

  êÂÌ CPU ðÚµA³êéêÂÌ½ßXg[ðµ¤æ¤È
  ®ÌVXeÍ±ÌNXÉÜÜêÜ·BÅßÅÍ½³ñÌå^Ct
  [ª¡ CPU ðõ¦Ä¢é±Æª èÜ·ªA»ê¼êª¨Ý¢É³ÖW
  È½ßXg[ðÀsµÄ¢Ü·B»êä¦A±Ìæ¤È}VàÙÈéf
  [^óÔÅ®ì·é SISD(ÌWÜè) Å éÆ¢¦Ü·B SISD ÌáÆµÄÍ
  DEC â Hewlett-Packard »µÄ Sun Microsystems ÌÙÆñÇÌ[NXe
  [Vª°çêÜ·B SISD }VÌè`Í±±ÅÍPÉ·×ÄÌNX
  ðÔ·é½ßÉsÈÁ½¾¯Å·B±Ì^CvÌ}VÉÂ¢ÄÍ±Ì|
  [gÅÍµ¢Ü¹ñB

  6.3.  SIMD(Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V

  ±Ìæ¤È}VÍµÎµÎ 1,024Â©ç 16,384ÂÆ¢Á½cåÈÌ
  PÊðà¿A»êçª»ê¼êÙÈéf[^ÉÎµÄRàÌsiÌæ¤É¯¶
  ½ßðÀs·é±ÆªÂ\ÆÈÁÄ¢Ü·Bµ½ªÁÄA½Á½êÂÌ½ßÅ
  ½Ìf[^ðÀñÉé±ÆªÅ«Ü·B±Ì^CvÉªÞ³êé SIMD Ì
  áÆµÄÍ CPP DAP Gamma II â Alenia Quadrics ÈÇª°çêÜ·B

  à¤êÂÌ^CvÌ SIMD VXeÍxNgvZbTÅ·BxNgv
  ZbTÍÁÊÈ\¢ðàÂ CPU ðgÁÄAÆ§µ½f[^QæèÞf[^
  ÌzñÉÎµÄ\ÍðöµÜ·BxNgjbgÅf[^ð·éê
  AÊÍ3NbNTCN½è 1Â©Ü½ÁÊÈêÉÍ2ÂÌÅo
  Í³êÜ·B (1NbNTCNÆÍVXeÌàÔÌî{PÊÅ
  ·B) ÂÜèAxNg[hÅÀs·éÆ«ÉÀè xNgvZbTÍ
  ÙÚÀñÉf[^ð·éÉÈèÜ·B±ÌêA®ÌXJ[[h
  ÅÀs·éÌÉä×Ä{¬ÆÈèÜ·B±Ì½ßAxNgvZbTÌ
  ÀpãÌøÊÍAÙÚ SIMD }VÆ¯¶Æl¦çêÜ·B±Ìæ¤ÈVXe
  Ìáð °éÆ·êÎAHitachi S3600 Å·B

  6.4.  MISD(Multiple Instruction stream, Single Data stream) }V

  _IÉÍ±Ìæ¤È^CvÌ}VÅÍA¡Ì½ßªPêÌf[^Xg
  [ÉÎµÄ®ì·é±ÆÉÈèÜ·B±ÌNXÉªÞ³êé}VÍÀÛ
  ÉÍ¡ÜÅìçê½ÍÈAÜ½ÈPÉzÅ«éàÌÅàÈ¢ÌÅA±ê
  È~ÌªÅÍ±ÌNXð³µÜ·B

