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Linux GCC FAQ

Mitchum DSouza

m.dsouza@uk.ac.caw.mrc-apu

ö¤ - ú{êó
iuhbj

GAA00714@niftyserve.or.jp

February 1, 1994

ªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªªª

    Note: ±Ì¶Í©ÈèÈOÉ©ê½àÌÈÌÅA¢ÜÇ«Ì Linux Â
    «ÉÍ ÄÍÜçÈ¢Óª èÜ·B (JF Project)
   
Q: 0) ±Ì FAQ ÌÅVo[WÍÇ±ÅèÉüêçêÜ·©H
Q: 1) ªgÁÄ¢é GCC Ìo[WðméÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢Å·©H
Q: 2) GCC,as,ld,ar, »Ì¼ÌÅVÅÌztÍÇ±É èÜ·©H
Q: 3) libc.so,libw.so Ì¤LCuÌÅVÅÍÇ±Å©Â¯é±ÆªÅ
    «Ü·©H
Q: 4) Linux Å¼ÉÍÇÌæ¤È¤LCuªg¦Ü·©H
Q: 5) Linux pÌ¤L DLL CuðìéÉÍÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅ·©H
Q: 6) ®àøÈoCiðÀsµ½ÌÉC"PLT__oct__FUii" bZ[Wðó¯æ
    éÌÍÈºÅ·©H
Q: 7) vbgz[ XXX ãÉ Linux ÌR[hðÍ«¾·NXRpC
    ðìéÉÍÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 8) ÇÌæ¤ÈV{ª Linux Ì GCC ÉæÁÄ©®IÉè`³êÜ·©
    H
Q: 9) RpCÉisigvecÆ¢Á½ÁÊÈVOiÈÇÌj BSD Ìdlð
    È·ÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢Å·©H
Q: 10) SIGBUS, SIGEMT, SIGIOT, SIGTRAP, SIGSYS ÈÇÍÇ±É èÜ·©H
Q: 11) libhard Æ libsoft ÆÍ½Å·©H
Q: 12) bZ[W "can't load library: /lib/libxxx.so, Incompatible
    version" ÌÓ¡Í½Å·©H
Q: 13) í½µÌCuªÆÄàå«¢ÌÍÈºÅ·©HÜ½AÇ¤·êÎ
    ¬³ÈèÜ·©H
Q: 14) -N tOðg¤Æ½ªN±èÜ·©HÜ½AÇ¤g¦Î¢¢ÌÅ·©
    H
Q: 15) vOÌfobLOîñÍÇ¤·êÎæêéÌÅ·©H
Q: 16) ÇÌfobKª Linux Åg¦Ü·©H
Q: 17) daemon vOðfobO·éû@ÍH
Q: 18) profiling ÆÍ½Å·©HÜ½AvOð profile ·éÉÍÇÌ
    æ¤É·êÎæ¢ÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 19) àµAoCiªÃIÉÜ½Í¤LCuÉN³êÄ¢½ê
    ÉA»êð²×éû@Í èÜ·©H
Q: 20) Linux Í LD_LIBRARY_PATH ðT|[gµÄ¢Ü·©H
Q: 21) ÌvOÅÍ /lib/cpp ªKvÅ·BÇ±©çèÉüê½çæ¢
    ÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 22) <varargs.h> ÍÇ±Å·©H
Q: 23) ÌvOÅA<linux/foo.h> ðCN[hµ½¢ÌÅ·ªA©
    Â¯é±ÆªÅ«Ü¹ñBÇ±É éÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 24) foo() ÖÍCuÉüÁÄ¢éÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 25) vO XXX ð Linux ÉÁÄéÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢Å·©H
Q: 26) gcc/library Ì foo ÅoOð©Â¯½ÌÅ·ªAÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅ
    µå¤©H
Q: 27) ¤LCuª¯¶@\ðÁ½ÃICuæèå«ÈéÌÍ
    ½ÌÅ·©H
Q: 28) /usr/lib àÉ é .sa t@CÆÍ½Å·©H
Q: 29) Linux pÌIuWFNgwüÌ C ÍÇ±ÅèÉüêçêÜ·©H
Q: 30) "Internal compiler error: cc1 got fatal signal 11" ÌbZ[W
    ÌÓ¡Í½Å·©H
Q: 31) libc.lite ÆÍ½Å·©H
Q: 32) Linux ÌCuÍ SHADOW Password ðT|[gµÄÜ·©HÜ½
    AIEItÍÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅ·©H
Q: 33) math.h [`ª©Â©èÜ¹ñBvOðRpCµÄ¢é
    ÌÅ·ªA log(), sin() ÈÇª©Â©èÜ¹ñB¾ê©A¯ÄI
Q: 34) GCC Ì}jAÍ èÜ·©Hàµ éÈçAÇ±ÅèÉüêçêÜ
    ·©HÜ½AÇ¤·êÎóüÅ«Ü·©H
Q: 35) "Undefined symbol _bsd_ioctl" ÌbZ[WªoÜµ½BÇ¤·êÎ
    ¢¢ÌÅ·©H
Q: 36) o[WAbv·éÆ«ÍA/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i[34]86-linux/
    <old-version> ©çÃ¢àÌðæè±ÆÍÅ«Ü·©H
Q: 37) w¯Äxlibipc.a ÍÇ±Å·©Hdosemu 0.49 Ì½ßÉKvÈÌÅ
    ·ªB
Q: 38) XXX ªRpCÅ«Ü¹ñB_daemon ª¢è`ÉÈèÜ·B¾ê©
    ¯ÄII
Q: 39) w¯Äxar ÆCuÉÂ¢ÄÅ·BV{ÍCuÉ 
    éÌÅ·ªANÉ¸sµÜ·B
Q: 40) ¯ÄISÒÈÌÅ·ªA"libc.so.4: incompat. minor ver no."
    Æ¢¤[jObZ[WªÅÄ¢ÁÄ¢Ü·B
Q: 41) c ÌvOÌRpCÌOÉ`FbN·é `lint' ÍÇ±Å·©
    H
Q: 42) ÌvOÅ sgtty.h ªKvÈÌÅ·ªAÇ±É éÌÅµå¤
    ©H
Q: 43) SIGSEGV ÉæéRAt@CÌì¬ðÖ~µ½èAÂµ½è·éÉÍ
    Ç¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 44) "can't load dynamic linker `/lib/ld.so'" ÌbZ[WÌÓ¡Í½
    Å·©H
Q: 45) -O2 Æ -O6 ÅÌø¦Ìá¢Í½Å·©H
Q: 46) os¾ÌoCiªgCÌØnÌæ¤ÈEBXÉ´õµÄ¢é©
    Ç¤©`FbN·éû@ÍH
Q: 47) C CuÌ\[XÍÇ±É èÜ·©HÜ½rh·éû@ÍH
Q: 48) FD_* Ìè`ÍÇ±É èÜ·©H
Q: 49) -g IvVtÅNµ½çA___fpu_control Æ ___setfpucw ª
    ¢è`¾Æ¾íêÄµÜÁ½ÌÅ·ªB /usr/lib/crt0.o Undefined
    symbol ___fpu_control reference from text segment. /usr/lib/crt0.o
    Undefined symbol ___setfpucw reference from text segment. ÈÉª«
    ¢ÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 50) í½µÌCuâAvP[VðÛ»·éc[ÍÇ±Åè
    ÉüèÜ·©H
Q: 51) `mkimage' Æ¢¤ DLL c[ª libgcc ÌÈ©É©Â©èÜ¹ñB
    ¯Ä¾³¢B
Q: 52) "__NEEDS_SHRLIB_libc_4 multiply defined" ÌbZ[WðoÈ¢æ
    ¤É·éÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢ÌÅµå¤©H
Q: 53) QMAGIC Æ¢¤ÌÍAêÊIÉÍÇ¤¢¤àÌÅ·©H
Q: 54) ÇÌæ¤É·êÎAQMAGIC ÌÀst@CâCuðì¬Å«Ü
    ·©H
Q: 55) "warning using incompatable library version xxx" ÌbZ[Wð
    oÈ¢æ¤É·é±ÆÍÅ«Ü·©H

Q: 0) ±Ì FAQ ÌÅVo[WÍÇ±ÅèÉüêçêÜ·©H

A:

ñ: ÅVÅÍ comp.os.linux.announce ÉèúIÉ|Xg³êÄ¨èAåv
È Linux
      TCgÉzt³êÄ¢Ü·Bá¦ÎA

                sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/faqs

      »Ì¼Ì GCC, C, C++, g++, Objective-C Ì FAQ Í½ª

                rtfm.mit.edu:pub/usenet/news.answers

      É éÅµå¤B

Q: 1) ªgÁÄ¢é GCC Ìo[WðméÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢Å·©H

A:

ñ: ÈºÌR}hðÀsµÄ¾³¢B

             gcc -v

       È½ÌgÁÄ¢é GCC Ìo[WðmFÅ«Ü·Bi±Ì¶Íðj
¢Ä
      ¢é_ÅÌ}VÅãLÌR}hðÀs·éÆAÈºÌæ¤É\
¦³êÜ
      ·B

        Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux/2.5.7/specs
        gcc version 2.5.7

      ±êÆ¯¶àÌ©A»êÈãÌo[WÉAbvO[h·éð¨
©ßµÜ
      ·B

      P.S àµAÈºÌoÍÊð¾½ÈçA

        Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-linux/2.5.7/specs
        gcc version 2.5.7

      486 pÉRpC³ê½ gcc ðç¹é±ÆªÅ«Ü·B
 

Q: 2) GCC,as,ld,ar, »Ì¼ÌÅVÅÌztÍÇ±É èÜ·©H

A:

ñ: GCC ztÌö®ÌêÍAtsx-11.mit.edu Ì /pub/linux/packages/
GCC Å·B
      ¼Ì~[TCgÅà¯lÅ·B·×ÄÌ GCC Ì»¨ÌÅVo[W
ÍA
      ±±Å©Â¯çêÜ·B

      i±Ì¶Íðj¢Ä¢é_ÌÅVÌ GCC ÍAo[W 2.5.7 Å
 èA
      ÈºÌêÅèÉüêÜµ½B

      tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/gcc-2.5.7-p1.tar.gz

      µ©µÈªçA±êÍ GNU foundation Éæé GCC ÌpÅ«éÅVo
[W
      Ì±ÆðÓ¡µÄ¢éÌÅÍ èÜ¹ñBÅVÌ * zt * o[W
Å·B

      Linux GCC ÌeðµÄ¢élXÍA È½Ì½ßÉ È½©gª
pÅ«é
      ÅVo[WðRpCµâ·¢æ¤ÉìÁÄ¢Ü·BGCC \[X
ÆÆàÉ
      zu·éXNvgª È½Ì½ßÉpÓ³êÄ¢Ü·B

      àµA È½ª»¨ðRpCµ½¢ÈçAÅVÌCN[hiw
b_j
      t@CªKvÉÈéÅµå¤Bi±Ì¶Íðj¢Ä¢é_ÌÅV
Ì
      CN[hit@CjÍAÈº©çüèÅ«Ü·B

        tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/inc-4.5.8.tar.gz
 

Q: 3) libc.so,libw.so Ì¤LCuÌÅVÅÍÇ±Å©Â¯é±ÆªÅ
«Ü·©H

A:

ñ: ãÌ (2) ð©Ä¾³¢Bimage*/tar.z t@CªKvÅ·B486 ½
ßÌC
      [WÍA/pub/linux/packages/GCC/486 Å©Â¯çêÜ·B
 

Q: 4) Linux Å¼ÉÍÇÌæ¤È¤LCuªg¦Ü·©H

A:

