The Linux GCC HOWTO¤¤Ä¶ª©V0.2
§@ªÌ: Daniel Barlow <dan@detached.demon.co.uk>
ĶªÌ: ³¯«Ø¾±(Frank J.S. Chen)<frank63@ms5.hinet.net>
v1.17, 28 February 1996
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D'Souza¥ý¥Í©Ò¦¬¶°ªºGCC-FAQ¡F¦Ó¥t¤@Ó¨Ó·½¬OELF-HOWTO¡C¦¹¥÷HOWTO¥i¥H»¡¤w
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1. ¦æ»·¥²¦ÛÂâ¡I
* 1.1 ĶªÌªº¸Ü
* 1.2 °Ê»PÀR
* 1.3 §@ªÌªº¨p»y
* 1.4 ¦L¨ê»P±Æª©
2. ªFªF¦bþ¨à¡H
* 2.1 GCC-HOWTO¦bþ¨à¡H
* 2.2 GCC¬ÛÃöªº¸ê®Æ¤S¦bþ¨à¡H
* 2.3 GCC
* 2.4 Cµ{¦¡À]»P¼ÐÀYÀÉ
* 2.5 ¦³ÃöÁpªº¤u¨ã (as, ld, ar, strings etc)
3. GCCªº¦w¸Ë»PGCCªº³]©w
* 3.1 GCCªºª©¥»
* 3.2 ªFªF¸Ë¦n«á³£¨ìþ¨à¥h¤F?
* 3.3 ¼ÐÀYÀÉ£z£°?¼ÐÀYÀÉ£z£°?
* 3.4 «Ø¥ß¥æ¤e½sĶ¾¹(Building cross compilers)
4. ²¾´Óµ{¦¡»P½sĶµ{¦¡
* 4.1 gcc¦Û¦æ©w¸qªº²Å¸¹
* 4.2 ½u¤W¨D§U»¡©ú
* 4.3 ²¾´Ó¯à¤O
5. °£¿ù»PºÊºÞ
* 5.1 ¹w¨¾«©óªvÀø¡]lint¡^
* 5.2 °£¿ù
* 5.3 ºÊºÞ
6. ³sµ²
* 6.1 ¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w vsÀRºAµ{¦¡®w
* 6.2 ²×·¥¼f§P¡]¡¥sin() ¦bþÓµ{¦¡®w¸Ì¡H¡¦¡^
* 6.3 XÀɮסH
* 6.4 «Ø¥ß§A¦Û¤vªºµ{¦¡®w
7. °ÊºA¸ü¤J
* 7.1 °ò¥»·§©À
* 7.2 ¿ù»~°T®§
* 7.3 ±±¨î°ÊºA¸ü¤J¾¹ªº¹B§@
* 7.4 ¥H°ÊºA¸ü¤J¼¶¼gµ{¦¡
8. »Pµo®i¤H¤hÁpµ¸
* 8.1 Bug³øªí
* 8.2 ¨ó§Uµo®i
9. µ²»y
* 9.1 ¦W¤Hº]
* 9.2 ½Ķ
* 9.3 Åwªï¥ô¦óªº¦^õX
* 9.4 ¦Xªkªº¦æ³w³W©w
10. ¯Á¤Þ
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1. ¦æ»·¥²¦ÛÂâ¡I
1.1 ĶªÌªº¸Ü
* ³o¥÷Ķ¤å¬°Linux document projects(LDP)¤¤¤å½Ķpµe¨t¦C¤§¤@¡C¥Ø«e¤§
ºô§}¬° [1]http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/¡AÅwªï¦U¦ìºô¤Í¿ãÅD§ë¤J¦¹¤@p
µe¡C
* §Ú¨Ã¨S¦³§¹¥þ«ö·Óì¤å³v¦r½Ķ¡C¬°¤F¤O¨DĶ¤å³qºZ¥iŪ¡A§Ú·|µyµyªº«²Õ
¤@³¡¥÷ªº¤å¦r¡A¥[ªo²K¾L¡A©Î¬Oºë²ì¤å¡F³o¼Ë°µªº¸Ü¡A¥i¥HÀ±¸É¤¤^¤å¶¡
»yªkµ²ºcªº®t²§©Ê¡A¥B»y®ð¥i¥H³e³qµLê¡C
* ¤@¨ÇÃöÁä¦r»P±M·~µü·Jµ¥¡A·|ªþ¥[¤Wì¤å³æ¦r¡C
* ¹J¦³ÂàĶ§xÃø¡A°ßì¤å±`¨£ªº¦r·J¦pbugs¡Bshadow password¡Bpadding
¡Bimage¤§Ãþªº¡A«h«O¯dì¤å¤£ÅÜ¡CY»Õ¤U¹ï³o¨Ç¦r·J¦³¾A·íĶÃ㪺¡A½Ð¤£§[
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* ¤º¤å¤¤Y¹J¦³"[ĶªÌµù:**]"¤§¼Ð°O¡A«h¬°¥»¤HÃB¥~¤§µù¸Ñ¡C
* ¹ï³o½gĶ¤å¦³¥ô¦ó«Øij»PºÃ°Ýªº¡A½Ðemail¦Üfrank63@ms5.hinet.net¡C
* WWW Home Page¡G [2]http://linux.ntcic.edu.tw/~jsfrank/¡C
* ¦¹¤¤Ä¶¤å¥ó¤§Â½Ä¶Åv¤w¨ú±o^Äy¤§ì§@ªÌDaniel Barlow ¥ý¥Í¤§¦P·N¡F¥t¡A
³¯«Ø¾±¥ý¥Í«O¦³¦¹¥÷¤¤Ä¶ª©¤å¥ó©Ò¦³ªºÅv§Q¡A§A¥i¥H¥ô·Nªº«þ¨©¡A¥H¦UºØ´C
Åé´²§G³o¥÷¤¤Ä¶¤å¥ó¡A°ß¦¹¸`¸É¥R»¡©ú»Ýì«Ê¤£°Êªþ¤W¡A¥B¤£¥i¥ô·N§ó°ÊĶ
¤å¡C
* v0.1ª©ªºÄ¶¤å¬Û·í²ÊÁW¡A³s¤å¥yªº»yªkµ²ºc³£¶û¤Ó¹L©óÃP´²¡Av0.2ª©°w¹ï¤¤
¤åªº¥Î¦r²ßºD¨Ó×¥¿¡A¨Ã±N¤W¤@ª©Ä¶ªº¤£§´·íªº¦a¤è×¥¿¹L¨Ó¡A¨Ò¦peither
³oÓ¦r¡A^°ê¤H±`§âeither·í¦Wµü¥Î¡A«ü¨âªÌ¤¤¥ô·N¤@Ó¡F³o¥÷HOWTO´N¥R¥÷
¤ÏÀ³¥X³oӥΦr²ß©Ê¡A¸ò¬ü»y¦³°ò¥»¤Wªº®t²§¡C
* ¤å¤¤¦³´X¥y¸Ü¨S¦³Ä¶¥X¨Ó¡A¤@¤è±¬O¬Ý¤£À´¡A¥t¤è±¬Oª½Ä¶¤]Ķ¤£¥X¨Ó¡A©Ò
¥H¥u¦n«O¯dì¤å¤F¡An¬O»Õ¤U¦³·sªº»â®©ªº¡AµL½×¦p¦ó½Ð§i¶D§Ú¡C
* v0.1ª©Â½Ä¶°_©l¤é´Á¬°¡G11/7/97¡FºI¤î¤é´Á¬°¡G11/19/97¡C
* v0.2ª©×¥¿°_©l¤é´Á¡G5/13/98¡FºI¤î¤é´Á¬°¡G6/3/98¡C
1.2 °Ê»PÀR
¥Ø«eLinuxªºµo®i¥¿ªiÀܬ¤´éªº¶i¦æµÛ¡C²³æ¤@ÂIÁ¿¡ALinux¦³¨âºØ°õ¦æÀɪº®æ¦¡
¥i¥Î¡A¨ú¨M©ó§Aªº¨t²Î¬O«ç»ò¾ã¦X°_¨Óªº¡F§AªºLinuxÀ³¸Ó¬O¨ä¤¤¤@ºØ§a¡I¾\Ū³o
¥÷¤å¥ó¡A¥i¥HÀ°§U§AÂç²M°õ¦æÀɪºÃþ§O¡C
n¦p¦ó°Ï§O©O¡H°õ¦æ¤½¥Îµ{¦¡¡¥file¡¦¡]¨Ò¦p¡Afile /bin/bash¡^´N¹ï¤F¡C
´NELFªºµ{¦¡¦Ó¨¥¡A¿Ã¹õ¤WÅã¥Ü¥X¨Óªº°T®§·|§t¦³ELFªº¦r²´¡F¦pªG»¡¬Oa.outªº¡A
°T®§¤º·|ºã¦³ Linux/i386ªº¦r¼Ë¡C
ELF»Pa.out®æ¦¡ªº®t²§¤§³B·|¦b«áÄòªº³¹¸`¤¤°Q½×¡]«Ü¼sªx³á¡I¡^¡CELF¬O¤ñ¸û·s
ªº®æ¦¡¡A¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A±µ¨üªºµ{«×¸û¨Î¡C
1.3 §@ªÌªº¨p»y
ª©Åv»¡©ú»P¦Xªkªº¦æ³w³W©w¡A´NÂ\¦b³o¥÷¤å¥óªº§ÀºÝ¡C°£¦¹¤§¥~¡A§ÚÁÙ¦³¤@¨Ç¤£
±o¤£´£¿ô§Aªº¸ÜnÁ¿¡C´Nºâ§A¶¢µÛ¨S¨Æ·F¡A¤]¤£n¦bUsenet¤W¥á¤@¨Ç§b¥Ê°Ýªº°Ý
ÃD¡FÁÙ¦³¡A¤£n¦Ñ¥H¬°¦Û¤vC»y¨¥ªº¥\¤O²`«p¡A±Mªùµoªí¤@¨Ç¤£¬Obugsªºbugs¥X¨Ó
¥á¤H²{²´¡A³o¤£´Nµ¥©ó§i¶D§O¤H§A¤£¾ÇµL³N¡A¦bÃö¦Ñ·Ý±«eA¤j¤M¤F¶Ü¡H©Ò¥H»¡
¦Û¥H¬°¬Oªº^¶¯¥D¸q¬O±o¤£Àv¥¢ªº¡C
1.4 ¦L¨ê»P±Æª©
¦pªG§A²{¦bŪªº¬OPostscript¡Bdvi©Î¬Ohtml®æ¦¡¡A¨º»ò§A©Ò¬Ý¨ìªº¦r«¬ÅܤƴN·|
¤ñ¥uŪ¯Â¤å¦r®æ¦¡ªº¤H¦h¤@¨Ç¡C¯S§O¬OÀɮצWºÙ¡B©R¥O¡B©R¥Oªº¿é¥X»PºK¿ý¥X¨Ó
ªºì©l½Xµ¥¡A²Î²Î³£¬O¥´¦r¾÷ªº¦r«¬¡C³o¼Ë°µªº¸Ü¡A¹ï©ó¬Y¨Ç»Ýn±j½Õªº¡¥ÅܼÆ
¡¦ÁÙ¦³¨º¨Ç¨S¦³©T©wµ²ªGªº½d¨Ò¦Ó¨¥¡A´N¥i¥H¹F¨ì±j½Õªº®ÄªG¤F¡C
Ū³o¥÷¤å¥óªº¦P®É¡A§A¤]·|±o¨ì¤@®MÆZ¦³¥Îªº¯Á¤Þ¡C°²Y¬Odvi¡B postscript¤§
Ãþªºª©¥»¡A¯Á¤Þªº¼Æ¦r´N¬O³¹¸`(section)ªº½s¸¹¡F¦pªG¬OHTMLªº¸Ü¡A³o¨Ç¼Æ¦r·|
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¾A¥Î©óroot¦Ó¤w¡C·íµM°Õ¡An¬O§A¸Õ¤F³o¨Ç½d¨Ò¡Aµ²ªG§Ë±o§Aªº¨t²Îµo¥Í¨aÅÜ¡A
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2. ªFªF¦bþ¨à¡H