  6.5.  MIMD(Multiple Instruction stream, Multiple Data stream) }V

  ±êçÌ}VÍ¢Â©Ì½ßXg[ðÙÈéf[^ÉÎµÄÀñÉÀ
  sµÜ·BãqÌ}`vZbT SISD }VÆÌá¢ÍA¡Ì½ßâ¡
  Ìf[^ªA¯¶^XNÌÙÈéªÅ éªÌÉ¨Ý¢ÉÖWµ ÁÄ¢
  éÆ¢¤ÀÅ·Bµ½ªÁÄ MIMD VXeÍC^XNÌÔðZ
  k·é½ßÉ½ÌTu^XNðÀñÉÀs³¹éªÅ«Ü·B MIMD ÉÍ
  ½ÌoG[Vª èAÁÉ±ÌNXÉ¨¢ÄÍ Flynn ÌªÞÍV
  XeÌªÞ@ÆµÄKØÅÈ¢ªª©èÜ·BSÙÈé®ì`ÔÌ4v
  ZbTÌ NEC SX-5 Æ 1000vZbTÌ SGI/Cray T3E ª¼ûÆà¯¶±
  ÌNXÉªÞ³êÄµÜ¢Ü·B±Ì½ßA±ÌãÌªÉ¨¢ÄÍAVX
  eÌªÞÉ¨¢Äà¤êÂÊÈAdvÈæÊðµÄ»êðµÁÄ¢«Ü·B

  6.5.1.  ¤LVXe (Shared Memory systems)

  ¤LVXeÅÍA¡Ì CPU ªSÄ¯¶AhXóÔð¤LµÜ
  ·BSÄÌ CPU ªÎÉA½Á½êÂÌÉANZX·éÌÅ[UÍ
  f[^Ìi[êðméKvª èÜ¹ñB¤LVXeÍ SIMD Å 
  é±Æà è MIMD Å é±Æà èÜ·VO CPU ÌxNgvZb
  TÍOÒÌáÆµÄ°é±ÆªÅ«Ü·Bêû}` CPU ¤LVX
  eÌ}VÍãÒÌáÆÈèÜ·B¡ãA±ÌñÂÌTuNXÉÂ¢Ä
  SM-SIMD, SM-MIMD Æ¢¤ªêðp¢é±ÆÉµÜ·B

  6.5.2.  ªUVXe (Distributed Memory systems)

  ±ÌP[XÅÍACPU Í»ê¼êÉÖAÃ¯çê½ðÁÄ¢Ü·B¡
  Ì CPU ªlbg[NÅÚ±³êÄ¢ÄAvÉ¶Ä»ê¼êÌS·
  éÔÅf[^ðð··é±ÆªÅ«Ü·B¤LVXeÆÍÎÆ
  IÉA[UÍ[JàÌf[^ÌÊuðmÁÄ¢È¯êÎÈç¸A
  Ü½vÉ¶Ä¾¦IÉf[^ÌÚ®âªzðsíÈÄÍÈèÜ¹ñBª
  UVXeÉàASIMD, MIMD ¢¸êÌêà èÜ·BæÉà¾µ½
  ûÌARàÌsiÌæ¤É®ì·é SIMD VXeÍSÄvZbTÉÖAÃ
  ¯çê½ªUðÁÄ¢Ü·BãÅq×éæ¤ÉAªU^ MIMD
  VXeÉÍAñíÉ½lÈíÞÌlbg[NÚ±`Ô (g|W) ª è
  Ü·BAvP[VÌÚA«ÉÖµÄð§Âg|WÌÚ×Íåªª
  [U©ç©¦È¢æ¤ÉÈÁÄ¢Ü·B¡ãA±ÌñÂÌTuNXÉÂ¢Ä
  DM-SIMD, DM-MIMD Æ¢¤ªêðp¢é±ÆÉµÜ·B

