¦b Linux ¤U«Ø¥ß³nÅé®M¥ó
                                       
§@ªÌ: [1]Mendel Leo Cooper [2]http://personal.riverusers.com/~thegrendel/
ĶªÌ: [3]J.S.Lin

   v1.52, 27 December 1997
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ³o¬O¥÷¼sªx«ü¤Þ¤å¥ó,¥i¥Î¨Ó«Ø¥ß"¤@¯ë©Ê" UNIX ³nÅéµo¦æ®M¥ó¦b Linux ¤U. 
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. ²¤¶

2. ±q¨ú±o¶}©l

3. ¨Ï¥Î Make

4. §JªA§xÃø

     * 4.1 ³sµ²¿ù»~
     * 4.2 ¨ä¥¦°ÝÃD
     * 4.3 ±Û§á»P·L½Õ
     * 4.4 ¥h­þ¨ú±o¶i¤@¨Bªº¨ó§U
       
5. ³Ì«á¨BÆJ

6. ²Ä¤@­Ó¨Ò¤l: Xscrabble

7. ²Ä¤G­Ó¨Ò¤l: Xloadimage

8. ²Ä¤T­Ó¨Ò¤l: Fortune

9. ­þùØ¥i§ä¨ì­ì©l½XÀÉ®×

10. µ²»y

11. °Ñ¦Ò»P¶i¤@¨B¾\Ū¸ê®Æ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. ²¤¶

   «Ü¦h³nÅé®M¥ó´£¨Ñµ¹¦U¦¡ UNIX, ¥]¬A Linux, ¬O±N­ì©l½XÀÉ®×À£ÁY¦¨ÀÉ
   ®×(archives)¦Óµo¦æªº. ¬Û¦Pªº®M¥ó¥i¥H«Ø¥ß¥H«K¦b¤£¦P¹ï¶Hªº¾÷¾¹¤W°õ¦æ, ¨Ã
   ¥B³o¥i¸`¬Ù¨Ç³nÅ馨«~¦Ó§K©ó¥²¶·»s³y¦UºØµo¦æª©¥». ³nÅé®M¥óªº³æ¤@µo¦æª©¥»
   µ²ªG¯à°õ¦æ¦b¦U¦¡¹êÅé(incarnations), ¹³¬O¦b Intel ¾÷¾¹, DEC Alpha, RISC
   ¤u§@¯¸, ¬Æ¦Ü¬O¹qºâ¥D¾÷. ¦ý¤£©¯ªº¬O, ³o±N"«Ø¥ß"³nÅ骺¤u§@±Àµ¹¤F³Ì²×¨Ï¥Î
   ªÌ(end user), ¹ê»Ú¤W¬O"¨t²ÎºÞ²zªÌ", §Y§¤¦bÁä½L«eªº¦P§Ó...§A. ÁöµM³o¼Ë,
   »{¯u¨Ó»¡³o¹Lµ{¨Ã¤£¬O¹³¥¦¬Ý°_¨Ó¨º»ò¥i©È©Î¤£¥i«äij, ´N¹³³o«ü¤Þ©Ò¸Ñ»¡¤@
   ¼Ë.
   
2. ±q¨ú±o¶}©l

   §A¦³¤U¸ü©Î¨ä¥¦¤è¦¡¨ú±o¤@­Ó³nÅé®M¥ó. ³Ì±`¨£±¡ªp¬O¥¦³Q¥´¥]°_¨Ó (tarred)
   ¦Ó¥B³QÀ£ÁY (gzipped), ¦¨¬° .tar.gz ©Î .tgz §Î¦¡. ­º¥ý±N¥¦½Æ»s¨ì¤@¤u§@¥Ø
   ¿ý. µM«á¥Î untar ©M gunzip ³B²z¥¦. ³B²z¥¦³Ì¾A¦Xªº©R¥O¬O tar xzvf
   filename, ³oùتº filename ·íµM¬O³nÅéÀɦW. ³oºØ¸Ñ¶}µ{§Ç±`±`·|¦w¸Ë¾A·íÀÉ
   ®×¦b¥¦©Ò¶}±Òªº¤l¥Ø¿ý¤¤. ª`·Nªº¬O¦pªG®M¥ó¦WºÙ¦³ .Z µ²§À, ¨º±N­n¨Ï¥Î
   uncompress PACKAGENAME, µM«á¦A¥Î tar xvf PACKAGENAME ¦Ó¤£­n¥Î¤§«eªº¨B
   ÆJ.
   
   ¦³®É¥´¥]°_¨ÓªºÀÉ®×¥²¶· untarred ¥B¦w¸Ë¦Û¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº®a¥Ø¿ý(home
   directory), ©ÎªÌ¤]³\¬O¦b¬Y­Ó¨ä¥¦¥Ø¿ý, ¹³¬O®M¥ó³]©w¸ê®Æ©Ò«ü©wªº. °²­Y§A
   ³]ªk­n untar ¥¦¦Ó±o¨ìªº¬O¿ù»~°T®§, ¤]³\´N¬O¨º­ì¦]. Ū¤@¤U®M¥ó¤å¥ó, ¯S§O
   ¬O README ©M/©Î Install ÀÉ®×, ¦pªG¦s¦b, ½s¿è³]©wÀɮשM/©Î Makefiles ¦p
   ©Ò»Ý­nªº, §Y»P¦w¸Ë«ü¥Ü²Å¦X. ª`·Nªº¬O³q±` ¤£ ¥h§ó§ï Imake ÀÉ®×, ¦]¬°³o¥i
   ¯à¦³¥¼¹w´Áªºµ²ªG. ¬Y¨Ç³nÅé®M¥ó¤¹³\¦Û°Ê¦w¸Ëµ{§Ç,¥¦¬OÂǥѰõ¦æ make
   install ¨Ó©ñ¸m¤G¤¸½X¦b¾A·í¨t²Î¦ì¸m.
   