2.1 GCC-HOWTO¦bþ¨à¡H
³o¥÷¤å¥ó¬OLinux HOWTO¨t¦C¤§¤@¡A´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A§A¥i¥H¦b©Ò¦³¦s©ñLinux HOWTO¤å
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[4]http://ftp.linux.org.uk/~barlow/howto/gcc-howto.html¤W±§ì¤U¨Ó¡C
2.2 GCC¬ÛÃöªº¸ê®Æ¤S¦bþ¨à¡H
¼Ð·Çªºgcc»¡©ú¤å¥ó¬OÀHªþ¦bµo¦æªºì©l½X(source distribution)¤º¡]©¹¤U¬Ý´N
¦³¤F¡I¡^¡A¸ÌÀY¦³textinfo»P.info¨âºØÀɮסCn¬O§Aªººô¸ô³s±µ³t²v°÷§Ö¡A©Î¬O
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[5]tsx-11¯¸¤W¥h°ÑÆ[°ÑÆ[¡C¤£¹L¡A§Ú·Q¡A¨S¦³¥²n¦Ñ¬O±}°OµÛ³Ì·sªºª©¥»§a¡I
libcªº¤å¥ó»¡©ú¦³¨âºØ¨Ó·½¡C¤@ºØ¬OGNU libc¡A¥H.infoªº®æ¦¡Àx¦s¡A°£¤Fstdio
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+ linuxelf ¤w¸g¹L®É¤F¡C³q±`³o¬O«ü2.6.3ª©ªºgcc¡A¦Ó¥B³oÓª©¥»¤]¥i
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Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-box-linux/2.7.2/specs
gcc version 2.7.2
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Reading specs from /usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-box-linux/2.6.3/specs
gcc driver version 2.7.2 executing gcc version 2.6.3
* /usr/target/(bin|lib|include)/ ¦pªG§A¸Ë¤F¼ÆºØªº¥Ø¼Ðª«¥ó¡A¨Ò¦pa.out
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¦pªGµ{¦¡¥»¨¦³autoconf¡A²£¥Í¤Fconfigure©R¥O½Z¡A³q±`§A´N¥i¥H
¥Î./configure CFLAGS=©Î¬O./configure CFLAGS=-O2¨ÓÃö±¼°£¿ù¸ê°T¡C¤£µMªº¸Ü
¡A§A±oÀˬdÀˬdMakefile¤F¡C·íµM°Õ¡A°²¦p§A¥Îªº¬OELF¡Aµ{¦¡«K·|¥H°ÊºAªº¤è¦¡
¨Ó³sµ²¡A¤£½×¬O§_¦³-gªº³]©w¡F¦]¦¹§A¥i¥H¥±`¤ß§â-g®³±¼¡C
¹ê¥Îªº³nÅé
¾ÚÁA¸Ñ¡A¤j³¡¥÷ªº¤H³£¬O¥Îgdb¨Ó°£¿ù¡C§A¥i¥H±q [16]GNU archive sites®³¨ìì
©lµ{¦¡¡F©ÎªÌ¬O¨ì [17]tsx-11®³¥i°õ¦æÀÉ¡Cxxgdb¬O¤@ÓX¤¶±ªº°£¿ùµ{¦¡¡A´Ó°ò
©ógdb¡]¤]´N¬O»¡§A±o¥ý¦w¸Ë¦ngdb¡A¤~¯à¦A¸Ëxxgdb¡^¡Cxxgdbªºì©l½X¥i¥H¦b
[18]ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/xxgdb-1.08.tar.gz§ä¨ì¡C
¥t¥~¡AUPS°£¿ùµ{¦¡¤w¥ÑRick Sladkey²¾´Ó¦¨¥\¡CUPS¥i¥H¦bX©³¤U¬¡±o«Ü¦n¡A¤£
¹³xxgdb¨º¼Ë---¶È¶È¬OgdbªºX«eºÝ¤¶±¡]X front end¡^¡C³o¤ä°£¿ùµ{¦¡¦³¤@¤j°ï
Àu¨}ªº¯SÂI¡A¦Ó¥B¦pªG§A±oªá®É¶¡¥h°£¤@¤ä¯}Äꪺµ{¦¡¡A«Øij§A¦Ò¼{¦Ò¼{xxgdb¡C
¨Æ¥ý½sĶ¦nªºLinuxª©»P×¥¿ª©ªºì©l½X¥i¥H¦b
[19]ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/debuggers/§ä¨ì¡C¦Ó³Ìªìªºì©l
µ{¦¡«h©ñ¦b [20]ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/ups-2.45.2.tar.Z¡C
§A¥i¯à·|µo²{¥t¤@ӥΨӰ£¿ùªº¤u¨ãstrace¡A¤]¬O¬Û·íªº¦³¥Î¡C¥¦¥i¥HÅã¥Ü¥X¥Ñ
µ{§Ç©Ò²£¥Íªº¨t²Î©I¥s¡A¦Ó¥BÁÙ¾Ö¦³¨ä¥¦²³¦hÁc½Æªº¥\¯à¡A¹³¬O¦pªG§A¤âÃä¨S¦³
ì©l½Xªº¸Ü¡Astrace¥i¥HÀ°§A§ä¥X¦³¨º¨Ç¸ô®|¦WºÙ¡]path-names¡^¤w½sĶ¶i°õ¦æ
Àɤº¡F exacerbating race conditions in programs that you suspect
contain them;ÁÙ¦³¡Astrace¥i®³¨Ó¾Ç²ßµ{¦¡¬O«ç»ò¦b¹q¸£¤¤°õ¦æªº¡C³Ì·sªºª©¥»
¡]¥Ø«e¬O3.0.8¡^¥i¦b§ä¨ì [21]ftp://ftp.std.com/pub/jrs/¡C
I´ºµ{¦¡¡]±`¾nµ{¦¡¡^
¦´Á¨å«¬ªº±`¾nµ{¦¡(daemon programs)¬O°õ¦æfork()¡AµM«á²×¤î¤÷µ{§Ç¡C³o¼Ëªº
°µªk¨Ï±o°£¿ùªº®É¶¡´îµu¤F¡C
ÁA¸Ñ³oÂIªº³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O´Àfork()³]¤@Ó¤¤Â_ÂI¡]breakpoint¡^¡C·íµ{¦¡°±
¤î®É¡A±j¢fork()¶Ç¦^0¡C
(gdb) list
1 #include <stdio.h>
2
3 main()
4 {
5 if(fork()==0) printf("child\n");
6 else printf("parent\n");
7 }
(gdb) break fork
Breakpoint 1 at 0x80003b8
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/dan/src/hello/./fork
Breakpoint 1 at 0x400177c4
Breakpoint 1, 0x400177c4 in fork ()
(gdb) return 0
Make selected stack frame return now? (y or n) y
#0 0x80004a8 in main ()
at fork.c:5
5 if(fork()==0) printf("child\n");
(gdb) next
Single stepping until exit from function fork,
which has no line number information.
child
7 }
®Ö¤ßÀÉ®×
·íLinux¶}¾÷®É¡A³q±`²ÕºA·|³]©w¦¨¤£n²£¥Í®Ö¤ßÀɮסCn¬O§A¨º»ò³ßÅw¥¦Ìªº¸Ü
¡A¥i¥H¥Îshellªºbuiltin©R¥O¨Ï¨ä«·s¥Í®Ä¡G´NC-shell¬Û®eªºshell¡]¦ptcsh¡^
¦Ó¨¥¡A·|¬O¤U±³o¼Ë¡G
% limit core unlimited
¦ÓÃþ¦üBourne shellªºshell¡]sh, bash, zsh, pdksh¡^«h¨Ï¥Î¤U±ªº»yªk¡G
$ ulimit -c unlimited
¦pªG§A·Qn¦³Ó¦h¤~¦hÃÀªº®Ö¤ßÀÉ©R¦W¡]core file naming¡^¡]for example,
if you're trying to conduct a post-mortem using a debugger that's
buggy itself¡^¡A¨º»ò§A¥i¥H¹ï§Aªº®Ö¤ßµ{¦¡°µ¤@ÂI¤p¤pªº§ó°Ê¡C§ä¤@
§äfs/binfmt_aout.c»Pfs/binfmt_elf.cÀɤ¤»P¤U¦C¬Û²Åªºµ{¦¡¤ù¬q(in newer
kernels, you'll have to grep around a little in older ones)¡G
memcpy(corefile,"core.",5);
#if 0
memcpy(corefile+5,current->comm,sizeof(current->comm));
#else
corefile[4] = '\0';
#endif
±N0´«¦¨1.