ñ: Ok!±±ÉAªRpCµ½Xgª èÜ·B½ÌÇÁ^ÏXÍ
      åÚÉÝÄ¾³¢B

      ÈºÉq×ét@CÍAeCuªÅßüÁÄ¢éiÜ½ÍüÁ
Ä¢éÆ
      ñ³ê½jt@CÅ·B

      P.S. ÈºÌCuðæèmÀÈàÌÉ·é½ßÉACuð
e·é
      lXAÜ½Cu©gª tools-x.y.tar.z pbP[WÉüÁÄ¢é
 
      doc/table_description t@CðQÆµÜ·B
      ±êçªÇ±ÅèÉüé©Í¿â (5) ðQÆµÄ¾³¢B

±êªALinux pÌ DLL Cuªo^³êÄ¢éêÊIÈt@CêÅ
·B
======================================================================

libc.so     tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/image-4.5.8.tar.gz
libm.so         ãLÌ tar.gz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B

libX11.so   tsx-11.mit.edu:pub/linux/packages/X11/XFree86-2.0/
xf86-lib-2.0
.tar.gz
libXt.so        ãLÌ tar.gz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B
libXaw.so       ãLÌ tar.gz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B

librl.so    sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/librl-1.1.tar.z
libgr.so    sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/libgr-1.2.tar.z
libf2c.so   sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/development/fortran/
libf2c-0.9.tar.z
libF77.so       ãLÌ libf2c.so ðãíèÉgÁÄ¾³¢B
libI77.so       ãLÌ libf2c.so ðãíèÉgÁÄ¾³¢B

libXpm.so   sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/libXpm32g.tar.z

libnsl.so   ftp.lysator.liu.se:/pub/NYS/nys-0.xx.tar.gz

libolgx.so  sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/xview3L5.tar.gz
libxview.so     ãLÌ tar.gz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B
libsspkg.so     ãLÌ tar.gz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B
libUIT.so       ãLÌ tar.gz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B

libPEX.so   tsx-11.mit.edu:pub/linux/packages/X11/XFree86-1.3/
xf86-pex-2.0
.tar.gz

libtcl.so   sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/development/tcl/*
libtk.so        tcl/tk ÌÈ©Ì¢ë¢ëÈ tar.gz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢
@@@@@@@@Ü·B

libWc.so            s¾Å·B
libXp.so            s¾Å·B

libIV.so    nic.funet.fi:/pub/OS/Linux/images/Slackware/iv1/iv*.tgz
libUnidraw.so   ãLÌ .tgz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B

libXm.so    Motif CuÍt[\tgÅÍ èÜ¹ñBºLÌm[g
ðQÆ
            µÄ¾³¢B

libsrgp.so  sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/X11/devel/suit.tpz
libsuit.so      ãLÌ tpz t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·BizzµÄ¢È¢Æ
ñ
@@@@@@@@³êÄ¢Ü·j

libOI.so    tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/OI/oi40.tar
libOIrg.so       ãLÌ tar t@CÉÜÜêÄ¢Ü·B

libld.so    tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/ldso-1.4.tar.z
                 ilibc 4.4.4 ÈãªKvÅ·j

libarma.so  ftp.atnf.csiro.au:/pub/karma
libkarmaX11.so      ãLÌ site ð©Ä¾³¢B
libkarmaXt.so       ãLÌ site ð©Ä¾³¢B
libkarmagraphics.so ãLÌ site ð©Ä¾³¢B
libkarmawidgets.so  ãLÌ site ð©Ä¾³¢B
libkarmaxview.so    ãLÌ site ð©Ä¾³¢B

libwxwin.so     sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/X11/devel/wxWin_linux.tgz

libandrew.so    sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/X11/andrew/
andrew.apps.tar.gz

libUil.so       ¤ÆCuÅ·B

libBLT.so       sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/tcl/blt1.0-bin.tar.z

libvga.so       sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/svgalib097.tgz

libitcl.so      sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/tcl/itcl1.3-bin.tar.z

------------
m[g 1:-

3D øÊilibXaw3d-0.6jð¾é Xaw Ì DLL CuÌêÆ Xaw NC
Agã
Ì Mac(TM) CNÌXN[o[ÍA¨Ì¨ÌÈºÅüèÅ«Ü·B

    sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/libXaw3d-3.0-B.tar.z
Æ
    sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/libs/libXaw.Scrollbar.taz

m[g 2:-

motif pÌCuÍA¨àð¥íÈ¯êÎ¢¯Ü¹ñ!!
ÚµÍÈºÌøpðÇñÅ¾³¢B

------

Metro Link ÐÍA199 hÅ Linux pÌ OSF/Motif 1.2.2 Ì®SÈ^C
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JVXeðñµÜ·B

KvÈàÌ:
    Linux 0.99pl4 Èã (»ÝÌ 0.99pl12 Å OK)
    XFree86 1.2 Èã (1.3 Å OK)
    libc 4.3.3 Èã (libc 4.4 Å OK)

½ðÜñÅ¢é©:

^C:
    1) Motif EBhE}l[W (mwm)
    2) ¤L motif Cu (libXm.so.1.2.2)
    3) OSF Æ net ©çÌ Motif Ìf

Jc[:
    1) ¤L + ÃI Motif Cu
    2) ÃI Mrm Æ Uil Cu
    3) UIL RpC
    4) Motif wb_Cu
    5) Motif t@NVR[Ì}jA
    6) Imakefile T|[g
    7) OSF/Motif ÌfÌ\[X

»µÄAO'Reilly & Associates, Inc ÉæèoÅ³êÄ¢é X-window books 
©ç
 È½ªIñ¾êûB

Linux p OSF/Motif 1.2.2 ÍAMetro Link ÐÖA·é±ÆÅ¶Å«Ü·
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dbÔÍ (305) 970-7353AFAX ÔÍ (305) 970-7351A
dq[Í sales@metrolink.com Å·B

=======================================================================
=======
  Metro Link Incorporated.  2213 W. McNab Rd. Pompano Beach,  Florida  33069
 X11.5 and OSF/Motif for QNX, SVR3, SVR4.
[012], SCO, Linux, UnixWare, LynxOS, 
                  AT&T, Venix, ISC, Solaris, Pyramid, SunOS
 Voice: +1.305.970.7353    Fax: +1.305.970.7351  Email:
 mahesh@metrolink.com
            WATCH your: Word Action Thought Character Heart
=======================================================================
=======
 

Q: 5) Linux pÌ¤L DLL CuðìéÉÍÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅ·©H

A:

ñ: tsx-11.mit.edu ©çAÈºÌt@CðèÉüêÄCXg[µÄ
¾³¢B

        /pub/linux/packages/GCC/src/tools-2.10.tar.z

      OêIÉ doc TufBNgÌ README.tr t@CðÇñÅ¾³
¢B
      ½³ñÌwÍÉæè¾êàª¤L DLL ðìé±ÆªÅ«éæ¤ÉÇÝ
â·A
      oé©¬èÌ±ÆªÚ¹Ä èÜ·B

      àµA È½ª README.ps æèàútÌVµ¢ README.tr ð©Â¯A
«ê¢È
      |XgXNvgo[Wª~µ¢ÈçÎA README.tr ðìèÈ¨³
È¯êÎ
      ÈçÈ¢Åµå¤Bµ©µAgroff ðwK¸xCXg[µÈ¯êÎ
ÈèÜ¹
      ñBdoc TufBNgÅAR}h `make README.ps' ðÀs·é
¾¯Å\
      ªÅ·B

      ** m[g: o[WªÏíÁÄ¢é©àµêÜ¹ñB
 

Q: 6) ®àøÈoCiðÀsµ½ÌÉC"PLT__oct__FUii" bZ[Wðó¯æ
éÌÍÈºÅ·©H

A:

ñ: ¨»çA È½ªÁÄ¢é libc.so Ìo[WªÃ¢AÂ^Ü
½ÍA
      ëÁ½o[WÌ `ld' ððgÁÄvOðRpCµ½©ç
Åµå
      ¤B
      ðû@ÍAtsx-11.mit.edu Ì /pub/linux/package/GCC/
binutils.tar.z Ì
      ©çVo[WÌoCi[eBeBðèÉüêé±ÆÅ·B
 

Q: 7) vbgz[ XXX ãÉ Linux ÌR[hðÍ«¾·NXRpC
ðìéÉÍÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅµå¤©H

A:

ñ: gcc Ì\[XR[hðÁÄ¢éÆ¼èµÜ·B¢ÂàÍAGCC Ì
 INSTALL t@
      CÌîñÅðÅ«Ü·B
      vbgz[ XXX Å `configure --target=i386-linux-linux --host
=XXX' 
      Æ·é±ÆÉæÁÄ `make' ð²Ü©µAð±¯Ü·B
      Linux ÌCN[ht@CâJ[lÌCN[ht@Câ
      tsx-11.mit.edu É é /pub/linux/packages/GCC/src Ì\[X©çN
X
      RpCâNXJðìé±ÆªKvÈ±ÆÉCÃÅµå¤B

      linux }VÌR[hðìé½ßÌ Sparc (Sun) pÌNXRpC
Ìì¬á
      ª èÜ·BÈPÈû@Å·B·ÅÉgÁÄ¢é linux }VðgÁÄ
¢é HLU
      ÉæÁÄRpC³ê½linux Cuðgp·éÈPÈû@Å·
B
      ÌwÍÈxAhoCXÍA¢Â©ÌRpCÅgp·é GNU Ì
 make 
      (gmake) ðèÉüêé±ÆÅ·BioCi[eBeBâ@gas ª
 Sun Ì 
      make ¯lÉ Makefiles.linux ðµ¤Æ¸s·éÅµå¤)

    7.1) ·ÅÉ Sun ãÌWCXg[pXÆµÄ /usr/local/bin É®
 gcc
       o[W 2.4.5 ª éÆ¼èµÜ·B·Èí¿ARpCÍ
       /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib É èÜ·B

       ÅÍA ÈºÌæ¤É linux ÁLÌfBNgðìèÜ·B
       iÔfBNgàìéKvª é©àµêÜ¹ñj

        % mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux-linux/bin
        % mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux-linux/2.4.5/
include
        % mkdir    /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux-linux/include

    7.2) Â«ÏðÝè·éÉæèA·¢pX¼ðÅ¿ÜÈÄæÈè
Ü·B
       .login â .cshrc t@CÉZbgµÄ¾³¢B¯lÉ DLL ÈÇÌ
NXR
       pCÌ½ßÉ l-ar, l-ranlib ðg¤Kvª éÅµå¤B
       ³µ ½èAÈºÌ±ÆðsÁÄ¾³¢B

       csh Ìê:
           % setenv LBINS /usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux-linux/bin/

       sh Ìê:
           % LBINS=/usr/local/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux-linux/bin/
           % export LBINS

       linux, asm, gnu, sys â»Ì¼ÌTufBNgÌàeÆµÄw·
×ÄÌx 
       linux ÁLÌwb_t@CðüêÄ¾³¢B${LBINS}../include 
zºð
       wmFxµÄ¾³¢Bwb_t@CÌÝèÍ¿â(2)A(23)ð©
Ä¾³
       ¢B È½ÍA»ê¼êÉÂ¢ÄVµ¢J[lð[XµÈ¯êÎ
ÈèÜ¹
       ñB

       Ì linux }V©çAsun Ö]ÌbðµÜµå¤B

        % rcp -r linux_machine:/usr/include ${LBINS}../

       êûACN[ht@CÆJ[lÌ\[XðèÉüêéKvª 
èÜ·B
       ¿â (2) ð©Ä¾³¢B»êðWJ·éKvà èÜ·B
       µ½ªÁÄAlimits.h, varargs.h, stdargs.h Ìæ¤È gnu ÌÁÊÈ
t@C
       ªKvÉÈéÅµå¤BÜ½AÌ linux }VÌbðµÜµå¤B

        % rcp -r \
            linux_machine:/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux/2.4.5/include \
            ${LBINS}../2.4.5

       i386 Ü½Í 2.4.5 Í È½Ì}Vâ gcc Ìo[WÉæèÏ¦
È¯êÎ
       ÈçÈ¢©àµêÜ¹ñB

    7.3) ³ÄA È½ÍNXAZuÆJðWJµARpCµÈ
¯êÎÈ
       èÜ¹ñB

       ÈºÌt@CðèÉüêÄ¾³¢B

         tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/src/
binutils-1.9l.3.tar.gz
         tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/src/
gas-1.38.1l.2.tar.gz

       »µÄAÇ±©ÅWJµÄ¾³¢B

    7.3.1) oCi[eBeBÌfBNg binutils-1.9l.3 Ì:
        Makefile.linux ðGfBbgµÄAbindir è`Ìsð«·¦Ä
¾³¢B

                bindir=${LBINS}

        »µÄA È½Ì}Vi±ÌêÍ "sun4"jÌKÈubNªÀ
ÑÜ·B

            HOST_ROOT=${LBINS}..