   °¸¦Ó, §A¥i¯à»Ý­n¨Ï¥Î patchÀÉ®×,¸ÓÀɮצ³¦C¥X­ì¥»ªº»P·sªº­ì©lÀɮתº®t²§,
   ¨Ó¤É¯Å©Î¥[¤J¯äÂÎ(bug)ªº­×¥¿¦Ü¥¼¥´¥](unarchived)ªº­ì©lÀÉ®×. docÀÉ®×»P/©Î
   README ÀÉ®×·|§iª¾§A³oºâ¤£ºâ¸Ó±¡ªp. ¹ï©ó¨Ï¥Î Larry Wall ªº±j¤O ­×
   ¸É(patch) ¤u¨ã¤§¥¿±`ªº»yªk(syntax)¬O patch < patchfile.
   
   §A²{¦b¥i¥H¶}©l¶i¦æ «Ø¥ß ¹Lµ{¶¥¬q¤F.
   
3. ¨Ï¥Î Make

   Makefile ¬O«Ø¥ß¹Lµ{ªº­«ÂI. ¦b¥¦ªº³Ì²³æªº§Î¦¡, Makefile ´N¬O­Ó script
   ,¥¦¬O¥Î¨Ó½sĶ©Î«Ø¥ß"¤G¤¸½X",®M¥óªº¥i°õ¦æ³¡¤À. Makefile¤]¥i¥H´£¨Ñ³nÅé®M
   ¥ó¤É¯Åªº¤u¨ã,¦Ó¤£»Ý­n­«·s½sĶ¨C¤@­Ó¦b®M¥ó¤¤ªº­ì©lÀÉ®×, ¦ý¨ä¦³¤£¦Pªº±¡
   ªp(©Î¬O¤£¦Pªº¬ù©w).
   
   ¬Y¨Ç¯SÂI¬O, Makefile ¶}±Ò cc ©Î gcc. ³o¹ê»Ú¤W¬O­Ó«e³B²z¾¹, C (or C++)
   ½sĶ¾¹, ©M ³sµ²¾¹, «ö·Ó¨º­Ó¶¶§Ç. ³o¹Lµ{Âà´«­ì©l½X(source)¬°¥i¯u¥¿¥h°õ¦æ
   ªº¤G¤¸½X(binaries).
   
   ¤U«ü¥O make ³q±`¥u­nÁä¤J make. ³o³q±`«Ø¥ß°Q½×¤¤ªº®M¥ó©Ò¦³»Ý­nªº¥i°õ¦æ
   ÀÉ. µM¦Ó, make ¤]°µ¨ä¥L¤u§@,¹³¬O¦w¸ËÀɮצܦX¾Aªº¥Ø¿ý (make install) ¦Ó
   ¥B§R°£Âªº object ÀÉ®× (make clean). °õ¦æ make -n ¤¹³\¹wÄý«Ø¥ß¹Lµ{, ´N
   ¬O¦C¥X©Ò¦³ make ©Ò³ê°_ªº(triggered)©Ò¦³©R¥O, ¦ý¨S¦³¯uªº¥h°õ¦æ¥¦­Ì.
   
   ¥u¦³¦b³Ì²³æªº³nÅé¨Ï¥Î¤@¯ë©Êªº Makefile. ¸û½ÆÂøªº¦w¸Ë»Ý­n®Ú¾Ú¨ç¦¡
   ®w(libraries), include ÀÉ®×¥H¤Î§A­Ó§O¾÷¾¹¸ê·½©Ò¦b¥Ø¿ý¨Ó¶q¨­©w»s. ³o¯S§O
   ¬O·í»Ý­n X11 libraries ¨Ó¦w¸Ë«Ø¥ß®É. Imake ©M xmkmf ¥i§¹¦¨³o¼Ëªº¤u§@.
   
   ¤Þ¥Î¦Û man page,Imakefile ¬O­Ó"¼ÒªO(template)"ªº Makefile. imake ¤u¨ã°Ñ
   ¦Ò Imakefile ®Ú¾Ú§Aªº¨t²Î³y¥X¦X¾Aªº Makefile. µM¦Ó,´X¥G¦b©Ò¦³ªº±¡ªp¤U,
   §A­n°õ¦æ xmkmf, ¥¦¬O­n¤U imake «ü¥O¥Îªº shell script, ¤]´N¬O­Ó«eºÝ¤¶
   ­±(front end). ¹î¾\¤@¤U¤ºªþ¦b³nÅéÀɮ׶¡ªº README ©Î INSTALL ÀÉ®×¥H¨ú±o
   ¯S§Oªº«ü¥Ü. ¦Ü©ó§ó¸Ô²Óªº¨BÆJ¤ÀªR,½Ð¾\Ū imake ©M xmkmf ªº man pages.
   
   ­nª¾¹Dªº¬O xmkmf ©M make ¥i¯à»Ý­n¥H root ¨­¤À¨Ó¤U«ü¥O, ¯S§O¬O·í make
   install ¨Ó·h²¾¤G¤¸½X¨ì /usr/bin ©Î /usr/local/bin ¥Ø¿ý. ¥H¤@¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº
   ¨­¤À¦Ó¤£¨ã root Åv¤O ¨Ó¨Ï¥Î make ±N¥i¯à·|¾É­P write access denied ªº¿ù
   »~°T®§, ¦]¬°§A¯Ê¤Ö¼g¤J(write)¦Ü¨t²Î¥Ø¿ýªºÅv­­. ¤]Àˬd¤@¤U, ©Ò³y¥X¨Óªº¤G
   ¤¸½X¹ï§A»P¥ô¦ó¨ä¥L¾A¥Îªº¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¦³¾A¦Xªº°õ¦æ(execute)Åv­­.
   
   ¤U«ü¥O xmkmf ¨Ó¨Ï¥Î Imake ÀÉ®×, «Ø¥ß¤@­Ó·sªº¦Ó¥B¾A¦X§A¨t²Îªº Makefile.
   ¥¿±`¦a¤U«ü¥O xmkmf ³£·|ªþ¥[ -a ¤Þ¼Æ, ¦]¦Ó¦Û°Ê¦a°µ make Makefiles, make
   includes, ©M make depend ªº°Ê§@. ³o·|³]©wÅܼÆ(variables)©Mµ¹©w¨ç¦¡
   ®w(library) ¦ì¸mµ¹½sĶ¾¹©M³sµ²¾¹. ¦³®É·|¨S¦³ Imake ÀÉ®×, ¤Þ¦Ó¥N¤§ªº¬O¦³
   INSTALL ©M configure ªº script, ¤]·|¨ì³o¼Ëªº¥Øªº. ª`·Nªº¬O¦pªG§A­n°õ¦æ
   configure, ¨º­n¤U«ü¥O ./configure ¥H½T«O¦b¥Ø«e¥Ø¿ý¤U¥¿½Tªº script
   configure ¬O³Q©I¥s. ¦b¤j³¡¤Àªº±¡ªp, ¦bµo¦æ®M¥ó¤¤ªº README ÀÉ®×·|»¡©ú¦w
   ¸Ë¨BÆJ.
   