5.3 ºÊºÞ
ºÊºÞ¡]Profiling¡^¬O¥Î¨ÓÀˮ֤@¤äµ{¦¡¤¤¨º¨Ç³¡¥÷¬O³Ì±`©I¥s©Î¬O°õ¦æªº®É¶¡³Ì
¤[ªº¤èªk¡C³o¹ïµ{¦¡ªº³Ì¨Î¤Æ»P§ä¥X¦ó®É®É¶¡¬O®ö¶O±¼ªº¦Ó¨¥¡A¬O¬Û·í¦nªº¤è¦¡
¡C§A¥²¶·´N§A©Ònªº®Éµ{¸ê°T¡]timing information¡^ªº¥ØªºÀÉ¥[¤W-p¨Ó½sĶ¡A
¦Ó¥B¦pªGnÅý¿é¥XªºÀɮצ³·N¸q¡A§A¤]·|»Ýngprof¡]¨Ó¦Ûbinutils®M¥óªº©R¥O¡^
¡C°Ñ¾\gprofªºmanual page¡A¥i±oª¾¨ä²Ó¸`¡C
11/18/97Ķ
6. ³sµ²
¥Ñ©óÀRºA»P¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¨âªÌ¶¡¤£¬Û®eªº®æ¦¡ªº®t²§©Ê»P°Êµü*link*¹L¶q¨Ï¥Î©ó«ü
ºÙ*½sĶ§¹¦¨«áªº¨Æ±¡*»P*·í½sĶ¦nªºµ{¦¡¨Ï¥Î®É©Òµo¥Íªº¨Æ±¡*³o¨â¥ó¨Æ¤WÀY¡A
¨Ï±o³o¤@³¹¸`Åܱo½ÆÂø¤F³\¦h¡C¡] and, actually, the overloading of the
word `load' in a comparable but opposite sense¡^¤£¹L¡A¦A½ÆÂø¤]´N¬O³o¼Ë
¤F¡A©Ò¥H»Õ¤U¤£¥²¹L©ó¾á¤ß¡C
¬°¤Fµy·L´î»´ÅªªÌªº§x´b¡A§Úٰ̺õ¦æ´Á¶¡©Òµo¥Íªº¨Æ¬°*°ÊºA¸ü¤J*¡A³o¤@¥DÃD
·|¦b¤U¤@³¹¸`¤¤½Í¨ì¡C§A¤]·|¦b§Oªº¦a¤è¬Ý¨ì§Ú§â°ÊºA¸ü¤J´yz¦¨*°ÊºA³sµ²*¡A
¤£¹L¤£·|¬O¦b³o¤@³¹¸`¤¤¡C´«¥y¸Ü»¡¡A³o¤@³¹¸`©Ò½Íªº¡A¥þ³¡¬O«üµo¥Í¦b½sĶµ²
§ô«áªº³sµ²¡C
6.1 ¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w vsÀRºAµ{¦¡®w
«Ø¥ßµ{¦¡ªº³Ì«á¤@Ó¨BÆJ«K¬O³sµ²¡F¤]´N¬O±N©Ò¦³¤À´²ªº¤pµ{¦¡²Õ¦X°_¨Ó¡A¬Ý¬Ý
¬O§_¿òº|¤F¨Ç¤°»ò¡CÅãµM¡A¦³¤@¨Ç¨Æ±¡¬O«Ü¦hµ{¦¡³£·|·Q°µªº---¨Ò¦p¡A¶}±ÒÀÉ®×
¡A±µµÛ©Ò¦³»P¶}Àɦ³Ãöªº¤pµ{¦¡´N·|±NÀx¦sµ{¦¡®wªº¬ÛÃöÀÉ®×´£¨Ñµ¹§Aªºµ{¦¡¨Ï
¥Î¡C¦b¤@¯ëªºLinux¨t²Î¤W¡A³o¨Ç¤pµ{¦¡¥i¥H¦b/lib»P/usr/lib/¥Ø¿ý©³¤U§ä¨ì¡C
·í§A¥Îªº¬OÀRºAªºµ{¦¡®w®É¡A³sµ²¾¹·|§ä¥Xµ{¦¡©Ò»Ýªº¼Ò²Õ¡AµM«á¹ê»Ú±N¥¦Ì«þ
¨©¨ì°õ¦æÀɤº¡CµM¦Ó¡A¹ï¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¦Ó¨¥¡A´N¤£¬O³o¼Ë¤F¡C¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w·|¦b°õ¦æ
Àɤº¯d¤U¤@Ó°O¸¹¡A«ü©ú*·íµ{¦¡°õ¦æ®É¡Aº¥ý¥²¶·¸ü¤J³oÓµ{¦¡®w*¡CÅãµM¡A¦@
¨Éµ{¦¡®w¬O¸Õ¹Ï¨Ï°õ¦æÀÉÅܱo§ó¤p¡Aµ¥¦P©ó¨Ï¥Î§ó¤Öªº°O¾ÐÅé»PºÏºÐªÅ¶¡
¡CLinux¤º©wªº¦æ¬°¬O³sµ²¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¡A¥unLinux¯à§ä¨ì³o¨Ç¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®wªº¸Ü¡A
´N¨S¤°»ò°ÝÃD¡F¤£µM,Linux´N·|³sµ²ÀRºAªº¤F¡C¦pªG§A·Qn¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®wªº¸Ü¡AÀË
¬d³o¨Çµ{¦¡®w¡]*.sa for a.out, *.so for ELF¡^¬O§_¦í¦b¥¦Ì¸Ó¦bªº¦a¤è¡A¦Ó
¥B¬O¥iŪ¨úªº¡C
¦bLinux¤W¡AÀRºAµ{¦¡®w·|¦³Ãþ¦ülibname.a³o¼Ëªº¦WºÙ¡F¦Ó¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w«hºÙ
¬°libname.so.x.y.z¡A¦¹³Bªºx.y.z¬O«üª©¥»§Ç¸¹ªº¼Ë¦¡¡C¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w³q±`³£·|¦³
³sµ²²Å¸¹«ü¦VÀRºAµ{¦¡®w¡]«Ü«nªº¡^»P¬ÛÃöÁpªº.saÀɮסC¼Ð·Çªºµ{¦¡®w·|¥]§t
¦@¨É»PÀRºAµ{¦¡®w¨âºØ®æ¦¡¡C
§A¥i¥H¥Îldd¡]List Dynamic Dependencies¡^¨Ó¬d¥X¬Y¤äµ{¦¡»Ýnþ¨Ç¦@¨Éµ{¦¡
®w¡C
$ ldd /usr/bin/lynx
libncurses.so.1 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.1.9.6
libc.so.5 => /lib/libc.so.5.2.18
³o¬O»¡¦b§Úªº¨t²Î¤W¡AWWWÂsÄý¾¹*lynx*·|¨Ì¿àlibc.so.5 (the C library)
»Plibncurses.so.1¡]²×ºÝ¾÷¿Ã¹õªº±±¨î¡^ªº¦s¦b¡CY¬Y¤äµ{¦¡¯Ê¥F¿W¥ß©Ê¡A
ldd´N·|»¡¡¥statically linked¡¦©Î¬O¡¥statically linked (ELF)¡¦¡C
6.2 ²×·¥¼f§P¡]¡¥sin() ¦bþÓµ{¦¡®w¸Ì¡H¡¦¡^
nm µ{¦¡®w¦WºÙÀ³¸Ó·|¦C¥X¦¹µ{¦¡®w¦WºÙ©Ò°Ñ¦Ò¨ìªº©Ò¦³²Å¸¹¡C³oÓ«ü¥O¥i¥HÀ³¥Î
¦bÀRºA»P¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¤W¡C°²³]§A·Qª¾¹Dtcgetattr()¬O¦bþ¨à©w¸qªº¡G§A¥i¥H¦p¦¹
°µ¡A
$ nm libncurses.so.1 |grep tcget
U tcgetattr
*U*«ü¥X*¥¼©w¸q*---¤]´N¬O»¡ncursesµ{¦¡®w¦³¥Î¨ìtegetattr()¡A¦ý¬O¨Ã¨S¦³©w
¸q¥¦¡C§A¤]¥i¥H³o¼Ë°µ¡A
$ nm libc.so.5 | grep tcget
00010fe8 T __tcgetattr
00010fe8 W tcgetattr
00068718 T tcgetpgrp
*W*»¡©ú¤F*®zºA(weak)*¡A·N«ü²Å¸¹Áö¤w©w¸q¡A¦ý¥i¥Ñ¤£¦Pµ{¦¡®w¤¤ªº¥t¤@©w¸q©Ò