        0.99pl12 (½Ôñ»êÈãÌxÅà) Ì½ßÉa.out.h Æ
 page.h ðfB
        NgÉRs[µAMISCFLAGS ÌÉÜÜÈ¯êÎÈçÈ¢Åµå
¤B
        »µÄAJgoCi[eBeBÌfBNgÅÈºÌ±
ÆðÀs
        µÄ¾³¢B

            % mkdir linux
            % cp ${LBINS}../include/linux/a.out.h linux
            % cp ${LBINS}../include/linux/page.h linux

        »µÄAMakefile.linux ðÒWµAKÈ MISCFLAGS ÌCÉ
 -I ðÁ¦
        Ä¾³¢B

        »µÄAÀsµÄ¾³¢B

            % make -f Makefile.linux archpfx= install

        linux Ì ar, ranlib [eBeBÆµÄAl-ar, l-ranlib ðÀs
·é±Æ
        ªÅ«éæ¤É·é½ßÉAÈºÌ±ÆðÀsµÄ¾³¢B(ÍÂ
lÌ
        ${HOME}/bin fBNgÉ l-blah ðu¢Ä¢Ü·)

            % sh -c 'for i in ${LBINS}*; do \
                      ln -s $i ${HOME}/bin/l-`basename $i`; done'

    7.3.2) ******* gas-1.38.1l.1 Ì *******
        AZufBNg gas-1.38.1l.1 Ì:
        makefile.linux ðÒWµAÈºðÇñÅKÈsðÏXµÄ¾³¢
B

            LINUX_INCDIR=

            HEADERS=-DA_OUT_H=\"${LBINS}../include/linux/a.out.h\"

        »µÄAÅ¿ñÅ¾³¢B(½³ñÌ[jOªÅéÅµå
¤)

            % make -f makefile.linux

         NXAZuÌoCit@Cðè®ÅRs[µÄ¾³¢B

            % cp a386 ${LBINS}as

        ******* gas-2.2 i»êÈãjÌ *******

        AZufBNgÅÈºÌ±ÆðÀsµÄ¾³¢B

            % ./configure --host=sun4 --target=i386-linux-linux
            % make CC=gcc CFLAGS=-O2 LDFLAGS=-s

    7.3.3) ÅãÉÈºÌñÂÌNðsÁÄ¾³¢B

            % ln -s ${LBINS}as ${LBINS}../2.4.5/as
            % ln -s ${LBINS}ld ${LBINS}../2.4.5/ld

    7.4) ³ÄA È½Ì Sun ãÌ GCC \[XfBNgÉWJ·éÉÍÈ
ºÌ±Æ
       ðsÁÄ¾³¢B

        % ./configure --host=sun4 --target=i386-linux-linux
        % make  CC=/usr/local/bin/gcc CFLAGS="-O2 -s" \
                tooldir=${LBINS}.. LANGUAGES="c c++ objc"

      libgcc.a Cuðì¬ÉG[ÅI¹·é©àµêÜ¹ñªA³
µÄ
      ¾³¢B]ÝÍæêÉNXRpCÌoCiÅ·©çB

    7.5) ÈãÌìÆªI¹ãAKØÈêÉRs[µÜ·B

        % cp cc1 cc1plus cpp ${LBINS}../2.4.5

      Ou«ÆµÄRpCð bin fBNgÉRs[µAÈPÉÇ±©
i½Æ¦
      Î ~/binjÉNµÜ·B

        % cp xgcc ${LBINS}gcc
        % ln -s ${LBINS}gcc ${HOME}/bin/gcc-linux

    7.6)  È½Ì linux }V©çCuðæèoµÜ·B

        % rcp linux_machine:/usr/lib/lib\*a ${LBINS}../2.4.5
        % rcp linux_machine:/usr/X386/lib\*a ${LBINS}../2.4.5
        % rcp linux_machine:/usr/lib/crt0.o ${LBINS}../2.4.5

    7.7) »¤¢¤±ÆÅ·BÈÉ©RpCµÄÝÄ¾³¢BpbP[W
É©
         êÄ¢é½³ñÌæ¢±Æª éÌÅAÈºÌ±ÆðâÁÄÝÜµ
å¤B
         i È½Ì ${HOME}/bin ÉZbg·épXðª éÆ¼èµÜ·B
j

        % make CC="gcc-linux -O6 -s" RANLIB=l-ranlib AR="l-ar"

    7.8) àµA¤L DLL ÅNXRpCðµ½¢ÈçÎAÈºÌàÌð
èÉü
         êÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñB

        tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/src/tools-2.10.tar.z

         NXo[WÌRpCÌ½ßÉpÓ³ê½ tools TufB
Ng
         Ì Makefile.cross ðgÁÄ¾³¢B Makefile.cross ÌÅÌ
ªðÈº
         Ìæ¤ÉÏXµÄ¾³¢B

                CROSSBINDIR=${LBINS}
                CROSSINCDIR=${LBINS}../include

         ÅãÉ BINDIR Ìè`ðÏXµÜ·Bí½µÍ ${LBINS}../dll/bin 
ðZbg
         µÄ¢Ü·B±êÍA È½Ì½ßÉ ${LBINS}../dll/jump ðì¬
·é±ÆÉ
         ÈéÅµå¤B»µÄA

        % make -f Makefile.cross install

         ðs¤×«Å·B
 

Q: 8) ÇÌæ¤ÈV{ª Linux Ì GCC ÉæÁÄ©®IÉè`³êÜ·©
H

A:

ñ: V{ÍA`linux', `__unix__', '__i386__', `__linux__', 
`__unix', 
      `__i386', `__linux' Å·B
      ³µ¢XgÍRpCÉÌ gcc É -v tOðg¤±ÆÅ\¦³
êÜ·B

      P.s RpCðÊµÄvOÅ "linux" Í©®IÉè`³êÜ·
BPOSIX 
      ÉµÄ¢Üw¹ñxB__linux__ ÌãíèÆµÄIy[eBO
VXe 
      Ìæ¤ÈÁÊÈRpCvOªg¤×«àÌÅ·B__linux__ 
Í POSIX 
      ÉµÄ¢Üw·xB

      ±Ì±ÆÍA È½Ì linux ÌÁÊÈR[hÌñèðïÞ±ÆªÅ«é
±Æð
      Ó¡µÄ¢Ü·Biá¦Îj

      #ifdef __linux__
      ...[linux specific code here]...
      #endif /* ifdef linux */

      Makefile Éè`·éÁÊÈ½©ðÁ¦ÈÄÇ¢ÌÅ·B

       È½ÍAt@CÉ È½©gÌè`ðÁ¦é¾¯Å·B

        /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux/2.5.7/specs
 

Q: 9) RpCÉisigvecÆ¢Á½ÁÊÈVOiÈÇÌj BSD Ìdlð
È·ÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢Å·©H

A:

ñ: vOð -I/usr/include/bsd ðÂ¯ÄRpCµA-lbsd ðÂ
¯Ä
      NµÜ·Bµ½ªÁÄAmakefile Ì CFLAGS sÉ -I/usr/include/bsd 
ðA
      LDFLAGS sÉ -lbsd ðÇÁµÜ·BàµA È½ª BSD `®ÌVOi
Ì®«
      ªKvÈçÎA-D__USE_BSD_SIGNAL ðÇÁ·éKvÍw èÜ¹ñxB
»êÍA
      -I/usr/include/bsd ðgÁ½Æ«ÉA©®IÉÇÁ³êÜ·B
 

Q: 10) SIGBUS, SIGEMT, SIGIOT, SIGTRAP, SIGSYS ÈÇÍÇ±É èÜ·©H

A:

ñ: Linux Í 100% POSIX Rp`Å èA±êçÍ POSIX ÌVOiÅÍ
 èÜ
      ¹ñBÈPÈû@ÆµÄÍA»êçÌVOið SIGUNUSED ÅÄè`·
é±ÆÅ
      ·B /usr/include/bsd/signal.h Ìè`ð©Ä¾³¢B

      µ©µÈªçA»êçÌVOiªÈ¢±ÆªAPOSIX Éw]¤x±Æ
ðo¦Ä
      ¨×«Å·B±êçð SIGUNUSED Å #define ·éãíèÉAVµ¢
vO
      ÍÈºÌæ¤É·×«Å·B

      #ifdef SIGSYS
      ....[non-posix sigsys code here]....
      #endif

      SIGSYSiSIGBUS à¯lÉjÌgpªKvÈR[hÆÈèÜ·B

      ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 (IEEE Std 1003.1-1990) Ì B.3.3.1.1 ©çÌ²
Å·B

    uSIGBUS, SIGEMT, SIGIOT, SIGTRAP Æ SIGSYS ÍAPOSIX.1 ©çO³ê
Üµ½B
    ÈºÈçA»êçÌ®«ÍèiÉÁÄ¢Ü·µA\ªÉªÞ·é±Æª
Å«Ü¹
    ñÅµ½Bèiðêv³¹é±ÆÉæè±êçÌVOiÍñ³ê½©
àµêÜ
    ¹ñªA»êçðñ·éÆ«ÍÌæðØ¾µAñÉÖµÄÌ§À
ðLqµ
    È¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñB
 

Q: 11) libhard Æ libsoft ÆÍ½Å·©H

A:

ñ: »êçÍAlG~[V[`ÌCuÅ·Bàµiá
¦Î 387 
      Ìæ¤ÈjlZðs¤n[hEFAðÁÄ¢éÈç hard ðA»
Ìæ¤È
      n[hªÈ¢ÈçlZÌG~[Vðs¤ soft ðIðµÜ
·B

    àµA»ÝzzµÄ¢é Linux ðgpµÄ¢éÈçÎA±êçÌCu
ÍKv
    w èÜ¹ñxBlZG~[VÍJ[lxÅT|[g
µÄ¢Ü
    ·Bi·Èí¿AàµAg¢½¢ÈçA`make config' ÉæèJ[lª
ìçê½
    ©çg¦Ü·Bj
    ¢¢©¦éÆ 387 Ídð·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·BàµA/libm.so.4.x.y 
©ç 
    /lib/libm.so.4 ðNµÄ¢éÈçAÀSÉÁ·±ÆªÅ«é©àµê
Ü¹ñB
 

Q: 12) bZ[W "can't load library: /lib/libxxx.so, Incompatible
version" ÌÓ¡Í½Å·©H

A:

ñ: ¤LCuªWµÄ¢ÆAvOÀsÉNbVðø
«N±·
    æ¤ÉÈÁ½èA§ÀªÅ«½èµÜ·B»êðÍÁ«è³¹é½ßÉA
o[W
    ÉæÁÄªÞ·éKvª èÜ·Bá¦ÎAt@NVR[ªÜ
éÁ«è
    ÏíéAÜ½Í³ÈÁÄµÜÁ½êÈÇª»¤Å·B

       CuÌÄÑ¼ - libc.so.4.3.3
                               T    T T T
                              /    /  |  \
                             /    /   |   \
                            /    /    |    \
                 Cu¼   /     |     \
                               /      |      \
          W[o[Wio[  |      pb`x
                                      |
                            }Ci[o[Wio[

    W[o[Wio[Ìá¢ÍAvOðNµ½Cu
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    ·é  JgCuÌW[o[WÆªµ¢êÉÌÝv
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    ÌÀsªÛØ³êé±ÆÅ·B
    ±êÍAlibc.so.4.3.3 ÅRpC³ê½vOÍA
libc.so.5.1.2 Æ
    ¢Á½æèÅVÌ DLL CuãÅÍÀssÂ\Å éÆ¢¤±ÆðÓ
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    ¢Ü·B
    ÂÜèvOÅ libc.so.4 ðKvÆµÄ¢ÄAlibc.so.5.1.2 ©ç 
    libc.so.4 ÖÌNð£ÁÄà®©È¢Æ¢¤±ÆÅ·B

    }Ci[o[Wio[Ìè`ÆµÄÍA¤L DLL CuÅ}C
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    WâVÇÁÖª Á½ªAßÌÝ·«ªÛ½êÄ¢é±Æð¦µÄ
¢Ü·B
    }Ci[o[Wio[ªIWiÌRpCæèæè¬³¢
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    ðgpµæ¤Æ·éÆAio[ÏXÉæé[jOª¶·éÅµ
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    pb`xio[ÍioOÌ\µí¹©çÈÌÅ³µÄ©
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    ñB»êÍ¢ÂàÍCuR[hÌëAâ¬³ÈoOtBbNXÅg
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    âèÉßéÆA È½ªoCiÌÀsð·Æ«ÉA³µ¢Cu
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    g[³êÄ¢È¢±ÆðÓ¡µÜ·BóµðüP·éÉÍA¿âÌ (3),
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    ©ÄAÅVÌCuðèÉüêé±ÆÅ·B
 

Q: 13) í½µÌCuªÆÄàå«¢ÌÍÈºÅ·©HÜ½AÇ¤·êÎ
¬³ÈèÜ·©H

A:

ñ: æè¬³¢Cuª~µ¢ÈçA·×«±ÆÍ½³ñ èÜ·B

    * R[hÌÅK» - RpCÉ -O2 tOðg¢Ü·B
    * ¬oCiÌXgbv» - ld ÌªÅ -s tOðg¢Ü·B
    * ¬oCiÌì¬ - ld ÌªÅ -N tOðg¢Ü·B

    ±êçðgÝí¹Äg¢Ü·BàµAoCiðXgbv»µ½¢È
çAèy
    É ld Ì "-s" IvVðgÁ½\[XÉµÈ¢Å¾³¢B"strip" 
R}h
    ðgÁÄ¾³¢B"man strip" ðÀsµÄÚµ¢îñð©Ä¾³¢B

    `ld' JÍftHgÅvOð¤LCuÉNµÜ·B
µ©µ
    ÈªçAÖAÌ éêð©Â¯é±ÆªÅ«È¢i·Èí¿ .sa t@C
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    wÜ½Íx[UÉÆÁÄsÂt@CÅ Á½êÍi·Èí¿ .a 
t@C
    ÆµÄjÃINðÝæ¤ÆµÜ·B È½ÌoCiªåÏå«¢
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    ê©àµêÜ¹ñBT[`pXÍ /usr/lib â /lib â / ÌCu©
ç .sa 
    â .a ðTµÜ·B±Ì±ÆÍAstub Æ DLL ¤LCuð±êçÌ
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    gÉ_Ý³¹é±ÆÉÈé©àµêÜ¹ñBæè_îIÉs¤ÉÍ 
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    ½³ñÌ FSF ÌìÒ½¿àÜ½A©ªÌvOªfobO³êA
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    ©ç -g IvVªæèçêé±ÆðäXª]ñÅ¢éÌðmÁÄ¢
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    ÊÆµÄAX^eBbNÉN³ê½vOÌÈ©ÉÍåÈf
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    {ªcÁÄ¢Ü·Bàµ È½ª\tgðRpCµA»Ì®«É
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    ¢éÈçÎA-g ð CFLAGS ©Â^Ü½Í LDFLAGS ©çí·é½ßÉA
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    Makefile ð`FbNµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 14) -N tOðg¤Æ½ªN±èÜ·©HÜ½AÇ¤g¦Î¢¢ÌÅ·©
H

A:

ñ: ¼zL¯ÉæéXbvªÂ\ÉÈèÜ·B-N IvVðg¤ÆAy
[W«E
      ¢ÁÏ¢ÉlßÜê½ÂXÌZOgÌæð¿A»êçªA±µ
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      t@CªgpÅ«éæ¤ÉÈèÜ·BLinux ÍAÈPÉwYêé±Æ
xÉæÁ
      ÄèÄçêéi·Á«èµ½jy[WXbvðpÅ«Ü·BÈ
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      ¢Âàt@C©ç¼ÚÉÄ[hÅ«é©çÅ·B
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      àÁÄ¢Ü·B»êÉÍA½ÌÔÆfBXNXy[XªKvÅ·
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      XbvÍAÊíÍ¬³ÈvOÉÍÖW èÜ¹ñB-N ðgÁÄ
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      nbLÆµ½ `one-off' vOÍA±ÌtOðgpµÄRp
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      gpµwÈ¢xÅº³¢BãÉí·é±ÆÍÓ¡ªÈ¢©çÅ
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Q: 15) vOÌfobLOîñÍÇ¤·êÎæêéÌÅ·©H

A:

ñ: vOðRpC·é±ÆªKvÅ·Bi·Èí¿A·×ÄÌI
uWFN
    gj»µÄA-g tOðt¯ÄNµÜ·B¾¢·¦éÆw·×ÄÌv
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    xÉ -g ðt¯ÄRpCµÜ·B
    fobLOc[ÅÜ¾¢Â©Ìt@Cª -g Å®¢Ä¢Ü·Bi
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    Oc[ÍoO¾ç¯Å·j-g tOðg¤æèdvÈ±ÆÍA
    -fomit-frame-pointer ðgpµwÈ¢x±ÆÅ èA±êÉæèAgdb ª
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    êÜ·B
    sKÉµÄA¤LCuÍ«\Ì½ßÉÊA
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    NÉ
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    ÌbZ[WªoÍ³ê½ÈçÎA
    tsx-11.mit.edu : /pub/linux/packages/GCC/extra*.tar.z 
    t@CðèÉüêéKvª èÜ·B

    µ©µÈªçA È½Ì}VÅPÉ
        % cd /usr/lib; ln -s libc.a libg.a
    ðÀs·êÎ\ªÈfobLOîñª¾çêé©àµêÜ¹ñB
    t@\Ì libg.a (~2Mb) ðgpµÈ¯êÎAfobOÅ«È¢Cu
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    àµA«\ÌfobOðµ½¢ÌÈçÎAoCiðXgbv»µÄ¢
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    ±ÆðmFµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 16) ÇÌfobKª Linux Åg¦Ü·©H

A:

ñ: ¦`à¿ëñAêÔ¢¢fobKÍ `gdb' Å·B¨CÉüèÌTCgÅ
TµÄ
    ¾³¢Bá¦ÎA
        prep.ai.mit.edu:/pub/gnu/gdb-4.11.tar.gz
     É èÜ·B

    Linux pÌÍ
        sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/devel/gdb-4.11-bin.tar.gz
    É èÜ·B

    X fobKÍ gdb ð³ÆµÄ¢éÌÅi·Èí¿AÅÉ gdb ðCX
g[·
    éKvª èÜ·ªjgpÅ«Ü·B\[XÍ
                ftp.x.org:/contrib/xxgdb-1.06.tar.Z
    É èÜ·B

    Ü½AUPS fobKÍ Rick Sladkey ÉæèìçêÜµ½B»êÍ
 xxgdb Æ¯
    lÉ X zºÅ®ìµÜ·ªAÄ¢Ü¹ñBPÈé X ÌeLXgx[X
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ups-2.45.2-linux-0.1.diff.gz
    Å©Â¯çêÜ·BÜ½AßÌ X A[JCuÜ½Í
                ftp.x.org:/contrib/ups-2.45.2.tar.Z
    ©çAt\[XðèÉüêéKvª éÅµå¤B
 

Q: 17) daemon vOðfobO·éû@ÍH

A:

ñ: ÈPÉÆAfobN·éOÉ fork µÄ¢È¢Adaemon vO
ðèÉ
    üêÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñB

    µ©µÈªçA`gdb' fobKðgp·éÆ¢¤±ÆÍAforkwãxÌ
 daemon É
     attach Å«éÆ¢¤±ÆÅ·Bgdb ÉfobOµ½¢vZXÌ id ð
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     ÆÅfobOÅ«Ü·B
    ±êÉÍA`attach' R}hðgÁÄ¾³¢BGDB Ì®SÈIC
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    ±±ÅÍðÉ§¿Ü·B

    Ü½A\[XðüèµÄÈÄàAoCiªXgbv³êÄ¢éÈç
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    `strace' vOðèÉüêAdaemon ÌvZX id ÉÄAoÍ
ð¸·
    é±ÆªÅ«Ü·B
    àµATµ©½ðmÁÄ¢½ÈçÎALøÈû@Å·B
 

Q: 18) profiling ÆÍ½Å·©HÜ½AvOð profile ·éÉÍÇÌ
æ¤É·êÎæ¢ÌÅµå¤©H

A:

ñ: profiling ÆÍAÇ±ÅÇÌ®ìÅÔªïâ³ê½©A½³ñÌi
VXe
    R[ªêèÌÖÉæÁÄìçê½©AÜ½ASÀsÔð²×éû@
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    R[hÌÅK»âÇ±ÅsKvÉÔªQïµÄ¢é©ð©éÉÍÇ¢û
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    SÄÌIuWFNgÆNð profiling ·éÉÍA-p tOÅRp
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    ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñB¿â (15) Ì profiling ÉKvÈCuÌüèê
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    ¾³¢B

    ÀÛÉ graph profile ðèÉüêéÉÍA`grof' Æ¢¤vOªK
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    »êÍAoCi[eBeBpbP[WÉüÁÄ¢Ü·B
    è©¦µÜ·ÆA È½Ìs«Â¯Ì Linux A[JCuTCgÅ©Â¯
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    ¢Bá¦ÎA

        tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/binutils.tar.z
 

Q: 19) àµAoCiªÃIÉÜ½Í¤LCuÉN³êÄ¢½ê
ÉA»êð²×éû@Í èÜ·©H

A:

ñ: Í¢ èÜ·B
    `ldd' Æ¢¤[eBeBðgpµÄ¾³¢B±Ì[eBeBÍ
Av³
    êéCuÌîñðoÍµÜ·BàµA`ldd' ðÀsµ½Æ«É½Ì
îñào
    Í³êÈ©Á½êÍA²×½vOÍÃIÉN³êÄ¢Ü·B