   ³q±`¤@­Ó¦nªº¤èªk¬O±q¥~Æ[À˵ø¤@¤U Makefile ¬O xmkmf ©Î ¨ä¤¤¤@­Ó¦w¸Ëªº
   scripts ©Ò³y¥X¨Óªº. Makefile ¥¿±`¤U·|¬°§Aªº¨t²Î¦Ó­×¥¿, ¦ý§A°¸¦Ó¥i¯à»Ý
   ­n"±Û§á(tweak)"©Î¤â°Ê¦a­×¥¿¿ù»~.
   
   §Aªº¤@¯ë¦w¸Ë¨BÆJ±N·|¬O:
     * Ū¤@¤U README ÀɮשM¨ä¥¦¦X¥Îªº¤å¥ó.
     * °õ¦æ xmkmf -a, ÁÙ¬O INSTALL ©Î configure script.
     * Àˬd¤@¤U Makefile.
     * ¦pªG»Ý­n, °õ¦æ¤@¤U make clean, make Makefiles, make includes, and
       make depend.
     * °õ¦æ make.
     * Àˬd¤@¤UÅv­­.
     * ¦pªG»Ý­n, °õ¦æ¤@¤U make install.
       
4. §JªA§xÃø

   ¦pªG¥Î xmkmf ©M/©Î make «Ü¦¨¥\¨S¦³¿ù»~, §A¥i¥HµÛ¤â©ó [4]next section.
   µM¦Ó, ¦b¯u¹ê¥Í¬¡, «Ü¤Ö¨Æ±¡¦b²Ä¤@¦¸´N¥¿½Tªº¤u§@. ³o´N¬O·í§Aªº¾÷´¼Â×´I
   ®É,­n«i©ó¹Á¸Õ.
   
4.1 ³sµ²¿ù»~

     * ¦pªG make ¥¢±Ñ¦Ó¥X²{¦³ Link error: -lX11: No such file or
       directory, ¬Æ¦Ü¬O¦b¨Ï¥Î xmkmf «á. ³o¥i¯à·N¨ýµÛ Imake ÀɮרS¦³¾A·í¦a
       ¸Ë¦n. Àˬd Makefile ªº²Ä¤@³¡¤À¦³¨S¦³¹³³o¼Ëªº´X¦æ:
       
LIB=            -L/usr/X11/lib
INCLUDE=        -I/usr/X11/include/X11
LIBS=           -lX11 -lc -lm

       -L ©M -I ¤Á´«¾¹(switches)·|³q§i½sĶ¾¹©M³sµ²¾¹¤À§O¥h­þùØ´M§ä
       library ©M include ÀÉ®×. ¦b³o¨Ò¤l, X11 libraries À³¸Ó¬O¦b
       /usr/X11/lib ¥Ø¿ý, ¦Ó X11 include ÀÉ®× À³¸Ó¬O¦b
       /usr/X11/include/X11¥Ø¿ý. ¦pªG³o¦b§Aªº¾÷¾¹¤W¬O¤£¹ïªº, ¥²¶·§ïÅÜ
       Makefile ¦Ó¥B¦A¸Õ¸Õ make.
       
     * ¦b«D±`¤Öªº±¡ªp, ¥H root ¨­¤À¶]¤@¤U ldconfig ¤]³\¬O­Óµª®×: #
       /etc/ldconfig -n /lib ±N·|§ó·s¦@¨É¦¡¨ç¦¡®w²Å¸¹³sµ² (shared library
       symbolic links). ³o¦b¥¿±`ªº±¡§Î¤U¤£¬O»Ý­nªº.
       
     * ¥Ø«e¥t¤@¥ó¨Æ¬O¦pªG xmkmf ¥¢±Ñ, «h¸Õ¸Õ¤U¦C script:
       
         make -DUseInstalled -I/usr/X386/lib/X11/config

     * ¦³®É­ì©l½X»Ý­n¨Ï¥Îª©ªº X11R5 libraries ¨Ó«Ø¥ß. ¦pªG§A¦³ R5 libs
       ¦b /usr/X11R6/lib (·í§A­º¥ý¦b¦w¸Ë Linux ®É, §A¬O¦³¿ï¾Ü¬O§_¦w¸Ë¥¦­Ì
       ªº), µM«á§A¥u»Ý­n½T©w,§A¦³³sµ²¨ì³nÅé©Ò»Ý­n«Ø¥ßªº¦a¤è. R5 libs ¬O¦³
       libX11.so.3.1.0, libXaw.so.3.1.0, ©M libXt.so.3.1.0. ¤@¯ë§A»Ý­n³sµ²
       ¦Ü, ¹³¬O libX11.so.3 -> libX11.so.3.1.0. ¤j·§³nÅé¤]»Ý­n³o­Ó§Î¦¡³sµ²
       libX11.so -> libX11.so.3.1.0. ·íµM, ­n±N³o"Â_±¼(missing)"ªº³sµ²«Ø
       ¦n, ­n¥H root ¨­¤À¨Ï¥Î³o«ü¥O ln -s libX11.so.3.1.0 libX11.so.
       
     * ¬Y¨Ç®M¥ó·|­n¨D§A¥h¦w¸Ë¤@­Ó©Î¥H¤Wªº¤É¯Åª©¥». Á|¨Ò¦Ó¨¥, StarDivision
       GmbH ªº StarOffice ²Õ¥ó(suite)¬O´c¦W¬L¹ü(notorious)ªº­n¨D libc
       version 5.4.4 ©Î§ó·s. ¥H root¨­¤À, §A»Ý­n½Æ»s¤@­Ó©Î¥H¤Wªº¨ç¦¡
       ®w(libraries)¦Ü¦X¾Aªº¥Ø¿ý, §R¥hªº¨ç¦¡®w(libraries),µM«á­«³]²Å¸¹³s
       µ². ¤p¤ß: ¦b³o­n®æ¥~ª`·N, ¦]¬°¦pªG§A§ËÁV, §A¥i¯à·|¥I¥X§Aªº¨t²Î¤£¯à
       ¹B§@ªº¥N»ù. §A³q±`¥i¥H§ä¨ì¤É¯Åªº¨ç¦¡®w(libraries)¦b [5]Sunsite.
       