´À¥N¡C³Ì²³æªº*¥¿±`*©w¸q¡]¹³¬Otcgetpgrp¡^¬O¥Ñ*T*©Ò¼Ð¥Ü¡G
¼ÐÃD©Ò½Íªº°ÝÃD¡A³Ì²©úªºµª®×«K¬Olibm.(so|a)¤F¡C©Ò¦³©w¸q¦b<math.h>ªº¨ç¼Æ
³£«O¯d¦bmathsµ{¦¡®w¤º¡F¦]¦¹¡A·í§A¥Î¨ì¨ä¤¤¥ô¦ó¤@Ó¨ç¼Æ®É¡A³£»Ýn¥H-lmªº
°Ñ¼Æ³sµ²¦¹µ{¦¡®w¡C
6.3 XÀɮסH
ld: Output file requires shared library `libfoo.so.1`
ld»P¨ä¬ÛÃþ¦üªº©R¥O¦b·j´MÀɮתºµ¦²¤¤W¡A·|¨Ì¾Úª©¥»ªº®t²§¦Ó¦³©Ò¤£¦P¡A¦ý¬O
°ß¤@¤@Ó§A¥i¥H¦X²z°²³]ªº¤º©w¥Ø¿ý«K¬O/usr/lib¤F¡C¦pªG§A§Æ±æ¨³B¥¦³Bªºµ{
¦¡®w¤]¦C¤J·j´Mªº¦æ¦C¤¤¡A¨º»ò§A´N¥²¶·¥H-L¿ï¶µ§iª¾gcc©Î¬Old¡C
n¬O§Aµo²{¤@ÂI®ÄªG¤]¨S¦³¡A´N»°ºò¹î¬Ý¬Ý¨ºÀɮ׬O¤£¬OÁ٨ĨĪº½ö¦bì¦a¡C
´Na.out¦Ó¨¥¡A¥H-lfoo°Ñ¼Æ¨Ó³sµ²¡A·|ÅX¨Ïld¥h´M§älibfoo.sa¡]shared stubs¡^
¡F¦pªG¨S¦³¦¨¥\¡A´N·|´«¦¨´M§älibfoo.a¡]static¡^¡C´NELF¦Ó¨¥¡A ld·|¥ý
§älibfoo.so¡AµM«á¬Olibfoo.a¡Clibfoo.so³q±`¬O¤@Ó³sµ²²Å¸¹¡A³sµ²
¦Ülibfoo.so.x¡C
6.4 «Ø¥ß§A¦Û¤vªºµ{¦¡®w
±±¨îª©¥»
»P¨ä¥¦¥ô¦óªºµ{¦¡¤@¼Ë¡Aµ{¦¡®w¤]¦³×¥¿¤£§¹ªºbugsªº°ÝÃD¦s¦b¡C¥¦Ì¤]¥i¯à²£
¥Í¥X¤@¨Ç·sªº¯SÂI¡A§ó§ï¥Ø«e¦s¦bªº¼Ò²Õªº¥\®Ä¡A©Î¬O±Nªº²¾°£±¼¡C³o¹ï¥¿¦b
¨Ï¥Î¥¦Ìªºµ{¦¡¦Ó¨¥¡A¥i¯à·|¬O¤@Ó¤j°ÝÃD¡C¦pªG¦³¤@¤äµ{¦¡¬O®Ú¾Ú¨º¨Çªº¯S
ÂI¨Ó°õ¦æªº¸Ü¡A¨º«ç»ò¿ì¡H
©Ò¥H¡A§Ṳ́޶i¤Fµ{¦¡®wª©¥»½s¸¹ªºÆ[©À¡C§Ú̱Nµ{¦¡®w*¦¸n*»P*¥Dn*ªºÅܧó
¤Àªù§OÃþ¡A¦P®É³W©w*¦¸n*ªºÅܧó¬O¤£¤¹³\¥Î¨ì³oµ{¦¡®wªºÂµ{¦¡µo¥Í¤¤Â_ªº²{
¶H¡C§A¥i¥H±qµ{¦¡®wªºÀɦW¤À¿ë¥X¥¦ªºª©¥»¡]¹ê»Ú¤W¡AÄY®æ¨ÓÁ¿¡A¹ïELF¦Ó¨¥¶È¶È
¬O¤@³õ¤Ñ¤jªºÁÀ¨¥¡FÄ~ÄòŪ±N¤U¥h¡A«K¥i©ú¥Õ¬°¤°»ò¤F¡^¡G libfoo.so.1.2ªº¥D
nª©¥»¬O1¡A¦¸nª©¥»¬O2¡C¦¸nª©¥»ªº½s¸¹¥i¯à¯u¦³¨ä¨Æ¡A¤]¥i¯à¤°»ò³£¨S
¦³---libc¦b³o¤@ÂI¤W¥Î¤F*×¥¿µ{«×*ªºÆ[©À¡A¦Óq¥X¤F¹³libc.so.5.2.18³o¼Ëªº
µ{¦¡®w¦WºÙ¡C¦¸nª©¥»ªº½s¸¹¤ºY¬O©ñ¤@¨Ç¦r¥À¡B©³½u¡B©Î¬O¥ô¦ó¥i¥H¦C¦L
ªºASCII¦r¤¸¡A¤]¬O«Ü¦X²zªº¡C
ELF»Pa.out®æ¦¡³Ì¥Dnªº®t§O¤§¤@´N¬O¦b³]¸m¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w³o¥ó¨Æ¤W¡F§ÚÌ¥ý
¬ÝELF¡A¦]¬°¥¦¤ñ¸û²³æ¤@¨Ç¡C
ELF¡H¥¦¨ì©³¬O¤°»òªFªF£z£°¡H
ELF¡]Executable and Linking Format¡^³Ìªì¬O¥ÑUSL¡]UNIX System
Laboratories¡^µo®i¦Ó¦¨ªº¤G¶i¦ì®æ¦¡¡A¥Ø«e¥¿À³¥Î©óSolaris»PSystem V
Release 4¤W¡C¥Ñ©óELF©Ò¼Wº¦ªº¼u©Ê»·»·¶W¹LLinux¹L¥h©Ò¥Îªºa.out®æ¦¡¡A¦]
¦¹GCC»PCµ{¦¡®wªºµo®i¤H¤h©ó1995¦~¨M©w§ï¥ÎELF¬°Linux¼Ð·Çªº¤G¶i¦ì®æ¦¡¡C
«ç»ò¤S¨Ó¤F¡H
³o¤@¸`¬O¨Ó¦Û©ó¡¥/news-archives/comp.sys.sun.misc¡¦ªº¤å¥ó¡C
ELF¡]¡§Executable Linking Format¡¨¡^¬O©óSVR4©Ò¤Þ¶iªº·s¦¡§ï¨}¥ØªºÀÉ®æ
¦¡¡CELF¤ñ°_COFF¥i¬O¦h¥X¤F¤£¤Öªº¥\¯à¡C¥HELF¦Ó¨¥¡A¥¦*¬O*¥i¥Ñ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦Û¦æ
©µ¦ùªº¡CELFµø¤@¥ØªºÀɬ°¸`°Ï¡]sections¡^¡A¦p¦ê¦C¯ëªº²Õ¦X¡F¦Ó¥B¦¹¦ê¦C
¥i¬°¥ô·Nªºªø«×¡]¦Ó¤£¬O¤@©T©w¤j¤pªº°}¦C¡^¡C³o¨Ç¸`°Ï»PCOFFªº¤£¤@¼Ë¡A¨Ã
¤£»Ýn©T©w¦b¬YÓ¦a¤è¡A¤]¤£»Ýn¥H¬YºØ¶¶§Ç±Æ¦C¡C¦pªG¨Ï¥ÎªÌ§Æ±æ¸É®»¨ì·s
ªº¸ê®Æ¡A«K¥i¥H¥[¤J·sªº¸`°Ï¨ì¥ØªºÀɤº¡CELF¤]¦³¤@Ó§ó±j¦Ó¦³¤Oªº°£¿ùªk
¦¡¡AºÙ¬°DWARF¡]Debugging With Attribute Record Format¡^¡X¥Ø«eLinux¨Ã
¤£§¹¥þ¤ä´©¡CDWARF DIEs¡]Debugging Information Entries¡^ªº³sµ²¦ê¦C·|
¦bELF¤º§Î¦¨ .debugªº¸`°Ï¡CDWARF DIEsªº¨C¤@Ó .debug¸`°Ï¨Ã«D¤@¨Ç¤Ö¶q
¥B©T©w¤j¤pªº¸ê°T°O¿ýªº¶°¦X¡A¦Ó¬O¤@¥ô·Nªø«×ªº¦ê¦C¡A¾Ö¦³½ÆÂøªºÄÝ©Ê¡A¦Ó
¥Bµ{¦¡ªº¸ê®Æ·|¥H¦³½d³ò¨îªº¾ðª¬¸ê®Æµ²ºc¼g¥X¨Ó¡CDIEs©Ò¯à¸É®»¨ìªº¤j¶q
¸ê°T¬OCOFFªº .debug¸`°ÏµLªk±æ¨ä¶µIªº¡C¡]¹³¬OC++ªºÄ~©Ó¹Ï¡C¡^
ELFÀɮ׬O±qSVR4¡]Solaris 2.0 ¡H¡^ELF¦s¨úµ{¦¡®w¡]ELF access library¡^
¤º¦s¨úªº¡C¦¹µ{¦¡®w¥i´£¨Ñ¤@²«K§Ö³tªº¤¶±¤©ELF¡C¨Ï¥ÎELF¦s¨úµ{¦¡®w³Ì¥D
nªº®¦´f¤§¤@«K¬O¡A§A¤£¦A»Ýn¥h¹î¬Ý¤@ÓELFÀɪºqua¤F¡C´NUNIXªºÀɮצӨ¥
¡A¥¦¬O¥HElf*ªº«¬¦¡¨Ó¦s¨ú¡F©I¥self_open()¤§«á¡A±q¦¹®É¶}©l¡A§A¥u»Ý©I
¥self_foobar()¨Ó³B²zÀɮתº¬Y¤@³¡¥÷§Y¥i¡A¨Ã¤£»Ýn§âÀÉ®×¹ê»Ú¦bºÏºÐ¤W