  ¤L}VÆªU}VÌá¢Í¾Å éæ¤É©¦Ü·ª
  [UÌ_Å©êÎK¸µà»¤ÆÍ¢¦Ü¹ñBá¦Îß Ì Kendall
  Square Research VXeÍn[hEFAxÅÌ "¼z¤L"Æ¢
  ¤l¦ûðÌpµÄ¢Ü·B¼z¤LÍ\tgEFAxÅàV~
  [g·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·Bá¦ÎA1993NÉ\³ê½ High Performance
  Fortran(HPF)ÌdlÍRpCÌwßÉæÁÄAf[^ðpÂ\Èv
  ZbTÉªU·éÆ¢¤àÌÅµ½B±Ì½ßA±Ìê HPF ªÀ³ê½
  VXeÍ[UÉÆÁÄ¤L}VÌæ¤É©¦Ü·B HP(Heulett
  Packard)â SGI/Cray ÈÇ¼ÌåKÍÀñVXe (Massively Parallel
  Processing systems:MPP systems) Ìx_à¼z¤LvO~O
  fðT|[gµÄ¢Ü·B»¤·êÎA¨IÉÍªUVXeÅ
   ÁÄàAhXóÔÌWSÌÌAhXðwè·é±ÆªÅ«é©çÅ
  ·Bµ½ªÁÄA[UÌ½ßÉVXeÍSÌÉnéPêÌO[o
  AhXóÔðÁÄ¢Ü·B»Ìæ¤ÈVXeÌ\¢ÉÂ¢ÄÍ
  ccNUMA ÌÆ±ëÅà¤µ¾¯GêéÂàèÅ·B³çÉATreadMarks Ìæ
  ¤ÈpbP[WÍ[NXe[VÌlbg[NÉ¼z¤LÂ«ð
  à½çµÜ·B

  6.6.  ªUVXe

  ±±NÅoêµ½à¤êÂÌghÍªUÅ·B±êÍ DM-MIMD Ì
  TOðêàOi³¹½àÌÅ·B·Èí¿AêÂ é¢Í¡Ì ÉüÁ½½
  Ì³ê½vZbTÌãíèÉA[NXe[VâCt[
  ÈÇð (MKrbgÌ) C[Tlbgâ FDDIâ é¢ÍÊÈû@ÅÚ±µÄ
  ¯¶vOÅ¯ÉìÆ·éæ¤Éµ½àÌÅ·BRZvgÆµÄÍ±
  êÍ DM-MIMD ÆÏíè èÜ¹ñªvZbTÔÌÊMÍµÎµÎÍ¸ê
  ÉxÈèÜ·BªURs[^ðÀ»·é½ÌpbP[WªpÂ\Å
  ·Bá¦ÎAPVM(Parallel Virtual Machine)â MPI(Message Passing
  Interface) ÈÇÅ·B "bZ[WpbVO " fÆÄÎêé±Ìv
  O~OX^CÍåÏó¯üêçêéæ¤ÉÈèAPVM â MPI ªÀã
  ·×ÄÌªU MIMD VXeÌåèx_[ÉÌp³êéæ¤ÉÈèÜ
  µ½Bµ©à¤L MIMD VXeÌx_[³¦AÝ·«Æ¢¤RÅ
  Ìp·éæ¤ÉÈèÜµ½B³çÉAÅßÌXüÆµÄÍ«\pC
  ^[tFCX(HiPPI)`lÆ¢¤100MB/s NXÌ¬ÊMðgÁÄAñ
  íÉ¢vZ\ÍðàÂVXeð¾éNX^¤LVXeÆ¢¤à
  Ìª èÜ·BáÆµÄÍANEC SX-5 Æ SGI/Cray SV1 ª±Ì\¢ðÌpµ
  Ä¢Ü·B·Èí¿ANX^ÔÌÊMÉÍbZ[WpbVOðg¢Èª
  çAm[hÌWÌÉ¨¢Ä¤LÌvO~OX^CªgíêÄ
  ¢éÌÅ·B

  6.7.  ccNUMA }V

  ±ÌÍÌ`ªÅq×½ÊèAââÈß (½Æà16)Ì RISC vZbT ð
  êÂÌNX^É§³¹½àÌA·Èí¿ÎÌ}`vZbVO
  (SMP) m[hðàÁ½VXeð\z·é±Æª¬sÌlÅ·Bm[hàÌv
  ZbTÍAÙÆñÇ¢Âà¼Ú(PêXe[WENXo[lbg[NÉ
  æÁÄ)Ú±³êÄ¢Ü·BêûNX^ÔÍââÀ¿Èlbg[NÉæÁ
  ÄqªêÄ¢Ü·B