4.2 ¨ä¥¦°ÝÃD

     * ¦b¦w¸Ë¦nªº Perl ©Î shell script µ¹§A¤@­Ó No such file or directory
       ¿ù»~°T®§. ¦b³o±¡ªp,ÀˬdÀÉ®×Åv­­¨Ó½T©wÀÉ®×¥i°õ¦æ ¥H¤ÎÀˬdÀÉ®×¼ÐÀY¬O
       §_§t¦³¨Ï¥Î shell ©Îµ{¦¡, «ü©ú script ©Ò¦b¦a¤è. Á|¨Ò¦Ó¨¥, script ¶}
       ©l¦p:
       
#!/usr/local/bin/perl

       ¦pªG Perl ¹ê»Ú¸Ë¦b§Aªº /usr/bin ¥Ø¿ý, ¦Ó¤£¬O /usr/local/bin ¥Ø¿ý,
       ¨º»ò script µLªk°õ¦æ. ¦³¨â­Ó¤èªk¨Ó­×§ï. script ÀÉ®×¼ÐÀY§ï¦¨
       #!/usr/bin/perl, ©Î¥Î²Å¸¹³sµ²¦Ü¥¿½Tªº¥Ø¿ý, ln -s /usr/bin/perl
       /usr/local/bin/perl.
       
     * ¬Y¨Ç X11 ³nÅé­n¨D¦³ Motif ¨ç¦¡®w(libraries)¤~¯à«Ø¥ß. ¦Ó¼Ð·Çªº
       Linux µo¦æ®M¥ó¨Ã¨S¦³¦w¸Ë Motif libraries, ¦Ó¥B¥Ø«e Motif ÁÙ­nÃB¥~
       $100-$200 ªºªá¶O (ÁöµM§K¶O³nÅé [6]Lesstif ¦b¬Y¨Ç³õ¦X¤]¯à°÷¥Î). ¦pªG
       §A»Ý­n Motif ¨Ó«Ø¥ß¬Y¤@®M¥ó, ¦ý¯Ê¤Ö Motif libraries, ¨º»ò¤]³\¥i¥H¨ú
       ±o ÀRºA³sµ²ªº¤G¤¸½X(statically linked binaries). ÀRºA³sµ²¦b¤G¤¸½X¥»
       ¨­¯Ç¤J¨ç¦¡®w¦æµ{(library routines). ³o³y¦¨¤G¤¸½XÀɮפj¤F³\¦h, ¦ý¬O
       ½X¥i¦b¯Ê¤Ö¸Ó¨ç¦¡®wªº¨t²Î¤W°õ¦æ.
       
     * °õ¦æ configure script ·|³Ð³y©_©Çªº Makefile, ¨º¹³¬O»P§A©Ò­n³]ªk«Ø¥ß
       ªº®M¥ó­½¤£¬Û¤z. ³oªí¥Ü¶]µÛ¿ù»~ªº configure, ¨ä§ä¨ì§Aªº path ¤W¬Y³B
       ¨ä¥Lªº configure. ©Ò¥H­n¤U configure «ü¥O À³¸Ó­n¤U¦¨ ./configure §Y
       ¥Ø«e¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº.
       
     * ¬Y¨Çµ{¦¡·|­n¨D¦³ setuid root, ¬°¤F­n¥H¦³ root Åv¤O ¨Ó°õ¦æ. ­n¹F¦¨³o
       ¥Ø¿ýªº«ü¥O¬O ¥Hroot ¤U«ü¥O chmod u+s filename. (ª`·Nªº¬O³oµ{¦¡¤w¸g
       ¬O root ©Ò¾Ö¦³¤F). ³o¦b³]©wÀÉ®×Åv­­¤¤ªº setuid bit «Ü¦³¥Î. ³o¼Ë¥Î¦b
       ·íµ{¦¡¦b¦s¨ú¨t²ÎµwÅé,¹³¬O modem ©Î CD ROM drive, ©Î·í SVGA libs ³Q
       ¨Ï¦b©ó¥D±±¥x¼Ò¦¡(console mode), ¹³¬O¦b¤@­Ó¯S§O´c¦W¬L¹ü
       ªº(notorious)¼ÒÀÀ¾¹(emulation)®M¥ó. ¦pªGµ{¦¡¥¿³Q root °õ¦æ, ¦ýµ¹¤@
       ¯ë¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¤@­Ó access denied ªº¿ù»~°T®§, ·Q¹³´N¬O³o¼Ë³y¦¨ªº.
       ĵ§i: ¤@­Ó¦³ setuid ¦¨ root ªºµ{¦¡¥i¯à´£¥X¹ï§Aªº¨t²Î¦³¦w¥þ¤Wªº­·
       ÀI. ³o­Óµ{¦¡¥i¥H root Åv¤O¨Ó¶]¦Ó©Ò¥H¦³¬Y¨Ç¯}®`ªº¼ç¦b©Ê. ¦b³]©w
       setuid bit «e, ½T©w§Aª¾¹D¸Óµ{¦¡¦b°µ¤°»ò, ¥²­n®É¬Ý¤@¤U­ì©l½X.
       
4.3 ±Û§á»P·L½Õ

   §A¥i¯à§Æ±æÀˬd Makefile ¨Ó½T©w¦³¿ï¥Î¹ï§A¨t²Î³Ì¨Î½sĶ¿ï¶µ. Á|¨Ò¨Ó»¡, ³]
   ©w -O2 ºX¼Ð¨Ó¿ï³Ì°ª¼h¯Åªº³Ì¨Î¤Æ¦Ó -fomit-frame-pointer ºX¼Ð¨Ó³y³Ì¤p¤G¤¸
   ½X (ÁöµM debugging ·|¨S¦³¥´¶}). °£«D§Aª¾¹D§A¦b°µ¤°»ò, ¦Ó¥B¦b¥ô¦ó±¡ªp
   ¤U, °£«DÁ}­W«Ø¥ßªº¤u§@¤w§¹¦¨, §_«h¤£­nª±³o¨Ç.
   