ªºimage·d±o¤@¹Î¶Ã¡C
ELFªºÀu¯ÊÂI»Pª@¯Å¦ÜELFµ¥¯Å©Ò»Ý¸g¾úªººØºØµhW¡A¤w¦bELF-HOWTO¤º½×¤Î¡F§Ú¨Ã
¤£¥´ºâ¦b³o¨à¶î¼ß½k¡CELF HOWTOÀ³¸Ó»P³o¥÷¤å¥ó¦³¦P¼Ëªº¥DÃD¤~¬O¡C
ELF¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w
Y·QÅýlibfoo.so¦¨¬°¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¡A°ò¥»ªº¨BÆJ·|¹³¤U±³o¼Ë¡G
$ gcc -fPIC -c *.c
$ gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.1 -o libfoo.so.1.0 *.o
$ ln -s libfoo.so.1.0 libfoo.so.1
$ ln -s libfoo.so.1 libfoo.so
$ LD_LIBRARY_PATH=`pwd`:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH ; export LD_LIBRARY_PATH
³o·|²£¥Í¤@Ó¦W¬°libfoo.so.1.0ªº¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¡A¥H¤Îµ¹¤©ld¾A·íªº³sµ²
¡]libfoo.so¡^ÁÙ¦³¨Ï±o°ÊºA¸ü¤Jµ{¦¡¡]dynamic loader¡^¯à§ä¨ì¥¦
¡]libfoo.so.1¡^¡C¬°¤F¶i¦æ´ú¸Õ¡A§Ú̱N¥Ø«eªº¥Ø¿ý¥[¨ìLD_LIBRARY_PATH¸Ì¡C
·í§A¬z¬z¼Ö¹D©óµ{¦¡®w»s°µ¦¨¥\¤§®É¡A§O§Ñ¤F§â¥¦²¾¨ì¦p/usr/local/libªº¥Ø¿ý
©³¤U¡A¨Ã¥B«·s³]©w¥¿½Tªº³sµ²¸ô®|¡Clibfoo.so.1»Plibfoo.so.1.0ªº³sµ²·|
¥Ñldconfig¨Ì¤é´Á¤£Â_ªº§ó·s¡A´N¤j³¡¥÷ªº¨t²Î¨Ó»¡¡Aldconfig·|¦b¶}¾÷¹Lµ{¤¤
°õ¦æ¡Clibfoo.soªº³sµ²¥²¶·¥Ñ¤â°Ê¤è¦¡§ó·s¡C¦pªG§A¹ïµ{¦¡®w©Ò¦³²Õ¦¨¥÷¤l¡]¦p
¼ÐÀYÀɵ¥¡^ªºª@¯Å¡AÁ`¬O©ê«ùµÛ¤@µ·¤£ÎAªººA«×¡A¨º»ò³Ì²³æªº¤èªk´N¬O
Åýlibfoo.so -> libfoo.so.1¡F¦p¦¹¤@¨Ó¡Aldconfig«K·|´À§A¦P®É«O¯d³Ì·sªº³s
µ²¡Cn¬O§A¨S¦³³o»ò°µ¡A§A¦Û¦æ³]©wªºªFªF´N·|¦b¼Æ¤é«á³y¦¨¤d©_¦Ê©Çªº°ÝÃD¥X
²{¡C¨ì®ÉÔ¡A¥i§O»¡§Ú¨S´£¿ô§A°Ú¡I
$ su
# cp libfoo.so.1.0 /usr/local/lib
# /sbin/ldconfig
# ( cd /usr/local/lib ; ln -s libfoo.so.1 libfoo.so )
ª©¥»½s¸¹¡Bsoname»P²Å¸¹³sµ²
¨C¤@Óµ{¦¡®w³£¦³¤@Ósoname¡C·í³sµ²¾¹µo²{¥¦¥¿¦b·j´Mªºµ{¦¡®w¤¤¦³³o¼Ëªº¤@
Ó¦WºÙ¡A³sµ²¾¹«K·|±Nsonameºã¤J³sµ²¤¤ªº¤G¶i¦ìÀɤº¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥¦¥¿¦b¹B§@ªº¹ê
»ÚªºÀɦW¡C¦bµ{¦¡°õ¦æ´Á¶¡¡A°ÊºA¸ü¤Jµ{¦¡·|·j´M¾Ö¦³soname³o¼ËªºÀɦWªºÀÉ®×
¡A¦Ó¤£¬Oµ{¦¡®wªºÀɦW¡C¦]¦¹¡A¤@Ó¦W¬°libfoo.soªºµ{¦¡®w¡A´N¥i¥H¦³¤@
Ólibbar.soªºsoname¤F¡C¦Ó¥B©Ò¦³³sµ²¨ìlibbar.soªºµ{¦¡¡A·íµ{¦¡¶}©l°õ¦æ®É
¡A·|´M§äªº«K¬Olibbar.so¤F¡C
³oÅ¥°_¨Ó¦n¹³¤@ÂI·N¸q¤]¨S¦³¡A¦ý¬O³o¤@ÂI¡A¹ï©óÁA¸Ñ¼ÆÓ¤£¦Pª©¥»ªº¦P¤@Óµ{
¦¡®w¬O¦p¦ó¦b³æ¤@¨t²Î¤W¦@¦sªºì¦]¡A«o¬OÃöÁ䤧Æ_¡CLinuxµ{¦¡®w¼Ð·Çªº©R¦W¤è
¦¡¡A¤ñ¦p»¡¬Olibfoo.so.1.2¡A¦Ó¥Bµ¹³oÓµ{¦¡®w¤@Ólibfoo.so.1ªºsoname¡C¦p
ªG¦¹µ{¦¡®w¬O¥[¨ì¼Ð·Çµ{¦¡®wªº¥Ø¿ý©³¤U¡]e.g. /usr/lib¡^¡Aldconfig·|«Ø¥ß²Å
¸¹³sµ²libfoo.so.1 -> libfoo.so.1.2¡A¨Ï¨ä¥¿½Tªºimage¯à©ó°õ¦æ´Á¶¡§ä¨ì¡C§A
¤]»Ýn³sµ²libfoo.so -> libfoo.so.1¡A¨Ïld¯à©ó³sµ²´Á¶¡§ä¨ì¥¿½Tªºsoname¡C
©Ò¥HÅo¡A·í§A×¥¿µ{¦¡®w¤ºªºbugs¡A©Î¬O²K¥[¤F·sªº¨ç¼Æ¶i¥h¡]¥ô¦ó¤£·|¹ï²{¦s
ªºµ{¦¡³y¦¨¤£§Qªº¼vÅTªº§ïÅÜ¡^¡A§A·|««Ø¦¹µ{¦¡®w¡A«O¯d쥻¤w¦³ªºsoname¡A
µM«á§ó§ïµ{¦¡®wÀɦW¡C·í§A¹ïµ{¦¡®wªºÅܧó·|¨Ï±o²{¦³ªºµ{¦¡¤¤Â_¡A¨º»ò§A¥u»Ý
¼W¥[soname¤¤ªº½s¸¹---¦¹¨Ò¤¤¡AºÙ·sª©¥»¬°libfoo.so.2.0¡A¦ÓsonameÅÜ
¦¨libfoo.so.2¡Cºò±µµÛ¡A¦A±Nlibfoo.soªº³sµ²Âà¦V·sªºª©¥»¡F¦Ü¦¹¡A¥@¬É¤S¦A
«×«ì´_¤F©M¥¡I
¨ä¹ê§A¤£¶·n¥H¦¹ºØ¤è¦¡¨Ó´Àµ{¦¡®w©R¦W¡A¤£¹L³oªº½T¬OÓ¦nªº¶Ç²Î¡CELF½á¤©§A
¦bµ{¦¡®w©R¦W¤Wªº¼u©Ê¡A·|¨Ï±o¤H®ð³Ý©I©Iªº·d¤£²M·¡ª¬ªp¡F¦³³o¼Ëªº¼u©Ê¦b¡A
¤]¨Ã¤£ªí¥Ü§A´N±o¥h¥Î¥¦¡C
ELFÁ`µ²¡G°²³]¸g¥Ñ§AºÍ´¼ªºÆ[¹îµo²{¦³ÓºD¨Ò»¡¡Gµ{¦¡®w¥Dnªºª@¯Å·|¯}Ãa¬Û®e
©Ê¡F¦Ó¦¸nªºª@¯Å«h¥i¯à¤£·|¡F¨º»ò¥H¤U±ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó³sµ²¡A©Ò¦³ªº¤@¤Á´N³£·|¬Û
¦wµL¨Æ¤F¡C
gcc -shared -Wl,-soname,libfoo.so.major -o libfoo.so.major.minor
a.out---ªº®æ¦¡¡\
«Ø¥ß¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®wªº«K§Q©Ê¬Oª@¯Å¦ÜELFªº¥Dnì¦]¤§¤@¡C¨º¤]¬O»¡,a.out¥i¯àÁÙ¬O
¦³¥Î³B¦bªº¡C¤Wftp¯¸¥h§ì