  ±êÍASÄÌvZbTªSÄÌAhXóÔÉANZXÅ«éÆ¢¤dv
  È_ð¯ÎAåÈxNgvZbTÌWÌÉÂ¢Äãqµ½èiÉ
  Ä¢Ü·BæÁÄA±Ìæ¤ÈVXeÍ SM-MIMD }VÆl¦é±ÆªÅ
  «Ü·BêûÅÍAª¨IÉªUµÄ¢éÌÅAf[^ANZXì
  ªíÉ¯É«³êéÆ¢¤ÛØÍ èÜ¹ñB»êä¦A±Ìæ¤È}V
  Í ccNUMA VXeÆÄÎêÜ·B±êÍ Cache Coherent Non-Uniform
  Memory Access ÌªÅ·BLbVRq[g(Cache Coherent:¼ó -
  LbVÌÂ¶ÂÜªÁÄ¢é)Æ¢¤¾tÍ "gp³êé¢©ÈéÏ
  àA·×ÄÌ CPU ÉÆÁÄêvµÄ¢È¯êÎÈçÈ¢"Æ¢¤Àð\µÄ
  ¢Ü·Bµ½ªÁÄ±Ì_É¨¢ÄA±êçÌÏÌ³ÉÈéLbVàÜ
  ½êvµÄ¢éªmÀÅÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñB¡Ì CPU ÌLbVª
  Rq[gÅ éðmÀÉ·é½ßÉÍFXÈû@ª èÜ·BêÂ
  ÍAsnoopy bus protocol ÅA±ÌoXÉ¨¢ÄLbVÍ CPU ÖÌÏ
  Ì]ðÄµAàµ»êªLbVµÄ éÏÅ êÎXVµÜ·Bà
  ¤êÂÌû@ÍAfBNgÅA±êÍ·×ÄÌÏÌRs[Æ»Ì
  ³«ðÄ·éAÁêÈªÌÅ·B

  ÀpãA±êçÌVXeÍ SM-MIMD }VÅ éÆªÞÅ«Ü·BSM-MIMD
  }VÉªÞÂ\Èà¤êÂÌRª èÜ·B»êÍAª¨IÉÍ
  ªUµÄ¢éÉà©©íç¸A (á¦ÎfBNgÈÇÌ) ÁÊÈâ
  n[hEFAâ\tgEFAªA ½©àPêÌVXeÅ éæ¤È`É
  Ì³¹ÄµÜ¤©çÅ·B

  7.  j[lbg[NvZbT

  j[lbg[NÍ¶¨Ì_olbg[NðfÉµÄ¢Ü·Bµ
  ©µÈªçðjIÉÍj[lbg[NÌªìÉ¨¯éCXs[
  VÌ¹ÌåªÍ«\ÌA é¢ÍumIvÆ¢ÁÄàÇ¢æ¤ÈlÔ
  Ì]ªÊísÈÁÄ¢éÌÉ½\ÍðàÁ½lHIÈVXeðÂè
  oµ½¢Æ¢¤~]©ç¶ÜêÄ¨èAÜ½»êÉæÁÄlÔÌ]ðæèð
  ·é±ÆàÂ\Å ë¤Æ¢¤Æ±ë©ç¶ÜêÄ¢éÌÅ·B

  ÙÆñÇÌj[lbg[NVXeÍ éíÌ "Pû"K¥ðàÁÄ
  ¨èA»êÉæÁÄPûf[^ÉîÃ¢½lbg[NÌÚ±_ÌdÝt¯²
  ®ðsÈ¢Ü·B (ó: udÝvÆÍ_o×EÉ¨¯éVivXÌÚ±x
  É·éWÅ·B±ÌudÝvðÏ»³¹é±ÆÅ"_o×EÌò"Å é
  ]ÌuwKvvZXðV~[gµÄ¢Ü·B) ¾¢·¦êÎAj[
  lbg[NVXeªPûÉæÁÄ¾½XÌá©ç "wK"µ(qª
  XÌu¢vÌáðàÆÉu¢vÆ¢¤àÌÌF¯ðwÔæ¤É)APûÉ
  æéf[^ðz¦ÄêÊ»·é\Íðö·éÌÅ·B