    á (1): R}hiÌ linux VXej
        % ldd /bin/init
    oÍªÈ¢±ÆÍÃIÉN³ê½Æ¢¤±ÆÅ·BÃIÉN³ê
êÎæ¢
    ÌÅ·B:-) im[g: libc.so.4.5.10 ÈãÅN³ê½vOÅ
Í
    "statically linked" ÌbZ[WªoÍ³êéÅµå¤Bj

    á (2): R}hiÌ linux VXej
        % ldd /usr/bin/gs
    ·Èí¿Aghostscript C^v^ÍÈºÌîñðoÍµÜ·B
            libm.so.4       => /lib/libm.so.4.4 (4.0)
            libX11.so.3     => /lib/libX11.so.3.0 (DLL Jump 3.0pl0)
            libc.so.4       => /lib/libc.so.4.4 (DLL Jump 4.3)
    ±Ì±ÆÍA`gs' vOª®IÉN³êA3 ÂÌ¤LCu
ðvµ
    Ä¢é±Æð¦µÄ¢Ü·BÊàÌÍ½¾êÂÌCuilibX11
jð¦µ
    Ä¨èAvOªRpC³ê½Æ«ÉÁÄ¢½CuÌJ
go
    [WÅ·B`gs' ªAlZCu (libm), ÅRpC³ê
½Æ«
    ÍAo[W 4.0 ÅADLL CuÅÈ©Á½ÌÅ·ªAK^Éà
 4.4 Ì 
    DLL CuÅàç¹é±ÆªÅ«»¤Å·B¯lÉAÌJg
Ì C C
    u (libc)ÍA`gs' ðRpCµ½Æ«æèo[WªãªÁÄ
¢Ü·B

    ¦  È½Ì `ldd' Ío[WÉæÁÄÍAÈÉ©ÊÌÊðoÍð·
é©àµ
       êÜ¹ñB
 

Q: 20) Linux Í LD_LIBRARY_PATH ðT|[gµÄ¢Ü·©H

A:

ñ: Í¢Æ¢¢¦Å·BoCiÌRpCÉgpµ½ libc Ìo[W
É
    Ë¶µÜ·B

    * æêÉ LD_LIBRARY_PATH ÍA4.3.3 ÈãÌCuÅT|[g³êÄ
¢Ü·B

    ·Èí¿A È½Ì stub (/usr/lib/libc.sa) Ì __load.o [`ÍA
±êðÀ
    »·é½ßÉÏX³êÄ¢Ü·Blibc Ìo[W 4.4.4 ¢ÅRp
C³ê
    ½oCiÅÍALinux Ì®IJÍAlibc.sa Ì stub É»êAìÁ
½oCi
    ·×ÄÉN³êé __load.o `®ÌÃIIuWFNgÅ·B±Ì±
ÆÍA
    __load.o ÌÏXªAÐÆÂÐÆÂA·×ÄÌoCiÉ»êAy·éÌ
ÉåÏ
    ÈÔðv·é±ÆðÓ¡µÄ¢Ü·B

    »µÄA¿âÌñÆµÄÍA4.3.3 (libc.so.4.3.4 Èã) ÈãÌCu
ðg
    pµÄRpCµ½ÈçÎACGXÅ·Bµ©µAÊÆµÄÍAw·
×ÄÌx
    oCiðRpC·êÎACðÂ¯éKvÍÈ¢Åµå¤B

    * libc Ìo[Wª 4.4.4 ÈãÅÍA®IÉìçê½®I[_ÍK
vÈC
    uðõAÊuÃ¯ãÉ©ª©gð[fBOAA[fBO
µÜ·B
    ±ÌÊAoCiÍ¬³A®I[_AJÉæéÏXÍ libc ©
çu£³
    êÜ·Bld.so pbP[WÉ é ld.so Æ ldconfig Ì}jAð©Ä
¾³
    ¢BÜ½C¿â (4) Ì libld.so ÌÚàQÆµÄ¾³¢B

    Linux Ì LD_LIBRARY_PATH ÍÀSÅÈÅ èASun-OS ÅsÁ½û@â
s¢½
    ¢û@ÅÌ®«Í\úÅ«Ü¹ñB

    ÅÉ Sun-OS Ì LD_LIBRARY_PATH Ìgpû@ÆÌá¢ÍARpCi
Nj
    óÔÌÅ èASun-OS Ì LD_LIBRARY_PATH ÍA¢ë¢ëÈCu
ð©Â
    ¯é½ßÉðß³êAìçê½×ØêÌoCiÉwL^x³êÜ·Bä
¦ÉA
    ^CoCiÉ¨¢ÄÍALD_LIBRARY_PATH ð²×éOÉiÜêÉ 
    LD_LIBRARY_PATH ððß¹¸AL^³ê½pXÌÅÌ¤LCuð
©Â¯é
    ±ÆÅj¤LCuÌÇ±ðT·©ðmÁÄ¢Ü·Bµ½ªÁÄAI
[o[w
    bhð¸ç¹Ü·B
    êû Linux ÍA±ÌîñðL^µÄ¢Ü¹ñªA»ÌãíèÆµÄN
ÉKvÈ
    CuÌ^CiÀst@CjðTµÜ·B

    Linux ÅoCiðÀs·éÆ«AàµALD_LIBRARY_PATH  ªwÈ¯êx
ÎA
    ^CÉCuðN·é½ßÉÅ /usr/lib É /lib »µÄ 
/ ðTµ
    Ü·B±êÍA"úÒT[`pX" ÆµÄÆï³êÜ·B

    ¦ / ÍA{ÍT[`pXÅÍ èÜ¹ñªAßÌÝ·«Ì½ßÉcÁ
Ä¨èA
      [UÌÈ©ÉÍ "/lib/libfoo.so" Æ¢Á½¼OðgÁÄ¢é ¤L
 DLL ð
      ìéÆ uselib() ÍÈºÌæ¤É®ìµÜ·B

        (1) uselib("/usr/lib//lib/libfoo.so.x")  ---- Í¸ê
        (2) uselib("/lib//lib/libfoo.so.x")      ---- Ü½Í¸ê
        (3) uselib("//lib/libfoo.so.x")          ---- ½è !!

    »Ì½ßAÀÛÉ DLL ð / Éu©È¢Å¾³¢B

    ³ÄAàµ LD_LIBRARY_PATH ðwÁÄx¢ÄA[giuid ª 0jÅ 
éÈç
    ÎALD_LIBRARY_PATH ÍAúÒT[`pXÉµ½ªÁÄTµÜ·B

    àµA»êÈOÉÊÌ[Uiuid != 0jÅ èAÀs·éoCiª
 suid 
    Às`®ÌêAlibc.so.x ÆKvÈCuÍ§IÉúÒõpX
ÌÇ±
    ©©ç[h³êÜ·BLD_LIBRARY_PATH Í³³êÜ·BiÀS
Zbgó
    Ôj±êÉæèA©gÌG~[V©çÊÌ[UÅÍâ~µÜ
·B
    á¦ÎAsetuid() ÍA©ªÅìÁ½ libc CuªÄÎêÜ·B

    ÅãÉAàµAm[}[UÅÀs·éoCiªwÊÌxoCi
ÈçA
    LD_LIBRARY_PATH ÍÅÉKvÆ·éCuðTµÜ·B

    àµA[UÌ LD_LIBRARY_PATH ÅCuª©Â©çÈ¯êÎAõ
pX
    ÆµÄwúÒT[`pXxðZbgµÄõð±¯Ü·B±Ì±ÆÅAë
Á½A
    ³ÊÈ LD_LIBRARY_PATH ðZbg·éâèððµAKØÈ[U[Ìo
Ci
    ðÀsµÜ·B
 

Q: 21) ÌvOÅÍ /lib/cpp ªKvÅ·BÇ±©çèÉüê½çæ¢
ÌÅµå¤©H

A:

ñ: cpp Í /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux/2.5.7 ÌÉ èÜ·B
    (gcc Ìo[Wio[ÍÏíÁÄ¢é©àµêÜ¹ñ)

    ÈºÌR}hðÀsµÄ¾³¢B

        % cd /lib; ln -sf /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-linux/2.5.7/cpp

    ** 2.5.7 Í È½ÌgÁÄ¢é GCC ÌàÌÉµÄ¾³¢B
    ** 386 ÌRpCðgÁÄ¢éÈçAi486 ð i386 ÉµÄ¾³¢B
    ¼Ìû@ÅAæèæ¢ðû@Í±¿çÅ·B

        % cat > /lib/cpp
        #!/bin/sh
        cc -E "$@"
        Ctrl-D[EOF]

    ±Ìû@ÍAVµ¢ gcc ÉµÄAÃ¢ gcc ðíµ½Æ«É /lib/cpp 
ª®©È
    Èé©àµêÜ¹ñB
 

Q: 22) <varargs.h> ÍÇ±Å·©H

A:

ñ: varargs.h ÍA/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i386-linux/2.5.7/include ÌÌ¼
ÌVXe
    É¶µ½t@CÉ èÜ·B
    <varargs.h> ÍAK&R É éàÌÅ·Bgcc ÌftHgÍ ANSI Å·B
    <stdarg.h> ðãíèÉg¤×«Åµå¤B

    ** o[Wio 2.5.7 ÍA È½ÌgÁÄ¢é GCC Ìo[WÉ
u«·¦
       Äº³¢B
    ** àµA486 pÌRpCðgÁÄ¢éÈçAi386 ð i486 ÉÏXµ
Ä¾³
        ¢B
 

Q: 23) ÌvOÅA<linux/foo.h> ðCN[hµ½¢ÌÅ·ªA©
Â¯é±ÆªÅ«Ü¹ñBÇ±É éÌÅµå¤©H

A:

ñ: ¢Â©ÌCN[ht@CÍAJ[lÌo[WÉË¶µÄ
¨èA
    ±Ìæ¤ÉAJ[lÌ[X²ÆÉÈÁÄ¢Ü·BÅVÌJ[lÌ
\[Xð
    èÉüêéKvª èAWJãANð£éKvª èÜ·B

    àµA/usr/src ª èA³çÉJ[lÌ\[Xª éÈçAÈºÌR}
hð
    ÀsµÄ¾³¢B
        % cd /usr/include
        % ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/linux
        % ln -sf /usr/src/linux/include/asm

    MCC [XÍ»êçÌNðnß©çÁÄ¢Ü¹ñBµ½ªÁÄA
Vµ¢
    J[lÌ\[Xc[ðCXg[µÄàÃ¢CN[ht@C
ðgp·
    é±ÆªÅ«Ü·BÓµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 24) foo() ÖÍCuÉüÁÄ¢éÌÅµå¤©H

A:

ñ: ÖªCuÉüÁÄ¢é©Ç¤©²×éû@ÍAÈºÉ¦·Æ¨
èÅ·B
    flock() ÖªT|[g³êÄ¢é©Ç¤©ð²×éÌÍÈºÌæ¤Éµ
Ü·B

        % nm /usr/lib/libc.a | grep flock

    Ìæ¤ÈoÍÊÌêÍA

        00000000 T flock

    flock() Öª libc.a/libc.sa. Éè`³êÄ¢Ü·B

    Ìæ¤ÈoÍÊÌêÍA

        00000000 U flock

    flock() ªQÆÅ«é±Æð¦µÜ·B`U' ÍAflock ªÇ±©Åè`³
êÄ¨
    èAîñððÍ·é±ÆÅêªí©éCuðCN[h·éK
vª 
    é±ÆðÓ¡µÄ¢Ü·B
 

Q: 25) vO XXX ð Linux ÉÁÄéÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢Å·©H

A:

ñ: ¾ê©ªALinux ÉvOðwÁÄ«½xÉßÁÄ¾³¢B
    àµALinux ÉÁÄ«½àÌª½àÈ©Á½çAÓ¡ª èÜ¹ñB

    {CÅl¦éÆAêÊIÉ¬ÏXÆµÄÍALinux pÉ 100% POSIX Éµ
½ªÁÄ
    ÒWµ½\[XªKvÅ·B
    ³ÌvOR[hªÏX³êÄà¢¢æ¤ÉA«IÉÍ `make' ¾
¯ÅÀs
    `®ðìêéæ¤É·×«Å·B

    àÁÆàæN±éâèÌêÂÆµÄAêÊÖª Linux Ìwb_t@C
É}N
    Åè`³êÄ¢ÄAvvZbTªR[hÌÈ©ÌÞµ½vg^
Cvè`
    ÌðÍðÛ·é±Æª °çêÜ·BÞµ½àÌÆµÄÍAatoi() Æ
 atol() 
    ª °çêÜ·B

    »Ì¼ÌêÊIÈâèÆµÄÍA"sprintf(string, fmt, ...)" ÅÍAÙ
ÆñÇÌ
     unix ÌêÍAzñÌ|C^ðÔµÜ·BLinux ÅÍAzñÌÌ¶
ðÔ
    µÜ·B

    »Ì¼ÌâèÍALinux Ì GCC ÍAANSI RpCÅ éÆ¢¤ÀÉ
æè¶
    µª¿Å·BdvÈÙÆñÇÌÏXÍAvvZbTÌ½ßÅ·BÈº
ÌIvV
    ðÇÁµÄ¾³¢B

        -traditional

    ÍA½¾ÐÆÂÌiÁÉIÈjðû@Å·B

    +----------------------------------------+
    | Brouno Haible ©çÌ¿l éRg |
    +----------------------------------------+

    ±êÍAUnix Ì\tgEFAð Linux ÉÁÄéÆ«É¶·éÅ 
ë¤âè
    ðLqµÄÝ½àÌÅ·B

    C Å©ê½\tgEFAÅ éÆ¼èµÜ·B

    Linux (¾¢·¦éÆALinux ÌVXeR[Æ C CuÖ) Í
AÅ«é
    ©¬èAPOSIX Ý·ÉßÃ¯Ä¢Ü·B±ê©çZ¢XgðìÁÄÝÜ
·B

    âè 1: select() Ì timeout p^
    ------------------------------------

    ó:
    üÍÅ CPU ðH¢ÂÔ·|[Oð·éæ¤ÈvO

    âè:
    select() ÍVXeR[Å·Btimeout p^ÍAÃTIÉVXe
ÅÍA
    [hI[ÆµÄgíêÜ·B¢Â©Ì}jAÉÍA3 NÈã
O©ç
    Lq³êÄ¢Ü·B

        select() ÍAÜÁ½êÅÔªÏX³êéÆ¨¨æ»IWi
Ì 
        timeout ©çcÁ½ÔðÔµÜ·B±Ì±ÆÍA«Aâ«³êé
Åµå
        ¤Bµ½ªÁÄAselect R[Åtimeout |C^ªÏX³êÈ¢Æ
v¤±
        ÆÍð©È±ÆÅ·B

    àµAÜ¶ßÉ±ÌAhoCXðó¯æçÈ©Á½çA^CAEgÌ\
¢ÌÌ
    «ßµÅ 0 Ì^CAEgª¶·éÅµå¤B»êÍ¯¶^CAEg
\¢Ìð
    gÁ½ select() Ì«IÈR[ª·®ÉßÁÄé±ÆðÓ¡µÜ·
B

    pÓ:
    ^CAEgÌlð select() ðÄÔÆ«Í¢Âà\¢ÌÉüêÄ¾³
¢B

    ÈºÌæ¤ÉR[hðÏXµÄ¾³¢B

               struct timeval timeout;
               timeout.tv_sec = 1; timeout.tv_usec = 0;
               while (some_condition)
                 { select(n,readfds,writefds,exceptfds,&timeout); }

    ©ç

               struct timeval timeout;
               while (some_condition)
                 { timeout.tv_sec = 1; timeout.tv_usec = 0;
                   select(n,readfds,writefds,exceptfds,&timeout);
                 }

    Ö

    âèQ: VXeR[ÉæéèÝ
    ------------------------------------

    ó:
    Rg[ Z ÅvOð~ßA»ÌãX^[gµ½AÜ½ÍA»
Ì¼Ì
    óµÅARg[ C èÝÌVOiª¶µ½Æ«ARvZX
ªI¹
    µÜ·B"interrupted system call" â "write: unknown error" Ìæ¤
ÈbZ
    [WªÔÁÄ«Ü·B

    âè:
    ÀsÌVXeR[vOÍVOivZXÉæèèÝª
©©èA
    -1 ðÔµAerrno = EINTR ðZbgµÜ·B»ÌvOÍÙíI¹µ
½æ¤É
    ©¦ÄµÜ¢Ü·B

    ðà:
     È½ÌvOÍisignal(), sigaction(), sigvec() ðg¤jC
Xg[
    ³ê½VOinhðÁÄ¢Ü·BVOiª¶·éÆVOi
nh
    ªÄÑo³êÜ·B±Ì»ÛÍAÙ©Ì UNIX VXeÌêAñ¯úA
Ü½Í
@@ 2, 3 Ìx¢VXeR[ÅN±èÜ·B

        VOiªx¢foCXit@CÅÈ¢A^[~iÌæ¤ÈjÅ
 read(2),
        write(2), open(2), ioctl(2) ÌVXeR[ÌÀsâ pause(2)
 ÌVX
        eR[â wait(2) ÌVXeR[ÌÀsÉø«N±³ê½Æ
«A
        OàÁÄâ~µ½Ü½Í]rvZXª·ÅÉ¶ÝµÄ¢é½ß·
®ÉÍ
        ßÁÄ«Ü¹ñBVOiðLb`·éÖªÀs³êAVXe
R[
        èÝª errno É EINTR ðZbg·évZXðÄÑoµA-1 ð
ÔµÜ
        ·B

    Linux iPOSIX àÜÝÜ·jÅÍAVOið`FbNµAVOin
hð
    ÀsµÜ·B
          * ñ¯úÅ Á½©i^C}ÌÝj,
          * wÇÌxVXeR[©çÌ^[Å é©
          * ÈºÉ¦·VXeR[ÌÀsÅ Á½©
                  select(),
                  pause(),
                  connect(), accept(),
                  ^[~iA\PbgApCvA /proc t@CÖÌ
 read(),
                  ^[~iA\PbgApCvACv^ÖÌ
 write(),
                  FIFO, PTY, Ü½ÍVAñüÖÌ open(),
                  ^[~iÖÌ ioctl(),
                  F_SETLKW R}hÅÌ fcntl(),
                  wait4(),
                  syslog(),
                  »Ì¼ TCP or NFS ì
          w»Ì¼ÌIy[eBOVXeÅÍAÈºÌVXeR[
àÜßÈ
          ¯êÎÈçÈ¢©àµêÜ¹ñB

           creat(), close(), getmsg(), putmsg(), msgrcv(), msgsnd
(), recv(),
           send(), wait(), waitpid(), wait3(), tcdrain(), sigpause(),
           semop() x

    ÅãÌ 2 ÂÌP[XÆVOinhÌAlÌ¼èÉæèVXeR
[Í
    -1 ðÔµAerrno É EINTR ðZbgµÜ·B

    àµASA_RESTART tOªµ½VOiÆµÄZbg³êÄàAÙÆ
ñÇÌê
    AVXeR[ÍVOinhÀsãA©®IÉX^[gi±
sjµA
     È½ÌvOÍ EINTR Í©¦Ü¹ñB

     È½ÍÈº±êªftHgÌ®ìÅÈ¢Ì©¿â·é©àµêÜ¹ñ
BRÍ
    EINTR ðÔµAZbg·é±ÆªæèÍivOÉÎµó¯æÁ½
·×Ä
    VOiÉ¼¿É½·é@ïð^¦Ü·jÅ é©çÅ·B
    VXeR[ÍàÍâw_[NglxÅÍÈ¢ÌÅ·B

    m[g : ¢Â©Ìo[WÌ BSD Unix ÌftHg®ìÍVXe
R[ð
    X^[g·é±ÆÅ·BèÜê½VXeR[ðæèo·½ßÉ
ÍA
    SV_INTERRUPT Ü½Í SA_INTERRRUP tOðgpµÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñB

    C³û@ÆµÄÍ 2 ÂÌû@ðIðÅ«Ü·B

    C³ 1:
     È½ÌCXg[µ½SÄÌVOinhÉÎµAVOANV
tO
    ÆµÄASA_RESTRT ðÇÁµÜ·Bá¦ÎA

                signal (sig_nr, my_signal_handler);

    ð

                 signal (sig_nr, my_signal_handler);
                 { struct sigaction sa;
                   sigaction (sig_nr, (struct sigaction *)0, &sa);
                 #ifdef SA_RESTART
                   sa.sa_flags |= SA_RESTART;
                 #endif
                 #ifdef SA_INTERRUPT
                   sa.sa_flags &= ~ SA_INTERRUPT;
                 #endif
                   sigaction (sig_nr, &sa, (struct sigaction *)0);
                 }

    ÉÏXµÜ·B

    m[g : ±êðÙÆñÇÌVXeR[ÉKp·éêAread
(), write(),
    ioctl(), select(), pause(), connect() ãÌ EINTR ð`FbNµÈ¯ê
ÎÈèÜ
    ¹ñB
    ±±É read() Æ ioctl() Ì 2 ÂÌáð °Ä¨«Ü·B

    read() ðgÁÄ¢éIWiªÌ

                 int result;
                 while (len > 0)
                   { result = read(fd,buffer,len);
                     if (result < 0) break;
                     buffer += result; len -= result;
                   }
    ð

                 int result;
                 while (len > 0)
                   { result = read(fd,buffer,len);
                     if (result < 0) { if (errno != EINTR) break; }
                     else { buffer += result; len -= result; }
                   }

    ÉÏXµÜ·B
    Ü½Aioctl() ðgÁÄ¢éIWiÌªÌ

                 int result;
                 result = ioctl(fd,cmd,addr);

    ð

                 int result;
                 do { result = ioctl(fd,cmd,addr); }
                    while ((result == -1) && (errno == EINTR));

    ÉÏXµÜ·B
 

Q: 26) gcc/library Ì foo ÅoOð©Â¯½ÌÅ·ªAÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅ
µå¤©H

A:

ñ: {Å·©H
    ¦ÁÆAàµAvOªÙíI¹AÜ½ÍúÒÊèÉ®©È¢ÈçÎ
AÜ¸
    ÅÉµÄÝÄAsÉR[hðièñÅAmFµÄ¾³¢B

    ÃIo[WÆ¤Lo[WÇ¿çÅà¶µÜ·©H
    i·Èí¿ADLL CuÆÃICuÇ¿ç©ÌâèÅµå¤©
Hj

    gcc ÌéÊÌ}Vðg¤±ÆÍÅ«Ü·©H¾¢·¦éÆALinux/
GCC ÌÝÅ
    ÈAGCC SÌÌâèÅ·©Hàµ»¤ÈçÈºÉ¦· USENET Ìj[
XO[
    vÉeµ½Ù¤ªæ¢©àµêÜ¹ñB

                gnu.gcc.bug, gnu.gcc.help, gnu.g++.help,
                comp.lang.c, or comp.lang.c++.