[22]ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/src/tools-2.17.tar.gz¡F
¸ÑÀ£ÁY«á§A·|µo²{¦³20¶ªº¤å¥ó¥i¥HºCºCªºÅªù¡C§Ú«Ü¤£³ßÅw¦Û¤vÄÒ¬£ªº°¾¨£ªí
²{±o¨º»òªº²O¼þºÉP¡A¥i¬O±q¤W¤U¤å¶¡¡AÀ³¸Ó¤]¥i¥H«Ü²M·¡ªº¶å¥X§Ú±q¨Ó¤£®³¥Û
ÀY¯{¦Û¤vªº¸}ªºµÊ®ð§a¡I:-)
ZMAGIC vs QMAGIC
QMAGIC¬O¤@ºØÃþ¦ü®榡ªºa.out¡]¥çºÙ¬°ZMAGIC¡^ªº¥i°õ¦æÀÉ ®æ¦¡¡A³oºØ®æ¦¡
·|¨Ï±o²Ä¤@Ó¤À¶µLªkmap¡C·í0-4096ªº½d³ò¤º¨S¦³mapping¦s¦b®É¡A«h¥i¤¹
³\NULL dereference trapping§ó¥[ªº®e©ö¡C©Ò²£¥ÍªºÃä¬É®ÄÀ³¬O§Aªº°õ¦æÀÉ·|¤ñ
¸û¤p¡]¤j¬ù¤Ö1K¥ª¥k¡^¡C
¥u¦³§Y±N§@¼oªº³sµ²¾¹¦³¤ä´©ZMAGIC¡A¤@¥b¤w®I¤J´Ã§÷ªº³sµ²¾¹¦³¤ä´©³o¨âºØ®æ
¦¡¡F¦Ó¥Ø«eªºª©¥»¶È¤ä´©QMAGIC¦Ó¤w¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A³o¨Ã¨S¦³¦h¤jªº¼vÅT¡A¨º¬O¦]¬°
¥Ø«eªº®Ö¤ß¨âºØ®æ¦¡³£¯à°õ¦æ¡C
*file*©R¥OÀ³¸Ó¥i¥H½T»{µ{¦¡¬O¤£¬OQMAGICªº®æ¦¡ªº¡C
ÀÉ®×°t¸m
¤@a.out(DLL)ªº¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¥]§t¨âÓ¯u¹êªºÀÉ®×»P¤@Ó³sµ²²Å¸¹¡C´N*foo*³oÓ¥Î
©ó¾ã¥÷¤å¥ó°µ¬°½d¨Òªºµ{¦¡®w¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¨ÇÀÉ®×·|¬Olibfoo.sa»Plibfoo.so.1.2¡F
³sµ²²Å¸¹·|¬Olibfoo.so.1¡A¦Ó¥B·|«ü¦Vlibfoo.so.1.2¡C³o¨Ç¬O°µ¤°»ò¥Îªº¡H
¦b½sĶ®É¡Ald·|´M§älibfoo.sa¡C³o¬Oµ{¦¡®wªº*stub*ÀɮסC¦Ó¥B§t¦³©Ò¦³°õ¦æ´Á
¶¡³sµ²©Ò»Ýªºexportedªº¸ê®Æ»P«ü¦V¨ç¼Æªº«ü¼Ð¡C
°õ¦æ´Á¶¡¡A°ÊºA¸ü¤Jµ{¦¡·|´M§älibfoo.so.1¡C³o¶È¶È¬O¤@ӲŸ¹³sµ²¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¯u
¹êªºÀɮסC¬Gµ{¦¡®w¥i§ó·s¦¨¸û·sªº¥B¤w×¥¿¿ù»~ªºª©¥»¡A¦Ó¤£·|·l·´¥ô¦ó¦¹®É
¥¿¦b¨Ï¥Î¦¹µ{¦¡®wªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¡C¦b·sª©---¤ñ¦p»¡libfoo.so.1.3---¤w§¹¾ã§e²{®É
¡Aldconfig·|¥H¤@·¥·L¤pªº¾Þ§@¡A±N³sµ²«ü¦V·sªºª©¥»¡A¨Ï±o¥ô¦ó쥻¨Ï¥Îª©
ªºµ{¦¡¤£·|·P¨ìµ·²@ªº¤£®®¡C
DLLµ{¦¡®w¡]§Úª¾¹D³o¬OµL¿×ªº¤ÏÂÐ---©Ò¥H¹ï§Ú´£¥X¶D³^§a¡I¡^³q±`·|¤ñ¥¦Ìªº
ÀRºA°Æ¥»n¨Ó±o¤j¦h¡C¥¦Ì¬O¥H*¬}¡]holes¡^*ªº§Î¦¡¨Ó«O¯dªÅ¶¡¥H«K¤é«áªºÂX¥R
¡C³oºØ*¬}*¥i¥H¤£¦û¥Î¥ô¦óªººÏºÐªÅ¶¡¡C¤@Ó²³æªºcp©I¥s¡A©Î¬O¨Ï¥Îmakehole
µ{¦¡¡A´N¥i¥H¹F¨ì³o¼Ë®ÄªG¡C¦]¬°¥¦Ìªº¦ì§}¬O©T©w¦b¦P¤@¦ì¸m¤W¡A©Ò¥H¦b«Ø¥ß
µ{¦¡®w«á¡A§A¥i¥H§â¥¦Ì®³±¼¡C¤£¹L¡A¤d¸U¤£n¸ÕµÛ®³±¼ELFªºµ{¦¡®w¡C
``libc-lite''?
libc-lite¬O»´¶q¯Åªºlibcª©¥»¡C¥i¥Î¨Ó¦s©ñ¦bºÏºÐ¤ù¤W¡A¤]¥i¥H´À¤j³¡¥÷§C·L
ªºUNIX¥ô°È¦¬§À¡C¥¦¨S¦³¥]§tcurses, dbm, termcapµ¥µ¥ªºµ{¦¡½X¡C¦pªG§A
ªº/lib/libc.so.4¬O³sµ²¨ì¤@Óliteªºlibc¡A¨º»ò«Øij§A¥H§¹¾ãªºª©¥»¨ú¥N¥¦¡C
³sµ²¡G±`¨£ªº°ÝÃD
§â§A³sµ²®É©Ò¾D¹Jªº°ÝÃD±Hµ¹§Ú¡I§Ú¥i¯à¤°»ò¨Æ¤]¤£·|°µ¡A¦ý¬O¥un²Ö¿n¤F¨¬°÷
ªº¼Æ¶q¡A§Ú·|§â¥¦Ì¼g°_¨Ó*¡C
§A·Q¦@¨É¡A°¾°¾µ{¦¡«o³sµ²¦¨ÀRºAªº¡I
Àˬd§A´£¨Ñµ¹ldªº³sµ²¬O§_¥¿½T¡A¨Ïld¯à§ä¨ì¨C¤@Ó¹ïÀ³ªº¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¡A
´NELF¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¬O«ü¤@ӲŸ¹³sµ²libfoo.so¡A³sµ²¦Üimage¡F´Na.out¦Ó¨¥
¡A´N¬Olibfoo.saÀɤF¡C«Ü¦h¤H±NELF binutils 2.5ª@¯Å¦Ü2.6¤§«á¡A´N²£
¥Í¤F³oÓ°ÝÃD---¦´Áªºª©¥»·j´M¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w®É¸û¦³´¼¼z¡A©Ò¥H¨Ã¨S¦³±N
©Ò¦³ªº³sµ²«Ø¥ß°_¨Ó¡C«á¨Ó¡A¬°¤F»P¨ä¥¦ªº¬[ºc¬Û®e¡A³o¶µ¥Rº¡´¼¼zªº¦æ
¬°³Q¤Hµ¹§R°£±¼¤F¡A¥t¥~¡A³o¼Ëªº*´¼¼z*§PÂ_¿ù»~ªº¾÷²v¬Û·í°ª¡A©Ò³y¦¨
ªº³Â·Ð¤ñ¥¦©Ò¸Ñ¨Mªº°ÝÃDÁÙ¦h¡A©Ò¥H¯dµÛ¤]¬O®`¤Hºë¡F¤£¦pÂk¥h¤¼¡I
DLLªº¤u¨ãµ{¦¡¡¥mkimage¡¦§ä¤£¨ìlibgcc¡H
¦Ûlibc.so.4.5.x¤§«á¡Alibgcc¤w¤£¦A¬O¦@¨Éªº®æ¦¡¡C¦]¦¹¡A§A¥²¶·
¦b*-lgcc*¥X²{¤§³B¥H`gcc -print-libgcc-file-name`´À¥N¡]§¹¾ãªºË³æ
¤Þ¸¹¡]back-quotes¡^¡^¡C¥t¥~¡A§R°£©Ò¦³/usr/lib/libgcc*ªºÀɮסC³o
ÂI«Ü«nù¡C
__NEEDS_SHRLIB_libc_4 multiply defined messages
¬O¦P¼Ëªº°ÝÃD©Ò³y¦¨ªº¥t¤@ºØµ²ªG¡C
``Assertion failure'' message when rebuilding a DLL ?