4.4 ¥h­þ¨ú±o¶i¤@¨Bªº¨ó§U

   ¦b§Úªº¸gÅç, ¤j·§25%ªºÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡«Ø¥ß"§¹¥þ¨S¦³§xÃø". ¥t¥~¤j¬ù50%¯à"³Q»¡ªA"
   ªº«Ø¥ß, ­n¥I¥X§V¤Oªº½d³ò±qµL²á¨ì·¥¬°§xÃø. ¨º¤´µMªí¥Ü¦³¬Y¨Ç®M¥óµL½×¦p¦ó
   ³£µLªk«Ø¥ß. §Y¨Ï¨º¼Ë, ¨º¨Ç Intel ELF ©M/©Î a.out ¤G¤¸½X, ¤]¥i¯à¦b
   [7]Sunsite, [8]TSX-11 archive ©Î¨ä¥¦¦a¤è§ä¨ì. ¤]³\, ³nÅ骺³Ð³yªÌ¥i¥H´£
   ¨Ñ½sĶ¦nªº¤G¤¸½Xµ¹§Aªº¯S§Oªº¾÷¾¹¨Ï¥Î.
   
   ª`·Nªº¬O¦pªG§A¨ú±o¹w¥ý½sĶ¦nªº¤G¤¸½X, §A·|»Ý­nÀˬd¬O§_»P§Aªº¨t²Î¬Û®e:
     * ³o¤G¤¸½X¥²¶·¦b§Aªº µwÅé¤W¶] (i.e., Intel x86).
     * ³o¤G¤¸½X¥²¶·»P§Aªº®Ö¤ß(kernel)¬Û®e (i.e., a.out ©Î ELF).
     * §Aªº¨ç¦¡®w(libraries)¥²¶·¬O³Ì·sªº.
       
   ¦pªG¥þ³£¥¢±Ñ, §A¥i¥H¦b¦X¾Aªº ·s»D¸s²Õ´M¨DÀ°¦£, ¹³¬O¦b
   [9]comp.os.linux.x ©Î [10]comp.os.linux.development. ¸U¤@§A¥u¬O¤£°÷©¯¹B
   ªº¸Ü, ¼K, ¸Õ¸Õ¤]¬O¦³½ìªº.
   
5. ³Ì«á¨BÆJ

   Ū¤@¤U³nÅé®M¥óªº¤å¥ó¨Ó¨M©w¬O§_¦³¬Y¨ÇÀô¹ÒÅܼƻݭn³] (¦b .bashrc ©Î
   .cshrc) ¥H¤Î ¬O§_ .Xdefaults ©M .Xresources Àɮ׻ݭn½Õ¾ã.
   
   ¥i¯à¦³­ÓÀ³¥Îµ{¦¡¤º©wªºÀÉ®×, ³q±`¥s°µ Xfoo.ad ¦b­ì¥»ªº Xfoo µo¦æ®M¥ó. ¦p
   ªG³o¼Ë, ½s¿è Xfoo.ad ÀÉ®×¾A¦X§Aªº¾÷¾¹, µM«á­«·s©R¦W (mv) ¦¨ Xfoo ¦Ó¥B 
   ¥H root ¨­¤À ¦w¸Ë¥¦¨ì /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults ¥Ø¿ý, ¨S³o¼Ë°µ¥i¯à·|³y
   ¦¨³nÅé¦æ¬°«Ü©_©Ç, ¬Æ¦Ü©Úµ´°õ¦æ.
   
   ¤j¦h¼Æªº³nÅé®M¥óªþ¦³¤@­Ó©Î¥H¤Wªº®æ¦¡¤Æ man pages. ¥H root ¨­¤À, ½Æ»s
   Xfoo.man Àɮרì¦X¾Aªº /usr/man ¥Ø¿ý (man1 - man9), ¦Ó®Ú¾Ú¨º¦A­«·s©R¦W.
   Á|¨Ò¦Ó¨¥, ¦pªG Xfoo.man µ²ªG¬O¦b /usr/man/man4, ¨ºÀ³¸Ó©R¦W¬° Xfoo.4
   (mv Xfoo.man Xfoo.4). ®Ú¾Ú¤@¯ë¬ù©w¨Ï¥ÎªÌªº©R¥OÂ\¦b man1, ¹CÀ¸¬O¦b
   man6, ¦ÓºÞ²zªº®M¥ó¬O¦b man8 (¬Ý¤@¤U man ¤å¥ó ¥H¨ú±o§ó¸Ô²Ó¸ê®Æ).·íµM,¦b
   §A¨t²Î§A¥i¥H¤£·Ó³o­Ó¬ù©w, ¥u­n§A³ßÅw.
   
   ¬Y¨Ç®M¥ó¤£·|¦w¸Ë¤G¤¸½X(binaries)¦b¦X¾Aªº¨t²Î¥Ø¿ý, ´«¥y¸Ü»¡, ¥L­Ì¨S¦³
   install ¿ï¶µ¦b Makefile ¤¤. ¦pªG¬O³o±¡ªp, §A¥i¥H¥Î root ¨­¤À½Æ»s¤G¤¸
   ½X(binaries)¨ì usr/local/bin ¥Ø¿ý¨Ó¤â°Ê¦w¸Ë¤G¤¸½X(binaries).
   
   ª`·Nªº¬O¬Y¨Ç©Î¥þ³¡¤W­z¨BÆJ,¦b¤j³¡¤À±¡§Î¤U,À³¸Ó·|¥Ñ make install ¨Ó¦Û°Ê
   ¾Þ§@. ¦pªG¬O³o¼Ë, README ©Î INSTALL ¤å¥óÀÉ·|´£¨ì³o­Ó.
   