  j[lbg[NÍ»ê¼êÌZªÝ¢ÉÆ§Å³êé½ßAÀ
  ñ«ÉÂ¢ÄñíÉ¢Â\«ðÁÄ¢Ü·BåKÍÀñÆ¢Ú±«
  ðj[lbg[NÌÁ¥¾Æ·élà¢Ü·Bµ©µ±Ìæ¤Èð
  ÅÍ½Æ¦ÎPÈü`ñA(2ÂÌjbgÆoCAXÌÝðàÁ½Å¬\¬
  ÌtB[htH[hlbg[N)Ìæ¤ÈVvÈfªj[
  lbg[NÌÔÅÍÈ¢Æè`³êÄµÜ¢Ü·ªA±êÍj[
  lbg[NÌÁêÈP[XÆµÄµ¤ÆÖÈÌÅ·B

  j[lbg[NÌè`Ì¢Â©ðÈºÉ¦µÜ·:

  o  DARPAÌj[lbg[N¤ÉæéÆ: uj[lbg[N
     ÍÀñÉZðsÈ¤½ÌPÈZfqÅ\¬³ê½VXeÅA»
     Ì@\Ílbg[NÌ\¢AÚ±Ì³A»µÄfqâm[hÌÉ
     æÁÄÜéBv

  o  HaykinÉæéÆ: uj[lbg[NÍåÊÌÀñªUvZbT
     ÅAo±IÈm¯ð~ÏµpÂ\É·éÆ¢¤{¿IÈ«¿ðàÁÄ¢
     éBÜ½AÌ2ÂÌ_É¨¢ÄA]ÆÄ¢éBv

     o  wKvZXðÊµ½lbg[NÉæèm¯ª¾çêéB

     o  uVivXdÝvÆµÄmçêéj[ÔÌÚ±xªm¯Û¶É
        gíêéB

     j[lbg[NÍ_oðîÉìçê½ñíÉ½ÌPÈZf
     qÅ\¬³êÄ¢Ü·B»ê¼êÌfqÍ»ê¼êÌîñÉÎµÄÌÝ
     ZðÀsµÜ·B»ÌãA»ê¼êÌfqÌZÍñ¯úÅsÈíêÜ
     ·Bµ½ªÁÄSÌÌVXeNbNÍ¶ÝµÈ¢ÌÅ·B

  o  ZuradaÉæéÆ: ulHÌ_onA é¢Íj[lbg[NÆ¢
     ¤àÌÍAo±Im¯ðæèÝAi[µApÅ«éæ¤ÈÀÌ é×
     EnÅ éBvÆè`³êÄ¢Ü·B

  j[lbg[NvZbTÉÂ¢Ä³çÉÚµmè½¢êÍ

  o  Omers Neural Network pointers
     <http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/User/O.F.Rana/neural.html>

  o  FAQ site  <ftp://ftp.sas.com/pub/neural/FAQ.html>

  o  Automation corp Neural Network Processor <http://www.accurate-
     automation.com/Products/NNP.HTM> hardware

  8.  ÖA URL

  ÖA·éÈºÌêðKêÄ©Ä¾³¢B

  o  Color Vim editor  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/Vim-HOWTO.html>

  o  Source code control system  <http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CVS-
     HOWTO.html>

  o  Linux goodies ÌCTCg <http://www.aldev.8m.com> ~[TCg
     Í webjump <http://aldev.webjump.com>, angelfire
     <http://www.angelfire.com/nv/aldev>, geocities
     <http://www.geocities.com/alavoor/index.html>, virtualave
     <http://aldev.virtualave.net>, bizland <http://aldev.bizland.com>,
     theglobe <http://members.theglobe.com/aldev/index.html>, spree
     <http://members.spree.com/technology/aldev>, infoseek
     <http://homepages.infoseek.com/~aldev1/index.html>, bcity
     <http://www3.bcity.com/aldev>, 50megs <http://aldev.50megs.com>,
     NBCi <http://members.nbci.com/alavoor>, Terrashare
     <http://aldev.terrashare.com>, Fortunecity
     <http://members.fortunecity.com/aldev>, Freewebsites
     <http://aldev.freewebsites.com>, Tripod
     <http://members.tripod.lycos.com/aldev>