³o¤@±ø¯«¯µªº°T®§³Ì¦³¥i¯àªºì¦]¬O¡A¦bì©lªºjump.varsÀɮפº¡A¥Ñ©ó
«O¯dªºªÅ¶¡¤Ó¤Ö¡A¥HP©ó³y¦¨¨ä¤¤¤@Ójump table slots·¸º¡¡C§A¥i¥H°õ
¦æ¤u¨ãµ{¦¡¡X¥Ñ2.17.tar.gz®M¥ó©Ò´£¨Ñªº¡¥getsize¡¦©R¥O¡A©w¥X©Ò¦³¶û
ºÃ¥ÇªºÂܸñ¡C¥i¯à°ß¤@ªº¸Ñ¨M¤èªk¬O¡A¸Ñ°£¦¹µ{¦¡®w¥Dnªºª©¥»½s¸¹¡A±j
¢¥¦¦^¨ì¤£¬Û®eªº¦~¥N¡C
ld: output file needs shared library libc.so.4
³q±`³o¬Oµo¥Í¦b·í§A³sµ²ªºµ{¦¡®w¤£¬Olibc¡]¦pXµ{¦¡®w¡^¡A¦Ó¥B¦b©R¥O
¦C¥Î¤F-gªº°Ñ¼Æ¡A«o¨S¦³¤@¨Ö¨Ï¥Î-static¡A©Òµo¥Xªº¿ù»~°T®§¡C
¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®wªº.sa stubs³q±`¦³¤@Ó¥¼©w¸qªº²Å¸¹_NEEDS_SHRLIB_libc_4
¡F³o¤@ÂI¥iÂÇ¥Ñlibc.sa stub¨Ó¸Ñ¨M¡AµM¦Ó¡A¥H-g¨Ó½sĶ®É¡A·|¨Ï±o³sµ²
¥Hlibg.a©Îlibc.a¨Óµ²§ô¡F¦]¦¹³oӲŸ¹¤@ª½´N¨S¦³¸Ñ¨M¡A¤]´N·|¾ÉP¤W
±ªº¿ù»~°T®§¤F¡C
Á`¤§¡A¥H-gªººX¸¹½sĶ®É§O§Ñ¤F¥[¤W-static¡A¤£µM´N§O¥Î-g¨Ó³sµ²¡C³q
±`¡A¥H-g½sĶ¦UÓ¿W¥ßªºÀɮ׮ɡA©ÒÀò±oªº°£¿ù¸ê°T¤w¸g¨¬°÷¡A³sµ²®É´N
¥i¥H¤£»Ýn¥¦¤F¡C
7. °ÊºA¸ü¤J
³o¤@³¹¸`¥Ø«e¬O²µu¤F¤@ÂI¡F·í§Ú±°ºÉELF HOWTO®É¡A´N¬O³o³¡¥÷¦A«×ÂX®iªº®ÉÔ
¤F¡C
7.1 °ò¥»·§©À
Linux¦³¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¡A¦pªG¤§«e§A¤w§¤µÛŪ§¹¤W¤@³¹¸`¡A·Q¥²²{¦b¤@Å¥¨ì¹³³o¼Ëªº
»¡µü¡A«K·|¥ß¨è·P¨ìÀY©ü¡C¦³¤@¨Ç·ÓºD¨Ò¦Ó¨¥¬O¦b³sµ²®É´Á«K¸Ó§¹¦¨ªº¤u§@¡A¥²
¶·©µ¿ð¨ì¸ü¤J®É´Á¤~¯à§¹¦¨¡C
7.2 ¿ù»~°T®§
§â§A³sµ²ªº¿ù»~±Hµ¹§Ú¡I§Ú¤£·|°µ¥ô¦óªº¨Æ¡A¤£¹L§Ú¥i¥H§â¥¦Ì¼g°_¨Ó**
can't load library: /lib/libxxx.so, Incompatible version
¡]a. out only¡^ ³o¬O«ü§A¨S¦³xxxµ{¦¡®wªº¥¿½Tªº¥Dnª©¥»¡C¥i§O¥H¬°
ÀHÀH «K«K§ËÓ³sµ²¨ì§A¥Ø«e¾Ö¦³ªºª©¥»´N¥i¥H¤F¡A¦pªG©¯¹Bªº¸Ü¡A´N¥u
·|³y¦¨§Aªºµ{¦¡¤À¶¿ù»~¦Ó¤w¡C¥h§ì·sªºª©¥».ELFÃþ¦üªº±¡ªp·|³y¦¨¹³¤U
±³o¼Ëªº°T®§¡G
ftp: can't load library 'libreadline.so.2'
warning using incompatible library version xxx
¡]a. out only¡^§Aªºµ{¦¡®wªº¦¸nª©¥»¤ñ°_³o¤äµ{¦¡¥Î¨Ó½sĶªºÁÙnÂÂ
¡Cµ{¦¡¨ÌµM¥i¥H°õ¦æ¡C¥u¬O¥i¯à°Õ¡I§Ú·Q¡Aª@Ó¯ÅÀ³¸Ó¨S¤°»ò¶Ë®`§a¡I
7.3 ±±¨î°ÊºA¸ü¤J¾¹ªº¹B§@
¦³¤@²ÕÀô¹ÒÅܼƷ|Åý°ÊºA¸ü¤J¾¹¦³©Ò¤ÏÀ³¡C¤j³¡¥÷ªºÀô¹ÒÅܼƹïlddªº¥Î³~n¤ñ°_
¹ï¤@¯ëusersªºÁÙn¨Ó±o§ó¦h¡C¦Ó¥B¥i¥H«Ü¤è«Kªº³]©w¦¨¥Ñldd°t¦X¦UºØ°Ñ¼Æ¨Ó°õ
¦æ¡C³o¨ÇÅܼƥ]¬A¡A
* LD_BIND_NOW --- ¥¿±`¨ÓÁ¿¡A¨ç¼Æ¦b©I¥s¤§«e¬O¤£·|Åýµ{¦¡´M§äªº¡C³]©w³o
ÓºX¸¹·|¨Ï±oµ{¦¡®w¤@¸ü¤J¡A©Ò¦³ªº´M§ä«K·|µo¥Í¡A¦P®É¤]³y¦¨°_©lªº®É¶¡
¸ûºC¡C·í§A·Q´ú¸Õµ{¦¡¡A½T©w©Ò¦³ªº³sµ²³£¨S¦³°ÝÃD®É¡A³o¶µºX¸¹´NÅܱo«Ü
¦³¥Î¡C
* LD_PRELOAD¥i¥H³]©w¤@ÓÀɮסA¨Ï¨ä¨ã¦³*Âл\*¨ç¼Æ©w¸qªº¯à¤O¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦p
ªG§An´ú¸Õ°O¾ÐÅé¤À°tªº¤è²¤¡A¦Ó¥BÁÙ·Q¸m´«*malloc*¡A¨º»ò§A¥i¥H¼g¦n·Ç
³Æ´À´«ªº°Æµ{¦¡¡A¨Ã§â¥¦½sĶ¦¨mallolc.¡AµM«á¡G
$ LD_PRELOAD=malloc.o; export LD_PRELOAD
$ some_test_program
LD_ELF_PRELOAD »P LD_AOUT_PRELOAD «ÜÃþ¦ü¡A¦ý¬O¶È¾A¥Î©ó¥¿½Tªº¤G¶i¦ì
«¬ºA¡C¦pªG³]©w¤F LD_something_PRELOAD »P LD_PRELOAD ¡A¤ñ¸û©ú½Tªº¨º
¤@Ó·|³Q¥Î¨ì¡C
* LD_LIBRARY_PATH¬O¤@³s¦ê¥H¤À¸¹¹jÂ÷ªº¥Ø¿ý¦WºÙ¡A¥Î¨Ó·j´M¦@¨Éµ{¦¡®w¡C
¹ïld¦Ó¨¥¡A¨Ã¨S¦³¥ô¦óªº¼vÅT¡F³o¶µ¥u¦³¦b°õ¦æ´Á¶¡¤~¦³¼vÅT¡C¥t¥~¡A¹ï°õ
¦æsetuid»Psetgidªºµ{¦¡¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¤@¶µ¬OµL®Äªº¡C¦ÓLD_ELF_LIBRARY_PATH
»PLD_AOUT_LIBRARY_PATH³o¨âºØºX¸¹¥i®Ú¾Ú¦U§Oªº¤G¶i¦ì«¬¦¡¤À§O¾É¦V¤£¦P
ªº·j´M¸ô®|¡C¤@¯ë¥¿±`ªº¹B§@¤U¡A¤£À³¸Ó·|¥Î¨ìLD_LIBRARY_PATH¡F§â»Ýn·j
´Mªº¥Ø¿ý¥[¨ì/etc/ld.so.conf/¸Ì¡FµM«á«·s°õ¦ældconfig¡C
* LD_NOWARN ¶È¾A¥Î©óa.out¡C¤@¥¹³]©w¤F³o¤@¶µ¡]LD_NOWARN=true; export
LD_NOWARN¡^¡A¥¦·|§i¶D¸ü¤J¾¹¥²¶·³B²zfatal-warnings¡]¹³¬O¦¸nª©¥»¤£¬Û
®eµ¥¡^ªºÄµ§i°T®§¡C
* LD_WARN¶È¾A¥Î©óELF¡C³]©w³o¤@¶µ®É¡A¥¦·|±N³q±`¬OP©R°T®§ªº¡§Can*t
find library¡¨Âà´«¦¨Äµ§i°T®§¡C¹ï¥¿±`ªº¾Þ§@¦Ó¨¥¡A³o¨Ã¨S¦³¦h¤jªº¥Î³B
¡A¥i¬O¹ïldd´N«Ü«n¤F¡C
* LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS¶È¾A¥Î©óELF¡C¦Ó¥B·|¨Ï±oµ{¦¡¥H¬°¥¦Ì¬O¥Ñldd©Ò
°õ¦æªº¡G
$ LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS=true /usr/bin/lynx
libncurses.so.1 => /usr/lib/libncurses.so.1.9.6
libc.so.5 => /lib/libc.so.5.2.18
7.4 ¥H°ÊºA¸ü¤J¼¶¼gµ{¦¡
¦pªG§A«Ü¼ô±xSolaris 2.x©Ò¤ä´©ªº°ÊºA¸ü¤Jªº¤u§@ªº¸Ü¡A§A·|µo²{Linux¦b³oÂI
¤W»P¨ä«D±`ªº¬Ûªñ¡C³o¤@³¡¥÷¦bH.J.LuªºELFµ{¦¡³]p¤å¥ó¤º»Pdlopen(3)
ªºmanual page¡]¥i¥H¦bld.soªº®M¥ó¤W§ä¨ì¡^¤W¦³¼sªxªº°Q½×¡C³o¸Ì¦³Ó¤£¿ùªº
²³æ½d¨Ò¡G¥H-ldl³sµ²¡C
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
void *libc;
void (*printf_call)();
if(libc=dlopen("/lib/libc.so.5",RTLD_LAZY))
{
printf_call=dlsym(libc,"printf");
(*printf_call)("hello, world\n");
}
}
8. »Pµo®i¤H¤hÁpµ¸
8.1 Bug³øªí
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[23]http://homer.ncm.com/linux-gcc/¡C±µ¤U¨Óªº¨Æ¡A´N¬Ý§A·Q°µ¤°»ò¤F¡C
9. µ²»y
9.1 ¦W¤Hº]
Only presidents, editors, and people with tapeworms have the right
to use the editorial ``we''.