    âèÍlZG~[^Å·©Hàµ»¤ÈçAlZG~[
^ÌìÒ
    Å é Bill Metzenthen   (apm233m@vaxc.cc.monash.edu.au) É[
µ½
    Ù¤ªæ¢©àµêÜ¹ñB

    ÇAlinux-bugs@sunsite.unc.edu ©A 
(mitchum.dsouza@mrc-apu.cam.ac.uk) 
    ©AHLU ÉÅà[·×«Åµå¤B
 

Q: 27) ¤LCuª¯¶@\ðÁ½ÃICuæèå«ÈéÌÍ
½ÌÅ·©H

A:

ñ: ¤LCuÍfBXNXy[Xs«Åàg£Å«éæ¤É·é½
ßÉ 
    `holes' Æ¢¤`ÅXy[Xð\ñµÄ¢Ü·B`makehole' ðÄÑo·A
Ü½Í
    gp·éÈPÈ `cp' Í±Ì\ñÌæðgpµÜ·B
     È½ÍACuðì¬ãÉ¬³·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·B
 

Q: 28) /usr/lib àÉ é .sa t@CÆÍ½Å·©H

A:

ñ: .sa t@CÆÍA¤LCu©ç²«o½àÌÅ èA³È
Cu
    ©çæèoµ½·×ÄÌO[oÏðÜÝA^CðN·é
½ßÉ
    KvÈÖð|CgµÄ¢Ü·B¿â (13) ðQÆµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 29) Linux pÌIuWFNgwüÌ C ÍÇ±ÅèÉüêçêÜ·©H

A:

ñ: IuWFNgwüÌ C Í gcc Ì 2.4.0 ÈãÌo[WÅ[X³
êÄ¢Ü
    ·B±êÍAÚºeXgÅ·BÅVo[WÍÈºÌàÌÅ·B

        tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/packages/GCC/gcc-2.5.7-p2.tar.gz
 

Q: 30) "Internal compiler error: cc1 got fatal signal 11" ÌbZ[W
ÌÓ¡Í½Å·©H

A:

ñ: GCC Í½ÔñvOðç¹é½ßÉæÃ~ÉðÁïµA«Á
Æ RAM 
    ÌÌæðH¢ÂÔµ½ÌÅµå¤BÊAv½IVOiÌ 11 ÍARAM 
Ì
    peBG[ân[háQðÓ¡µÄ¢Ü·Bàn[hfBXNÌs
Çub
    NÌ¹¢Å cc1 Å¯¶óÔÉ×Á½±Æª èÜ·B»êÍA`bvÌI
[o[
    q[git`tCÅÍ èÜ¹ñjÉæéG[ÆµÄñ³êÄ
¢Ü·B
    Ü½Aá@\Ì IDE Rg[ÆhCuÅ 8MHz AT oXNbNÈ
ãÅç
    ¹æ¤Æ·éÆ¶µÜ·B±êÍXbvXy[XÌÏ¢ðø«N±·
±ÆÉæ
    è¯¶G[ÆÈèÜ·B

    êÊÉAVOi 11 (ZOe[VEoCI[VjÍAv
ZXX
    y[Xs«óÔÅÅðANZXÉsÁ½AÜ½Í[hI[Ì
æÉ«
    ÝÉsÁ½±ÆðÓ¡µÄ¢Ü·B½ÜÉA±ÌVOiÍ\tgÌo
OÅ¶
    ·é±Æà èAn[háQÆÍÀèÜ¹ñBiÜ½ÍVXeÌJèÔ
µ
    nOBÈºÈçJ[lÅ¯¶ªN«é©çÅ·Bjgcc 2.3.3 ÅÍ
A½l©
    ª½³ñÌhVOi 11hðÄ»µÜµ½B

    Ü½A`ld' â `as' ÌÅÌáQÆµÄà¶µÜ·BàµAcc1, cpp, 
Ü½Í
    ld Éâèª éÆ·êÎAgcc Å -v tOðt¯ÄRpCµÄm
FµÄ
    ÝÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 31) libc.lite ÆÍ½Å·©H

A:

ñ: libc.lite ÆÍAtbs[^pÅÙÆñÇÌÚµ¢(ó:Ó¡s¾)
 UNIX Ì
    ^XNð«·é½ßÌ libc CuÌy¢o[WÅ·±êÉÍ
Acurses,
    dbm, termcap ÈÇÌR[hðÜñÅ¢Ü¹ñBàµA È½Ì /lib/
libc.so.4 ª
    y¢CuðNµÄ¢éÈçÎAto[WÉu«·¦é
ð¨©ß
    µÜ·BÇ±ÅèÉüêçêé©Í¿â (3) ðQÆµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 32) Linux ÌCuÍ SHADOW Password ðT|[gµÄÜ·©HÜ½
AIEItÍÇ¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅ·©H

A:

ñ: T|[gµÄ¢Ü·B
    KÈêÉ SHADOW_PWD ðè`µÄRpCµAshadow Cuð
N
    ·éKvª èÜ·Bshadow CuÍÈºÅüèÅ«Ü·B
        sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions/SLS/a4/shadow.tgz
    ïÌIÉÍ Makefile Ì CFLAGS sÉ -DSHADOW_PWD tOðALDFLAGS 
sÉ 
    -lshadow tOðÇÁ·êÎ¢¢ÌÅ·B

    \[XrbgðÏXµÈ¯êÎÈçÈ¢©àµêÜ¹ñµAshadow ðT|
[gµ
    ½ "cript()" ÍÖÅÍÈA}NÆµÄñ³êÜ·B
    »êä¦A·×ÄÌ "extern int crypt()" ÅàÂÜÃ©àµêÜ¹ñ
B

    ±êÍAgetpwent(), setpwent() »Ì¼Ì[`ðgÁ½w·×ÄÌx
KvÈ
    oCiðRpC·é±ÆÈµÅÍAshadow password ÌIEIt
ðs¤
    û@ªwÈ¢x±ÆðÓ¡µÄ¢Ü·B
 

Q: 33) math.h [`ª©Â©èÜ¹ñBvOðRpCµÄ¢é
ÌÅ·ªA log(), sin() ÈÇª©Â©èÜ¹ñB¾ê©A¯ÄI

A:

ñ: ³µ¢Öðgpµ½vOðRpCµÄ¢éêAKØÈ
Cu
    ðvOÉwK¸xNµÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñBlZÖðg
¤ÉÍ
    NÉ libm.a ðCN[hµÈ¯êÎÈçÈ¢Æ¢¤±ÆÅ·B
¾¢·¦
    éÆ LDFLAGS É -lm ðAcurses ÖÅÍ -lcurses ð dbm ÖÅÍ
 -ldbm ÈÇ
    ðÁ¦éKvª èÜ·B

    ÊÍAIuWFNgÌãÉ -lm tOðu«Ü·B

        % gcc -lm -o math_prog math_prog.c

    ÍAÜ¸¢âèûÅlZÖÍðÍÅ«Ü¹ñB»¤ÅÍÈA

        % gcc -o math_prog math_prog.c -lm

    ÆüÍµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 34) GCC Ì}jAÍ èÜ·©Hàµ éÈçAÇ±ÅèÉüêçêÜ
·©HÜ½AÇ¤·êÎóüÅ«Ü·©H

A:

ñ: }jAÍ sunsite Ì GCC fBNgÉ èÜ·B
        sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/GCC/gcc-man.tar.z

    ±Ìt@CÍ cccp.1, cpp.1, g++.1, gcc.1 Ì man t@CðÜñÅ
¢Ü·B

    àµA È½ªóü³ê½·×ÄÌ GCC Ì}jAðKvÆµÄ¢éÈ
çA
    GCC ªu¢Ä éÇ±©Ì[J ftp TCgâ»Ì¼Ì FSF ÌsÌ
æ¢Æ±
    ë©ç·×ÄÌ\[XðèÉüêÈ¯êÎÈèÜ¹ñBGCC Ì\[X©ç
 TeX Å
    Ì}jAðìéKvª èÜ·B

    àµA È½ªCuÌt@NVR[Ì}jAðTµÄ
¢éÈ
    çAglibc ÌSÄÌ\[XªKvÅ·B±êÍAGCC Ì\[Xª é ftp 
TCg
    Æ¯¶êÉ èÜ·BÄÑA}jAðì¬·é½ßÉ TeX ªKvÆ
ÈèÜ
    ·B
    ±Ì}jAÅÓ·×«_Í 900 y[WÌå«³Å é±ÆÅ·B
    n}ðæÁÄ¨«Advi t@CÆµÄICÅÛ¶µÄ¨¢Ä¾
³¢B

    wîñxt@C©çéÇ¿çÌpbP[Wà Gnu info â
 xinfo, emacs ðg
    pµÄ©é±ÆªÅ«Ü·Bwîñxt@CÍîñVXeÉîÃ¢½
nCp[
    eLXg`®Å·B
 

Q: 35) "Undefined symbol _bsd_ioctl" ÌbZ[WªoÜµ½BÇ¤·êÎ
¢¢ÌÅ·©H

A:

ñ: NÉ /usr/lib/libbsd.a Æ¢¤ bsd ÌCuðCN[
h·é±
    ÆðYêÄ¢Ü·B

    ðû@: Makefile Ì LDFLAGS sÉ -lbsd tOðÁ¦Ä¾³¢Bi
LDFLAGS 
    sª³¢êÍè®ÅÁ¦Ä¾³¢j
 

Q: 36) o[WAbv·éÆ«ÍA/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i[34]86-linux/
<old-version> ©çÃ¢àÌðæè±ÆÍÅ«Ü·©H

A:

ñ:  ¦ÁÆAàµAgcc ÌeXgo[WÅÈ¯êÎAfBNg©ç
Ã¢
       o[Wðæè±ÆÍSâè èÜ¹ñB

         "gcc -V <old-version>" 

       Æ·é±ÆÅÃ¢o[WÌ GCC ÅRpC·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·
B
 

Q: 37) w¯Äxlibipc.a ÍÇ±Å·©Hdosemu 0.49 Ì½ßÉKvÈÌÅ
·ªB

A:

ñ: Inter Process Communication (IPC) ÖÍWÌ libc >=
 libc.so.4.4.1 É
     èÜ·BàµA È½ªÁÄ¢é libc ª libc.so.4.4.1 Èã¾Á½
êÍA
    -lipc ÍKv èÜ¹ñBMakefile ©ç»ÌsðÁµÄ¾³¢BàµA
    libc.so.4.4.1 ¢¾Á½êÍACuðo[WAbvµÄ
¾³¢B
 

Q: 38) XXX ªRpCÅ«Ü¹ñB_daemon ª¢è`ÉÈèÜ·B¾ê©
¯ÄII

A:

ñ: daemon() Í libbsd.a ÉüÁÄ¢Ü·B-lbsd ð Makefile Ì
 LDFLAGS sÉ
    Á¦Ä¾³¢B
 

Q: 39) w¯Äxar ÆCuÉÂ¢ÄÅ·BV{ÍCuÉ 
éÌÅ·ªANÉ¸sµÜ·B

A:

ñ: µÎµÎ `ranlib' ª³µ¢e[uðìçÈ¢Æ¢¤ `ar'ÌoOÅ·
B
    ÈºÌR}hðÅ¿ßÎ®æ¤ÉÈèÜ·B

        % ar -dv libfoo.a __.SYMDEF
        % ranlib libfoo.a
 

Q: 40) ¯ÄISÒÈÌÅ·ªA"libc.so.4: incompat. minor ver no."
Æ¢¤[jObZ[WªÅÄ¢ÁÄ¢Ü·B

A:

ñ: ¤LCuÌo[WAbvªKvÅ·B¿â 12 Æ 3 ÌTvð
©Ä¾
    ³¢B
 

Q: 41) c ÌvOÌRpCÌOÉ`FbN·é `lint' ÍÇ±Å·©
H

A:

ñ: `lint' Ìæ¤ÈvOð`FbN·éæ¤ÈàÌÍ èÜ¹ñB»
Ìãíè
    ÉvOð`FbN·éÉÍ gcc ÌßxÌIvVðg¢Ü·B}
jA
    É¢Ä é¢ë¢ëÈIvVð©Ä¾³¢B

    ÅàøÊIÈàÌÍÈºÌIvVÅ·B

        % gcc -Wall foo.c

    ±ÌIvVÍN±éÅ ë¤Â\ÈÀèÌ[jOðoÍµÜ·B
 

Q: 42) ÌvOÅ sgtty.h ªKvÈÌÅ·ªAÇ±É éÌÅµå¤
©H

A:

ñ: sgtty.h Í /usr/include/bsd fBNgÉüèÜ·BRpC
É
    Makefile Ì CFLAGS sÉÈºÌsðÇÁµÄ¾³¢B

                -I/usr/include/bsd
 

Q: 43) SIGSEGV ÉæéRAt@CÌì¬ðÖ~µ½èAÂµ½è·éÉÍ
Ç¤·êÎæ¢ÌÅµå¤©H

A:

ñ: ±êÍ{Í GCC Ì¿âÅÍÈAshell Ì¿âÈÌÅ·ªAÈÉªÈ
ñÅà
    ®SÉRAt@CðìçÈ·éÉÍ

    C-shell `csh' (tcsh) Ìê
                        % limit core 0
    Bourne shell `sh' (bash) Ìê
                        % ulimit -c 0

    ðÀsµÄ¾³¢B

    VOi 11 (SEGV) ðó¯æÁ½ÌÝARAt@Cðìéæ¤É·é
ÉÍ

    C-shell `csh' (tcsh) Ìê
                        % limit core unlimited
    Bourne shell `sh' (bash) Ìê
                        % ulimit -c unlimited

    ðÀsµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 44) "can't load dynamic linker `/lib/ld.so'" ÌbZ[WÌÓ¡Í½
Å·©H

A:

ñ: ±êÍA®IJ^[_ªCXg[³êÄ¢È¢±ÆðÓ¡µ
Ä¢Ü
    ·B¿â 4 Ì libld.so Ìüèû@ðQÆµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 45) -O2 Æ -O6 ÅÌø¦Ìá¢Í½Å·©H

A:

ñ:  »ÝÍ èÜ¹ñBàµA È½ª i386/i486 ÌzXg / ^[Qbg
ÆµÄ 
       GCC Ì\[XR[hð©Ä¢éÈçA-Ox Å x>2 ÌêÍ¯¶àÌÅ
 é
       ±Æªí©éÅµå¤BÀÛAMakefile Å x>2 ðgp·é±ÆÍ«¢
±Æ
       Å·BÈºÈçAGCC ª« -O3 Æ¢Á½ÅK»IvVðCe
iÌ
       `bvjð^[QbgÌp·é©àµêÈ¢½ßA»ÌÅK»ÉæÁÄ
oÍ
       ³êéR[hªjó³êé©àµêÜ¹ñB
 

Q: 46) os¾ÌoCiªgCÌØnÌæ¤ÈEBXÉ´õµÄ¢é©
Ç¤©`FbN·éû@ÍH

A:

ñ: ÅÉAàµA È½Ì}VªEBXÉ´õµÄ¢é©SzÈçÎ
A®©³
    wÈ¢x±ÆÅ·iÈÆà root ÅÍjB»µÄA\[Xð©Â¯Ä
Rp
    CµÄ¾³¢B¼Ìû@ÆµÄÍA"string <filename> | less" Æ
    üÍ·é±ÆÅ½ç©ÌîñªèÉüé©àµêÜ¹ñBàµA®©·q
Éoé
    ÈçÎA½©s¸È®«ðTé½ßÉ "strace" ðg¤±ÆªÅ«Ü·B
 

Q: 47) C CuÌ\[XÍÇ±É èÜ·©HÜ½rh·éû@ÍH

A:

ñ: ÈºÌTCgÌW[ðQÆµÄ¾³¢B

         tsx-11.mit.edu:/pub/linux/pagkages/GCC/libc-4.5.8.tar.gz

    àµA¤LCuª~µ¢ÈçAdll c[pbP[WªKvÉÈé
Åµå
    ¤B¿â (5) ÌüèêðQÆµÄ¾³¢B
 

Q: 48) FD_* Ìè`ÍÇ±É èÜ·©H

A:

ñ: <sys/time.h> ÉÜÜêÄ¢ÄA}NàÇÁ³êéÅµå¤B
 

Q: 49) -g IvVtÅNµ½çA___fpu_control Æ ___setfpucw ª
¢è`¾Æ¾íêÄµÜÁ½ÌÅ·ªB /usr/lib/crt0.o Undefined symbol
___fpu_control reference from text segment. /usr/lib/crt0.o Undefined
symbol ___setfpucw reference from text segment. ÈÉª«¢ÌÅµå¤©
H

A:

ñ: libc.sa Ì crt0.o Æ libc.sa Æ libc.a ðÅßÌ linux Ì libc É
Abvf
    [g·éKvª èÜ·Bµ©µAÃ¢ libg.a ÖWªcÁÄµÜ¢Ü·
B

    àµA{ÉfobOCuÉæéX^eBbNoCii-g ÌÓ¡
·éj
    ªKvÈçÎAlibg.a ðüèµÄCXg[·×«Å·B
    ±êÉÂ¢ÄÍ¿â (15) ð©Ä¾³¢B
 

Q: 50) í½µÌCuâAvP[VðÛ»·éc[ÍÇ±Åè
ÉüèÜ·©H

A:

ñ: ÈºÌt@CðèÉüêÄ¾³¢B
        sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/utils/nls/cat-pack.tar.gz
    »µÄAw¦É]ÁÄ¾³¢B

    [UªìÁ½¢ë¢ëÈ¾êÉæéJ^OÍÈºÌÆ±ëÅ©Â¯ç
êÜ·B
        sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/utils/nls/catalogs
    »êçðüé×«fBNgÉ±üµÜ·B

    P: Û»c[ÆÖÍo[W 4.4.4iá¦ÎAlibc.so.4.5.x 
ÈãjÅ
    gpÂ\Å·B

    Q: linux É¨¯éwÛ»xÌóµÍxêÄ¨èAlinux pl14 Å 
    Latin-1/ISO-8859-1 ÌLN^[ZbgªâÁÆT|[g³ê½æ¤È
óÔÅ
    ·B
 

Q: 51) `mkimage' Æ¢¤ DLL c[ª libgcc ÌÈ©É©Â©èÜ¹ñB
¯Ä¾³¢B

A:

ñ: libc.so.4.5.x ÈãÅÍAlibgcc Í·ÅÉ¤LÅÍ èÜ¹ñB
    µ½ªÁÄAmkimage Ì `-lgcc' ÌªðÈºÌæ¤Éu«·¦È¯êÎ
ÈèÜ¹
    ñB

        `gcc -print-libgcc-file-name`

    Z·éÆ

        `gcc --print`

    Å·BobNNH[gÍKv èÜ¹ñB
 

Q: 52) "__NEEDS_SHRLIB_libc_4 multiply defined" ÌbZ[WðoÈ¢æ
¤É·éÉÍÇ¤·êÎ¢¢ÌÅµå¤©H

A:

ñ: libc.sa.4.5.x ÈãÅÍ libgcc Í¤LÅÍÈÈÁÄ¢Ü·Bµ½ª
ÁÄA
    /usr/lib/libgcc* t@Cð·×ÄíµwÈ¯êÎxÈèÜ¹ñB

        % rm -f /usr/lib/libgcc*
 

Q: 53) QMAGIC Æ¢¤ÌÍAêÊIÉÍÇ¤¢¤àÌÅ·©H

A:

ñ: QMAGIC ÍX^_[hÌ a.out iZMAGIC Æ¢Á½jÌæ¤ÈÀs`®
ÌtH[
    }bgÅ·Bµ©µA}bsO³êÈ¢ÅÌy[WÉu©êÜ·B±
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    æèA0-4096 ÌÍÍÅ}bsO³êÈ¢gbvÆµÄÈPÉwÜÁ½
x¯¶
    û@ÅÀ»Å«Ü·B»êÉÎµA È½ÌoCi¤ÖÌe¿ÍÙÆñ
Ç èÜ
    ¹ñB(~1K)

    /etc/magic t@CÉ³µo^·êÎA È½Ì `file' R}hÍ
 QMAGIC o
    CiÆ¯¶É·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·Bí½µÍAÙÆñÇÌ`lÉK
È
    Gg[ðztµÄ¢Ü·B
 

Q: 54) ÇÌæ¤É·êÎAQMAGIC ÌÀst@CâCuðì¬Å«Ü
·©H

A:

ñ: QMAGIC ÌÀst@CðìéÉÍAÅVÌ `ld' ÌoCiâ\[XÌ
pb`ª
    KvÅ·B`binutils-as.tar.gz' Æ¢¤t@Cªzt³êÄ¢Ü·B¿
â (6)
    ðQÆµÄ¾³¢B

    QMAGIC Àst@CÌìèû:

      Makefile Ì LDFLAGS sÉÈºÌªðÇÁµÜ·B
      
        LDFLAGS = -Wl,-qmagic
      Ü½Í
        LDFLAGS = -Xlinker -qmagic

    QMAGIC CuÌìèû:

      ²ßñÈ³¢B`mkimage' Ìg¢ûª¢Ü¢¿í©èÜ¹ñBà¤µ
ÒÁÄ
      ¾³¢B
 

Q: 55) "warning using incompatable library version xxx" ÌbZ[Wð
oÈ¢æ¤É·é±ÆÍÅ«Ü·©H

A:

ñ: Í¢Å«Ü·B
    àµA ld.so Ìo[W 1.4 ÈãðÁÄ¢éÈçAÂ«ÏÉ
 LD_NOWARN ð
    ÇÁ·é±ÆÅbZ[WðoÈ·é±ÆªÅ«Ü·B: v½IÈG
[b
    Z[WÍoÍ³êÜ·B

    csh (tcsh)ÅÍ:
        setenv LD_NOWARN
    sh (bash)ÅÍ:
        export LD_NOWARN=1

    Å·B

=======================================================================
========

                       Ó«: (s¯)

                                  H.J.Lu
                               Dirk Hohndel
                                David Engel
                              Eric Youngdale
                             Bill Metzenthen
                                Rik Faith
                              Steven S. Dick
                               Bruno Haible
                               Andrew Tefft
                                Kai Petzke
                              Tuomas J Lukka
                             Fergus Henderson
                              Paul Gortmaker
                               Olaf Flebbe
                              »µÄAà¿ëñ

                              Linus Torvalds

=======================================================================
========

Ó àµA È½Ì¼Oª³AÓ¡E³Ó¡É©©íç¸½©v£µÄ¢Ä
àA
     Ç¤©ACªðQ³È¢Å¾³¢BÌPÈé~XÅ·ÌÅBÉdq
[ð
     ¾³¢BC³µÜ·ÌÅB

=======================================================================
========

±Ì FAQ ð Linux p GCC Ì¾mÈñÌóÉÉ·é½ßÉAdq[Éæ
é¿âð
 (àµAñà éÈçÎA»êà) Z³AÇÁµÄÌ¨è`¢ðµÄ¾
³¢B

                    Mitchum DSouza <m.dsouza@uk.ac.cam.mrc-apu>

-- 
comp.os.linux.announce ÖÌ²Ó©Í linux-announce@tc.cornell.edu ÜÅ
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