6. ²Ä¤@­Ó¨Ò¤l: Xscrabble

   Matt Chapmanªº Xscrabble ¦ü¥G¹³¬O­Ó»á¦³½ìªºµ{¦¡, ¦]¬°§Ú´¿¬O­Ó³g°ýªº
   Scrabble&trade;(«÷¦r¹CÀ¸)ª±®a.§Ú¤U¸ü¤U,¸ÑÀ£, ¦Ó¥B«Ø¥ß¥¦¥H README Àɮפ¤
   ªº¤U¦C¨BÆJ:
   
     xmkmf
     make Makefiles
     make includes
     make

   ·íµM¥¦¤£¯à¥¿±`¹B§@...
     _________________________________________________________________
   
gcc -o xscrab -O2 -O -L/usr/X11R6/lib
init.o xinit.o misc.o moves.o cmove.o main.o xutils.o mess.o popup.o
widgets.o display.o user.o CircPerc.o
-lXaw -lXmu -lXExExt -lXext -lX11 -lXt -lSM -lICE -lXExExt -lXext -lX11
-lXpm -L../Xc -lXc

BarGraf.o(.text+0xe7): undefined reference to `XtAddConverter'
BarGraf.o(.text+0x29a): undefined reference to `XSetClipMask'
BarGraf.o(.text+0x2ff): undefined reference to `XSetClipRectangles'
BarGraf.o(.text+0x375): undefined reference to `XDrawString'
BarGraf.o(.text+0x3e7): undefined reference to `XDrawLine'
etc.
etc.
etc...
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   §Ú¦b [11]comp.os.linux.x ªº·s»D¸s²Õ¸ß°Ý¹L, ¦Ó¥B¦³¨Ç¤H¦n¤ßªº«ü¥X¦ü¥G
   Xt, Xaw, Xmu, ©M X11 libs ¨S¦³Åý³sµ²¾¹(linker)§ä±o¨ì. ¶â...
   
   ¦³¨â­Ó¥D­nªº Makefiles, ¦Ó¥B¦b src ¥Ø¿ý¤Uªº¨º­ÓÅý§Ú·P¿³½ì. ¦b Makefile
   ¤@¦æ¦³©w¸q LOCAL_LIBS ¦¨: LOCAL_LIBS = $(XAWLIB) $(XMULIB) $(XTOOLLIB)
   $(XLIB) ³o©Ò«üªº libs ¨Ã¨S¦³³Q³sµ²¾¹§ä¨ì.
   
   §ä§ä¤U­Ó«ü¨ì LOCAL_LIBS ªº¦a¤è, §Ú¬Ý¨ì¸Ó¦b Makerfile ªº495¦æ:
   
      $(CCLINK) -o $@ $(LDOPTIONS) $(OBJS) $(LOCAL_LIBS) $(LDLIBS)
$(EXTRA_LOAD_FLAGS)

   ¦Ó²{¦b LDLIBS ¬O¤°»ò©O?
   
      LDLIBS = $(LDPOSTLIB) $(THREADS_LIBS) $(SYS_LIBRARIES)
$(EXTRA_LIBRARIES)

   SYS_LIBRARIES ¬O:
   
 SYS_LIBRARIES = -lXpm -L../Xc -lXc

   ¬O­Ó! ´N¬O³o¼Ë¿ò¥¢ libraries.
   
   ¤j·§³sµ²¾¹»Ý­n¦b LOCAL_LIBS ¤§«e¬Ý¨ì LDLIBS... ©Ò¥H, ²Ä¤@¥ó¨Æ­n¹Á¸Õ¥h­×
   §ï Makefile ´N¬O§ï¼g¦b495¦æªº $(LOCAL_LIBS) ©M $(LDLIBS) , ©Ò¥H¥¦²{¦bÅÜ
   ¦¨:
   
        $(CCLINK) -o $@ $(LDOPTIONS) $(OBJS) $(LDLIBS) $(LOCAL_LIBS)
$(EXTRA_LOAD_FLAGS)                          ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

   ¦b¤W­±ªº§ï«á,§Ú¸ÕµÛ¦A¦¸°õ¦æ make , Á@, ¥¦³o¦¸¥i¥¿±`¶]¤F. ·íµM,
   Xscrabble ¤´µM»Ý­n¤@¨Ç·L½Õ(fine tuning]»Pª±§Ë(twiddling), ¹³¬O­«·s©R¦W
   ¦r¨å¥H¤Î¼Ðµù¬Y¨Ç»²§Uªº±Ô­z¦b­ì©l½XÀɮפ§¤@, ¦ý¥¿¦]¬°¨º¼Ë,¥¦¤wµ¹§Ú¦n´X­Ó
   ¤p®Éªº®ø»º.
   
   §A¥i¥H±H e-mail [12]Matt Chapman, ¦Ó¥B±q¥Lªº [13]home page ¤U¸ü
   Xscrabble.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
       Scrabble ¬O Milton Bradley Co., Inc. ªºµù¥U°Ó¼Ð.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
7. ²Ä¤G­Ó¨Ò¤l: Xloadimage

   ³o­Ó¨Ò¤l´£¥X¸û²³æªº°ÝÃD. xloadimage µ{¦¡¥[¤J¨ì§Úªº¹Ï§Î¤u§@²Õ¦ü¥G¬O«Ü¦³
   ¥Î. §Ú±q¤@¥»¥Ñ Mui ©M Quercia ©ÒµÛªº¦n®Ñ [14]X User Tools ©Òªþªº CD ¤W
   ªº­ì©l½X¥Ø¿ý(source directory), ª½±µ½Æ»s xloadi41.gz ÀɮפU¨Ó. ¦p¹w´Á
   ªº, ¥Î tar xzvf ¸Ñ¶}©Ò¦³ÀÉ®×. µM¦Ó, make ¥X²{¤F¥O¤H°Q¹½ªº¿ù»~¦Ó¥B¤¤Â_.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
gcc -c -O -fstrength-reduce -finline-functions -fforce-mem
-fforce-addr -DSYSV  -I/usr/X11R6/include
-DSYSPATHFILE=\"/usr/lib/X11/Xloadimage\" mcidas.c

In file included from /usr/include/stdlib.h:32,
                 from image.h:23,
                 from xloadimage.h:15,
                 from mcidas.c:7:
/usr/lib/gcc-lib/i486-linux/2.6.3/include/stddef.h:215:
conflicting types for `wchar_t'
/usr/X11R6/include/X11/Xlib.h:74: previous declaration of
`wchar_t'
make[1]: *** [mcidas.o] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory
`/home/thegrendel/tst/xloadimage.4.1'
make: *** [default] Error 2
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ³o¿ù»~°T®§§t¦³³Ì®Ú¥»ªº½u¯Á.
   