(Mark Twain)
³o¥÷HOWTO¤å¥ó´X¥G§¹¥þ®Ú´Ó©óMitchum DsouzaªºGCC-FAQ¡F ¤å¥ó¤¤¤j³¡¥÷ªº¸ê°T
¬Oª½±µ¨Ó¦Û©óGCC-FAQ¡C³o¥÷¤å¥ó¥Î¨ìªº²Ä¤@¤HºÙ¥N¦Wµü¡A¥iµø¬°§Ų́â¤H¨ä¤¤¤@
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¹ï³o¥÷¤å¥ó¦³°^Ämªº¦W¤H¶®¤h¦p¤U©Ò¦C¡]¥HASCII½Xªº¶¶§Ç¦C¥X¡^¡G Andrew
Tefft, Axel Boldt, Bill Metzenthen, Bruce Evans, Bruno Haible, Daniel
Barlow, Daniel Quinlan, David Engel, Dirk Hohndel, Eric Youngdale,
Fergus Henderson, H.J. Lu, Jens Schweikhardt, Kai Petzke, Michael
Meissner, Mitchum DSouza, Olaf Flebbe, Paul Gortmaker, Rik Faith,
Steven S. Dick, Tuomas J Lukka, ·íµMÁÙ¦³Linux Torvalds¡A¨S¦³¤F¥L¡A³o¾ã
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¥ó¡]HOWTO©Î¬OFAQ¡^´¿¸g¦³¹L°^Ämªº¸Ü¡A½Ðemailµ¹§Ú¡A§Ú·|§ï¥¿¹L¨Óªº¡C
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³o¥÷HOWTO¤å¥óªºª©ÅvÄÝ©óDaniel Barlow <dan@detached.demon.co.uk>¡C §A¥i
¥H¥ô¦ó«¬¦¡ªº´CÅé¡A¥]¬A¦³§Îªº¡B¹q¤lªº¤è¦¡«½Æ¥Í²£¡B¶Ç§G³¡¥÷©Î¬O¾ã¥÷
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¤£½×§A°µ¤°»ò¡A¹³¬O½Ķ¡BÂX¥R³o¥÷¤å¥ó¡B±q³o¥÷¤å¥ól¥Í¥X¨ä¥L¬ÛÃöªº¤å¥ó©Î
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¡AµM¦Ó¡A¦P¼Ë¤]µ´¹ï§Æ±æ³o¥÷ª©ÅvÁn©ú¥i¥H¦s¯d¦b¤å¥ó¸ÌÀY¡A¨ä¥L¥ô¦óµo
¦æHOWTOs¤å¥óªºpµe¡A§Ú̳£«ÜÄ@·N±µ¨ì§Aªº³qª¾¡C
¦pªG¦³¥ô¦ó°ÝÃD¡A½Ð»PLinux HOWTOªº¨ó½Õ¤HTim Bynum³sô¡Aemail address
¬Ogregh@sunsite.unc.edu¡C
ì¤åÂà¸ü¦p¤U¡G All trademarks used in this document are acknowledged
as being owned by their respective owners.
This document is copyright (C) 1996 Daniel Barlow
<dan@detached.demon.co.uk> It may be reproduced and distributed in
whole or in part, in any medium physical or electronic, as long as
this copyright notice is retained on all copies. Commercial
redistribution is allowed and encouraged; however, the author would
like to be notified of any such distributions.
All translations, derivative works, or aggregate works incorporating
any Linux HOWTO documents must be covered under this copyright notice.
That is, you may not produce a derivative work from a HOWTO and impose
additional restrictions on its distribution. Exceptions to these rules
may be granted under certain conditions; please contact the Linux
HOWTO coordinator at the address given below.
In short, we wish to promote dissemination of this information through
as many channels as possible. However, we do wish to retain copyright
on the HOWTO documents, and would like to be notified of any plans to
redistribute the HOWTOs.
If you have questions, please contact Tim Bynum, the Linux HOWTO
coordinator, at linux-howto@sunsite.unc.edu via email.
6/3/98¼W×
10. ¯Á¤Þ
¶}ÀY¦pªG¤£¬O¤å¼Æ¦rªº¦r¤¸¡A±Æ¦C´N«ö·ÓASCII½Xªº¶¶§Ç¡C
* -fwritable-strings [26]39 [27]56
* /lib/cpp [28]16
* a.out [29]1
* ar [30]10
* as [31]8
* <asm/*.h> [32]19
* atoi() [33]40
* atol() [34]41
* binaries too big [35]63 [36]65 [37]77
* chewing gum [38]3
* cos() [39]68
* debugging [40]59
* dlopen() [41]82
* dlsym() [42]83
* documentation [43]4
* EINTR [44]52
* elf [45]0 [46]71
* execl() [47]57
* fcntl [48]47
* FD_CLR [49]44
* FD_ISSET [50]45
* FD_SET [51]43
* FD_ZERO [52]46
* file [53]2
* <float.h> [54]20
* gcc [55]6
* gcc -fomit-frame-pointer [56]61
* gcc -g [57]60
* gcc -v [58]14
* gcc, bugs [59]15 [60]28 [61]29 [62]84
* gcc, flags [63]13 [64]25 [65]26
* gdb [66]64
* header files [67]17
* interrupted system calls [68]51
* ld [69]9
* LD_* environment variables [70]80
* ldd [71]81
* libc [72]7
* libg.a [73]62
* libgcc [74]79
* <limits.h> [75]21
* lint [76]58
* <linux/*.h> [77]18
* manual pages [78]5
* <math.h> [79]70
* maths [80]69
* mktemp() [81]55
* optimisation [82]27
* QMAGIC [83]76
* segmentation fault [84]30 [85]54
* segmentation fault, in GCC [86]33
* select() [87]50
* SIGBUS [88]34
* SIGEMT [89]35
* SIGIOT [90]36
* SIGSEGV [91]31 [92]53
* SIGSEGV, in gcc [93]32
* SIGSYS [94]38
* SIGTRAP [95]37
* sin() [96]67
* soname [97]73
* sprintf() [98]42
* statically linked binaries, unexpected [99]66 [100]78
* <stdarg.h> [101]23
* <stddef.h> [102]24
* strings [103]11
* <sys/time.h> [104]48
* <unistd.h> [105]49
* <varargs.h> [106]22
* version numbers [107]12 [108]74
* weird things [109]72
* ZMAGIC [110]75
References
1. http://www.linux.org.tw/CLDP/
2. http://linux.ntcic.edu.tw/~jsfrank/
3. http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux/docs/HOWTO/
4. http://ftp.linux.org.uk/~barlow/howto/gcc-howto.html
5. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/
6. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/docs/
7. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/
8. ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/
9. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/
10. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/
11. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/
12. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/
13. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/msdos
14. ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu
15. ftp://larch.lcs.mit.edu/pub/Larch/lclint
16. ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu
17. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC
18. ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/xxgdb-1.08.tar.gz
19. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/devel/debuggers/
20. ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/ups-2.45.2.tar.Z
21. ftp://ftp.std.com/pub/jrs/
22. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/GCC/src/tools-2.17.tar.gz
23. http://homer.ncm.com/linux-gcc/
24. mailto:dan@detached.demon.co.uk
25. http://ftp.linux.org.uk/~barlow/
26. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.39
27. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.56
28. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.16
29. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.1
30. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.10
31. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.8
32. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.19
33. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.40
34. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.41
35. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.63
36. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.65
37. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.77
38. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.3
39. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.68
40. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.59
41. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.82
42. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.83
43. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.4
44. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.52
45. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.0
46. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.71
47. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.57
48. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.47
49. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.44
50. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.45
51. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.43
52. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.46
53. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.2
54. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.20
55. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.6
56. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.61
57. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.60
58. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.14
59. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.15
60. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.28
61. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.29
62. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.84
63. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.13
64. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.25
65. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.26
66. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.64
67. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.17
68. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.51
69. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.9
70. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.80
71. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.81
72. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.7
73. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.62
74. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.79
75. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.21
76. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.58
77. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.18
78. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.5
79. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.70
80. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.69
81. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.55
82. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.27
83. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.76
84. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.30
85. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.54
86. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.33
87. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.50
88. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.34
89. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.35
90. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.36
91. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.31
92. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.53
93. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.32
94. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.38
95. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.37
96. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.67
97. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.73
98. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.42
99. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.66
100. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.78
101. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.23
102. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.24
103. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.11
104. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.48
105. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.49
106. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.22
107. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.12
108. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.74
109. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.72
110. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.9205/GCC-HOWTO.txt.html#index.75
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