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<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<h1 class="unnumbered">Rhythms</h1>
<p>These snippets illustrate the Notation Reference,
section <a href="../../../Documentation/user/lilypond/Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Rhythms</a>.
</p>
<a name="adding-beams,-slurs,-ties-etc.-when-using-tuplet-and-non-tuplet-rythms..ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rythms.</h2>
<p>LilyPond syntax can involve many unusual placements for parentheses,
brackets etc., which might sometimes have to be interleaved. For
example, when entering a manual beam, the left square bracket has to be
placed after the starting note and its duration, not before. Similarly,
the right square bracket should directly follow the note which is to be
at the end of the requested beaming, even if this note happens to be
inside a tuplet section. This snippet demonstrates how to combine
manual beaming, manual slurs, ties and phrasing slurs with tuplet
sections (enclosed within curly braces).
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">{
r16[ g16 \times 2/3 { r16 e'8] }
g16( a \times 2/3 { b d e') }
g8[( a \times 2/3 { b d') e'] ~ }
\time 2/4
\times 4/5 { e'32\( a b d' e' } a'4.\)
}
</pre><p>
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<a name="adding-drum-parts.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Adding drum parts</h2>
<p>Using the powerful pre-configured tools such as the <code>\drummode</code>
function and the <code>DrumStaff</code> context, inputting drum parts is
quite easy: drums are placed at their own staff positions (with a
special clef symbol) and have note heads according to the drum.
Attaching an extra symbol to the drum or restricting the number of
lines is possible.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">drh = \drummode { cymc4.^"crash" hhc16^"h.h." hh hhc8 hho hhc8 hh16 hh hhc4 r4 r2 }
drl = \drummode { bd4 sn8 bd bd4 << bd ss >> bd8 tommh tommh bd toml toml bd tomfh16 tomfh }
timb = \drummode { timh4 ssh timl8 ssh r timh r4 ssh8 timl r4 cb8 cb }
\score {
<<
\new DrumStaff \with {
drumStyleTable = #timbales-style
\override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
\override BarLine #'bar-size = #2
} <<
\set Staff.instrumentName = #"timbales"
\timb
>>
\new DrumStaff <<
\set Staff.instrumentName = #"drums"
\new DrumVoice { \stemUp \drh }
\new DrumVoice { \stemDown \drl }
>>
>>
\layout { }
\midi {
\context {
\Score
tempoWholesPerMinute = #(ly:make-moment 120 4)
}
}
}
</pre><p>
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<a name="automatic-beam-subdivisions.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Automatic beam subdivisions</h2>
<p>Beams can be subdivided automatically. By setting the property
<code>subdivideBeams</code>, beams are subdivided at beat positions (as
specified in <code>beatLength</code>).
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\new Staff {
\relative c'' {
<<
{
\voiceOne
\set subdivideBeams = ##t
b32[ a g f c' b a g
b32^"subdivide beams" a g f c' b a g]
}
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
b32_"default"[ a g f c' b a g
b32 a g f c' b a g]
}
>>
\oneVoice
\set beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 8)
b32^"beatLength 1 8"[ a g f c' b a g]
\set beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
b32^"beatLength 1 16"[ a g f c' b a g]
}
}
</pre><p>
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<a name="automatic-beams-two-per-two-in-4-4-or-2-2-time-signature.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
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<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Automatic beams two per two in 4/4 or 2/2 time signature</h2>
<p>In a simple time signature of 2/2 or 4/4, 8th notes are beamed by
default as two sets of four.
</p>
<p>Using a macro which overrides the autobeaming behavior, this snippet
changes the beaming to quarter note beats.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">% Automatic beams two per two in 4/4 or 2/2 time signature
% _____
% Default | | | |
% _ _
% Required | | | |
% macro for beamed two per two in 2/2 and 4/4 time signature
qBeam = {
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 * *) 1 4 'Staff)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 * *) 2 4 'Staff)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 * *) 3 4 'Staff)
}
\score {
<<
\new Staff {
\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
g8-"without the macro" g g g g g g g
g8 g g g4 g8 g g
}
}
%Use the macro
\new Staff {
\relative c'' {
\time 4/4
\qBeam
g8-"with the macro" g g g g g g g
g8 g g g4 g8 g g
}
}
>>
\layout {
\context {
\Staff
\override TimeSignature #'style = #'()
}
}
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../3c/lily-7e060f75.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../3c/lily-7e060f75.png"
alt="[image of music]">
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</p>
<a name="avoiding-collisions-with-chord-fingerings.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Avoiding collisions with chord fingerings</h2>
<p>Fingerings and string numbers applied to individual notes will
automatically avoid beams and stems, but this is not true by default
for fingerings and string numbers applied to the individual notes of
chords. The following example shows how this default behavior can be
overridden.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c' {
\set fingeringOrientations = #'(up)
\set stringNumberOrientations = #'(up)
\set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up)
% Default behavior
r8
<f c'-5>8
<f c'\5>8
<f c'-\rightHandFinger #2 >8
% Corrected to avoid collisions
r8
\override Fingering #'add-stem-support = ##t
<f c'-5>8
\override StringNumber #'add-stem-support = ##t
<f c'\5>8
\override StrokeFinger #'add-stem-support = ##t
<f c'-\rightHandFinger #2 >8
}
</pre><p>
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</p>
<a name="beam-endings-in-score-context.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
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<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Beam endings in Score context</h2>
<p>Beam-ending rules specified in the <code>Score</code> context apply to all
staves, but can be modified at both <code>Staff</code> and <code>Voice</code>