   ¬Ý¤@¤UÀÉ®× image.h ªº23¦æ.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
       #include <stdlib.h>
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   °Ú«¢! ¦b xloadimage, wchar_t ­ì©l½Xªº¬Y³B¤w¸g­«½Æ©w¸q¤F¦b¼Ð·Ç include
   ÀÉ®× stdlib.h ¤w©w¸qªºªF¦è. ­º¥ý¸Õ¸Õ±N¦b image.h ªº23¦æ¼Ðµù(commenting
   out)°_¨Ó, ¤]³\ stdlib.h include ¬O¤£¤j»Ý­nªº.
   
   ¦¹®É, build ¹Lµ{¨S¦³¥ô¦ó­«¤j¿ù»~. xloadimage µ{¦¡²{¦b¥\¯à³£¥¿±`.
   
8. ²Ä¤T­Ó¨Ò¤l: Fortune

   ³Ì«á¨Ò¤l»Ý­n¬Y¨Ç C µ{¦¡³]­pª¾ÃÑ. ¤j³¡¤Àªº Linux ³nÅé¬O¥Î C ¼gªº, ¦Ó¥B¦Ü
   ¤Ö¾ÇÂI C ©úÅ㪺¹ï¥ô¦ó·Q³nÅé¦w¸Ëªº¤H·|¦³§U¯q.
   
   ´c¦W¬L¹üªº(notorious) fortune µ{¦¡¦b¨C¦¸ Linux ¶}¾÷°_¨Ó®É¨q¥X«ÕÀqªº¿Î»y
   "fortune cookie". ¤£©¯¦a (¦³ÂùÃö·N«äªº), ³]ªk¦b Red Hat µo¦æ®M¥ó
   2.0.30 ªº®Ö¤ß¤U«Ø¥ß,¥X²{¤F ¤@°ïÄY­«ªº¿ù»~.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
~/fortune# make all


gcc -O2 -Wall -fomit-frame-pointer -pipe   -c fortune.c -o
fortune.o
fortune.c: In function `add_dir':
fortune.c:551: structure has no member named `d_namlen'
fortune.c:553: structure has no member named `d_namlen'
make[1]: *** [fortune.o] Error 1
make[1]: Leaving directory `/home/thegrendel/for/fortune/fortune'
make: *** [fortune-bin] Error 2
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ¬Ý¤@¤U fortune.c, ¦³ÃöÁpªº´X¦æ¦b³o.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   if (dirent->d_namlen == 0)
            continue;
        name = copy(dirent->d_name, dirent->d_namlen);
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   §Ú­Ì»Ý­n§ä¥X dirent ªº structure, ¦ý¥¦¨S¦³«Å§i(declared)¦b fortune.c ÀÉ
   ®×¤¤, ·Q¥Î grep dirent ¨Ó¨q¥X¬O§_¦b¨ä¥¦­ì©l½XªºÀɮפ¤, ¦ý¤]¨S¦³. µM¦Ó,
   ¦b fortune.c Àɪº³Ì¤W¤è¦³¤U¦C³o¦æ.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
#include <dirent.h>
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ³o¦ü¥G¬O¨t²Î¨ç¦¡®wªº include ÀÉ®×, ©Ò¥H­n§ä dirent.h ªº¦X²z¦ì¸m¬O¦b
   /usr/include. ¨Æ¹ê¤W, dirent.h ªº½T¦³¦b /usr/include ¤¤, ¦ý¸ÓÀɨS¦³¥]§t
   dirent ªº structure. µM¦Ó, °Ñ¦Ò¥t¤@­Ó dirent.h ÀÉ.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
#include <linux/dirent.h>
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ³Ì«á, ¥h /usr/include/linux/dirent.h, §Ú­Ì¥i§ä¨ì§Ú­Ì©Ò»Ý­n«Å§iªº
   structure.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
struct dirent {
        long            d_ino;
        __kernel_off_t  d_off;
        unsigned short  d_reclen;
        char            d_name[256]; /* We must not include
limits.h! */
};
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   ¨¬°÷¦a½T©w, ³o­Ó structure «Å§i¨S¦³¥]§t d_namelen, ¦ý¦³¤@¹ï»P¨ä¬Û·íªº¿ï
   ¾Ü. ¨ä¤¤³Ì¥i¯àªº¬O d_reclen, ¦]¬° ³o­Ó structure member ªí¥Ü¬Y¼ËªF¦èªº
   length ¦Ó¥B¥¦¬O short integer. ¨ä¥L¤j²¤, d_ino, ¥i¯à¬O inode number, §P
   Â_¥¦ªº name ©M type. ¨Æ¹ê¤W, §Ú­Ì¤j·§¬O³B²z "directory entry"
   structure, ¦Ó¤¸¯Àªí¥ÜÀÉ®×ÄÝ©Ê, ¥¦ªº¦WºÙ, inode, ©M length (¥H blocks §@
   ³æ¦ì). ³o¦ü¥G¹ï§Ú­Ìªº²q·Q«Ü¦X²z.
   
   §Ú­Ì½s¿èÀÉ®× fortune.c, ¦Ó¥B§ïÅܦb551¦æ©M553¦æªº d_namelen Åܦ¨
   d_reclen. ¦A¸Õ¸Õ make all. Success. ³o¦¸«Ø¥ß¨S¦³¿ù»~. §Ú­Ì²{¦b¯à°÷±q
   fortune Àò±o "cheap thrills"
   
9. ­þùØ¥i§ä¨ì­ì©l½XÀÉ®×

   ²{¦b§A«Ü´÷±æªº¨Ï¥Î§A³Ì·sÀò±oªºª¾ÃѨӥ[¤J¤@¨Ç¤u¨ã©M¨ä¥¦¦nªF¦è¨ì§Aªº¨t
   ²Î, §A¥i¥H¦b½u¤W§ä¨ì¥¦­Ì, [15]Linux Applications and Utilities Page, ©Î
   ªÌ¦b«Ü¦X²z»ù¦ìªº CD ROM ªºÀÉ®×, ÂÇ¥Ñ [16]Red Hat, [17]InfoMagic, ¥H¤Î¨ä
   ¥¦ªº.
   