  9.  ±ÌhLgÌ¼tH[}bgÌàÌ

  ±ÌhLgÍ 11íÞÌÙÈétH[}bgöJ³êÄ¢Ü·B»êç
  ÍADVI, Postscript, Latex, Adobe Acrobat PDF, GNU-info, HTML,
  RTF(b`eLXg`®), vCeLXg, UNIX man y[W, êÂÉÜÆ
  ß½ HTML t@CA»µÄ SGML Å·B

  o  ±Ì HOWTO hLg(´¶)ÍÈºÌTCgÅ HTML, DVI,
     Postscript,  é¢Í SGML tH[}bgÌ tarball ÌPêt@CÆµ
     ÄüèÂ\Å·B <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-
     formats/> »µÄ  <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>

  o  vCeLXg`®Í:
     <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO> ¨æÑ
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>ÅüèÂ\Å·B

  o  PêÌ HTML t@C`®Í:
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>É èÜ·B

  o  tXêAhCcêAXyCêAêAú{êÌæ¤È¼¾êÖÌ
     |ó¶Í <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO> ¨æÑ
     <http://www.linuxdoc.org/docs.html#howto>ÅüèÂ\Å·BÅ·B ¼
     ¾êÖÌ|óð¯Ä¾³éûð½}µÜ·B

     ±ÌhLgÍ "SGML-Tools" ÆÄÎêéc[ðgÁÄ©êÄ¢
     Ü·B»êÍ±±ÅèÉüèÜ·B <http://www.sgmltools.org> \[X
     ðRpC·éÆAÈºÌæ¤ÈR}hðg¤ªÅ«Ü·B

  o  sgml2html CPU-Design-HOWTO.sgml     (to generate html file)

  o  sgml2rtf  CPU-Design-HOWTO.sgml     (to generate RTF file)

  o  sgml2latex CPU-Design-HOWTO.sgml    (to generate latex file)

  LaTeX ¶Í sgml2latex (Æ dvips) ðgÁÄÈºÌlÈ Acrobat (
  <http://www.adobe.com>) Ì distill R}hðÊ¶ÄoÍµAPostscript
  oÍðì¬·é±ÆÅÈPÉ PDF t@CÉÏ·Å«Ü·B

  ______________________________________________________________________
  bash$ man sgml2latex
  bash$ sgml2latex filename.sgml
  bash$ man dvips
  bash$ dvips -o filename.ps filename.dvi
  bash$ distill filename.ps
  bash$ man ghostscript
  bash$ man ps2pdf
  bash$ ps2pdf input.ps output.pdf
  bash$ acroread output.pdf &
  ______________________________________________________________________

   é¢ÍAGhostscript Ì ps2pdf R}hðg¤±ÆàÅ«Ü·B

  ±Ì HOWTO hLgÌêÍ

  o  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html> Å·B

  ÈºÌ~[TCgÅàA±ÌhLgð©Â¯çêÜ·B

  o  <http://www.caldera.com/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://www.WGS.com/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://www.cc.gatech.edu/linux/LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/ldp/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html>

  o  <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/hmirrors.html>  È½Ìß(lbg[
     NAhXÆ¢¤_É¨¢Ä)Ì~[TCgÍ±±Å©Â¯çêÜ·B