   ¤@­Ó²³¦h­ì©l½XªºÄ_®w¬O¦b [18]comp sources UNIX archive.
   
   «Ü¦h UNIX ­ì©l½Xµoªí¦b [19]alt.sources ·s»D¸s²Õ. ¦pªG§A­n§ä¯S§Oªº­ì©l½X
   ¥]¸Ëªº, §A¥i¥H¶K¦b¬ÛÃöªº [20]alt.sources.wanted ·s»D¸s²Õ. ¥t¥~¤@­Ó¤£¿ù
   ªº¦a¤è¬O¬d¬Ý [21]comp.os.linux.announce ·s»D¸s²Õ. ­n¨ú±o¦b [22]Unix
   sources ªº³q«H½×¾Â, ½Ð±H­Ó subscribe °T®§¨ì¨º.
   
   ¦Ü©ó [23]alt.sources ·s»D¸s²ÕªºÀɮ׬O¦b¤U­± ftp ¯¸:
   
     * [24]ftp.sterling.com/usenet/alt.sources/
     * [25]wuarchive.wustl.edu/usenet/alt.sources/articles
     * [26]src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/alt.sources/articles
       
10. µ²»y

   Á`µ², ¦Ê§é¤£¼¸·|¨Ï¤°»ò³£Åܦ¨¤£¤@¼Ë (¦Ó¥B°ªÃø«×®À§éªùÂe©úÅã·|¦³À°§U). ¨Ï
   ¥X¥þ¤O,±q¥¢±Ñ¤¤Àò±o¾Ç²ß§ó¬O­«­n. ¦b¨C­Ó¹L¥¢ªº¨B¥ï, ¨C­Ó¥¢±Ñ³y´N¤F¯à°÷´x
   ´¤ «Ø¥ß³nÅéÃÀ³N ªºª¾ÃÑ­ÓÅé.
   
11. °Ñ¦Ò»P¶i¤@¨B¾\Ū¸ê®Æ

BORLAND C++ TOOLS AND UTILITIES GUIDE, Borland International, 1992,
pp. 9-42.
[Borland C++, ver. 3.1. ªºµo¦æ¤â¥U¤§¤@. µ¹¤F«Ü¦n¤¶²Ð¦b»yªk©M·§©À¤W,
¨Ï¥Î Borland ¦b DOS ¤U´Ý¾lªº¹ê§@.]

DuBois, Paul: SOFTWARE PORTABILITY WITH IMAKE, O'Reilly and Associates,
1996, ISBN 1-56592-226-3.
[³o¾Ú»¡¬O§¹¾ãªº imake °Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ, ÁöµM§Ú¦b¼g¥»¤å®É,ÁÙ¥¼¨ú±o.]

Frisch, Aeleen: ESSENTIAL SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION, O'Reilly and
Associates, 1995, ISBN 1-56592-127-5.
[³o¬O¨ä¥¦¨ô¶Vªº¨t²ÎºÞ²z¤â¥U¤w¸g¦³·§²¤¼h­±ªº½Í¨ì«Ø¥ß³nÅé.]

Lehey, Greg: PORTING UNIX SOFTWARE, O'Reilly and Associates, 1995, ISBN
1-56592-126-7.

Mui, Linda ©M Valerie Quercia: X USER TOOLS, O'Reilly and Associates,
1994, ISBN 1-56592-019-8, pp. 734-760.

Oram, Andrew ©M Steve Talbott: MANAGING PROJECTS WITH MAKE, O'Reilly
and Associates, 1991, ISBN 0-937175-90-0.

Peek, Jerry ©M Tim O'Reilly »P Mike Loukides: UNIX POWER TOOLS,
O'Reilly and Associates / Random House, 1997, ISBN 1-56592-260-3.
[«Ü´Îªº·§©À¨Ó·½, ¦Ó¥B¦³¤j¶q¨Ï¥Î¤u¨ã§A¥i¯à±q­ì©l½X¨Ó«Ø¥ß,
¨Ï¥Î¦b¥»¤å¤¤°Q½×ªº¤èªk.]

Stallman, Richard M. ©M Roland McGrath: GNU MAKE, Free Software
Foundation, 1995, ISBN 1-882114-78-7.
[À³¸Ó¬O»Ý­n¾\Ūªº.]

Welsh, Matt ©M Lar Kaufman: RUNNING LINUX, O'Reilly and Associates,
1996, ISBN 1-56592-151-8.
[¤´µM¬O¥þ³¡ Linux °Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ³Ì¦nªº, ÁöµM¦b¬Y¨Ç¦a¤è¯Ê¤Ö¤ñ¸û²`¤J°Q½×.]

   ·íµMÁÙ¦³ make, imake, xmkmf, gcc, ldconfig, gzip, tar, ©M patch ªº man
   pages.

References

   1. mailto:thegrendel@theriver.com
   2. http://personal.riverusers.com/~thegrendel/
   3. mailto:r6921068@ms.cc.ntu.edu.tw
   4. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10754/Software-Building-HOWTO.txt.html#finalsteps
   5. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/
   6. http://www.lesstif.org/
   7. ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/
   8. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/
   9. news://comp.os.linux.x/
  10. news://comp.os.linux.development/
  11. news://comp.os.linux.x/
  12. mailto:matt@belgarath.demon.co.uk
  13. http://www.belgarath.demon.co.uk/programs/index.html
  14. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10754/Software-Building-HOWTO.txt.html#refs
  15. http://www.redhat.com/linux-info/linux-app-list/linapps.html
  16. http://www.redhat.com/
  17. mailto:orders@infomagic.com
  18. ftp://ftp.vix.com/pub/usenet/comp.sources.unix/
  19. news://alt.sources/
  20. news://alt.sources.wanted/
  21. news://comp.os.linux.announce/
  22. mailto:unix-sources@pa.dec.com
  23. news://alt.sources/
  24. ftp://ftp.sterling.com/usenet/alt.sources/
  25. ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/usenet/alt.sources/articles
  26. ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/usenet/alt.sources/articles