     TCgðIñÅ /LDP/HOWTO/CPU-Design-HOWTO.html ÌfBNgÉi
     ñÅ¾³¢B

  ±ÌhLgð dvi tH[}bgÅ©éÉÍAxdvi vOðgÁÄ
  ¾³¢B xdvi vOÍ Redhat Linux Ì tetex-xdvi*.rpm pbP[
  WÉ èÜ·B±êÍ ControlPanel - Applications - Publishing - TeX
  menu buttons Éu±ÆªÅ«Ü·B dvi hLgðÇÞÉÍAÈºÌ
  R}hðÀsµÄ¾³¢B

               xdvi -geometry 80x90 howto.dvi
               man xdvi

  »ÌãA}EXÅEChETCYðÏXµÄ¾³¢BEChEàÅ¶
  Ì{ÊuðÚ®·éÉÍîóL[, Page Up, Page Down L[ðgÁÄ¾
  ³¢BÜ½A'f', 'd', 'u', 'c', 'l', 'r', 'p', 'n' ÌL[ðgÁÄA
  ãAºASAy[WAOy[WÈÇÉÚ®·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·BGLXp
  [gj[ðÂ¶éÉÍ 'x' ðµÄ¾³¢B postscript t@Cð
  ÇÞÉÍ 'gv'(ghostview) Ü½Í 'ghostscript' vOðg¢Ü·B
  ghostscript vOÍ Redhat Linux Ì shostscript*.rpm pbP[W
  ÉA gv vOÍ gv*.rpm pbP[WÉ èÜ·B±êÍ ControlPanel
  - Applications - Graohics Menu buttons Éu±ÆªÅ«Ü·B gv v
  OÌûª ghostscript æèÍé©É[Uth[Å·B
  ghostscript Æ gv Í OS/2 â Windows 95/NT ÈÇÌ¼ÌvbgtH[
  ÅàpÂ\Å·B±ÌhLgÍ»êçÌvbgtH[ãÅ³¦Ç
  ßÜ·B

  o  Windows 95 â OS/2 »Ì¼·×ÄÌ OS pÌ ghostscript Í
     <http://www.cs.wisc.edu/~ghost> ÅèÉüêÄ¾³¢B

  To read postscript document give the command -

                       gv howto.ps
                       ghostscript howto.ps

  Netscape Navigator â Microsoft Internet explorer, Redhat Baron Web
  browser  é¢Í¼Ì 10íÞÌEFuuEUÅ HTML tH[}bgÌ±Ì
  ¶ðÇÞ±ÆªÅ«Ü·B

  10.  Copyright

  Copyright policy is GNU/GPL as per LDP (Linux Documentation project).
  LDP is a GNU/GPL project.  Additional restrictions are - you must
  retain the author's name, email address and this copyright notice on
  all the copies. If you make any changes or additions to this document
  then you should intimate all the authors of this document.

  (QlÆµÄì ÉÖ·éLqÌóðÈºÉ¦µÜ·ªA±êÍ ÜÅQ
  lÅ·ÌÅÀÛÌì ÉÖ·éÍ´¶ÌLqÉ]ÁÄ¾³¢B)

  ì ÌûjÍ LDP(Linux Documentation Project) Éæè GNU/GPL ÉîÃ
  «Ü·BÇÁÌ§ÀÍ - Ò¼AÒÌ E [AhXA»µÄ±Ìì
   ÉÖ·éRgð·×ÄÌ¡»ÉLq·é±Æ - Å·B±ÌhL
  gÉÏXâÇÁð·éêÍA±ÌhLgÌ·×ÄÌÒÉmç¹Ä
  ¾³¢B

  11.  ú{êóÉÂ¢Ä

  {hLgÌ´¶Í LDP <http://www.linuxdoc.org/> É èÜ·BÄz
  zÉ ½ÁÄÍ Copyright Ì´¶ðQÆµÄ¾³¢B

  {hLgð|ó·éÛAJF-Project Ìo[ÌûXæè½Ì
  ¾AwEÈÇð¸«Üµ½ÌÅ±±ÉÐîµÜ·B

  |óÉ¦ÍµÄ¾³Á½ûX(50¹)

  o  ì Î³ñ

  o  çU Ti³ñ

  o  ã¡ ³¿³ñ

  o  ã¡ ë°³ñ

  o  Rè NG³ñ