levels:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\time 5/4
% Set default beaming for all staves
#(score-override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 4) 3 8)
#(score-override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 4) 7 8)
<<
\new Staff {
c8 c c c c c c c c c
}
\new Staff {
% Modify beaming for just this staff
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 4) 6 8 'Staff)
#(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 4) 7 8 'Staff)
c8 c c c c c c c c c
}
\new Staff {
% Inherit beaming from Score context
<<
{
\voiceOne
c8 c c c c c c c c c
}
% Modify beaming for this voice only
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 4) 6 8)
#(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 4) 7 8)
a8 a a a a a a a a a
}
>>
}
>>
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../7f/lily-d8f30044.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../7f/lily-d8f30044.png"
alt="[image of music]">
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</p>
<a name="beam-grouping-in-7-8-time.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Beam grouping in 7/8 time</h2>
<p>There are no default automatic beam groupings specified for 7/8 time,
so if automatic beams are required the grouping must be specified. For
example, to group all beams 2-3-2 in 7/8 time, specify beam endings at
2/8 and 5/8:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\time 7/8
% rhythm 2-3-2
a8 a a a a a a
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 2 8)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 7 8) 5 8)
a8 a a a a a a
}
</pre><p>
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<a name="beams-across-line-breaks.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
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<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Beams across line breaks</h2>
<p>Line breaks are normally forbidden when beams cross bar lines. This
behavior can be changed as shown:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\override Beam #'breakable = ##t
c8 c[ c] c[ c] c[ c] c[ \break
c8] c[ c] c[ c] c[ c] c
}
</pre><p>
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<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Changing beam knee gap</h2>
<p>Kneed beams are inserted automatically when a large gap is detected
between the note heads. This behavior can be tuned through the
<code>auto-knee-gap</code> property. A kneed beam is drawn if the gap is
larger than the value of <code>auto-knee-gap</code> plus the width of the
beam object (which depends on the duration of the notes and the slope
of the beam). By default <code>auto-knee-gap</code> is set to 5.5 staff
spaces.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">{
f8 f''8 f8 f''8
\override Beam #'auto-knee-gap = #6
f8 f''8 f8 f''8
}
</pre><p>
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Changing form of multi-measure rests</h2>
<p>If there are ten or fewer measures of rests, a series of longa
and breve rests (called in German "Kirchenpausen" - church rests)
is printed within the staff; otherwise a simple line is shown.
This default number of ten may be changed by overriding the
<code>expand-limit</code> property:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\compressFullBarRests
R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9
\override MultiMeasureRest #'expand-limit = #3
R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../c1/lily-7ffe83b8.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../c1/lily-7ffe83b8.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Changing text and spanner styles for text dynamics</h2>
<p>The text used for crescendos and decrescendos can be changed by
modifying the context properties <code>crescendoText</code> and
<code>decrescendoText</code>. The style of the spanner line can be
changed by modifying the <code>'style</code> property of
<code>DynamicTextSpanner</code>. The default value is <code>'hairpin</code>,
and other possible values include <code>'line</code>, <code>'dashed-line</code>
and <code>'dotted-line</code>:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\set crescendoText = \markup { \italic { cresc. poco } }
\set crescendoSpanner = #'text
\override DynamicTextSpanner #'style = #'dotted-line
a2\< a
a2 a
a2 a
a2 a\mf
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../47/lily-3822f5ed.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../47/lily-3822f5ed.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="changing-the-time-signature-without-affecting-the-beaming.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Changing the time signature without affecting the beaming</h2>
<p>The <code>\time</code> command sets the properties
<code>timeSignatureFraction</code>, <code>beatLength</code>, <code>beatGrouping</code>
and <code>measureLength</code> in the <code>Timing</code> context, which is
normally aliased to <code>Score</code>. Changing the value of
<code>timeSignatureFraction</code> causes the new time signature symbol to be
printed without changing any of the other properties:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\time 3/4
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
% Change time signature symbol but keep 3/4 beaming
% due to unchanged underlying time signature
\set Score.timeSignatureFraction = #'(12 . 16)
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
\time 12/16
% Lose 3/4 beaming now \time has been changed
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../ef/lily-d6f22841.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../ef/lily-d6f22841.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="changing-the-tuplet-number.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Changing the tuplet number</h2>
<p>By default, only the numerator of the tuplet number is printed over the
tuplet bracket, i.e., the denominator of the argument to the
<code>\times</code> command. Alternatively, num:den of the tuplet number may
be printed, or the tuplet number may be suppressed altogether.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\times 2/3 { c8 c c }
\times 2/3 { c8 c c }
\override TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
\times 2/3 { c8 c c }
\override TupletNumber #'stencil = ##f
\times 2/3 { c8 c c }
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../37/lily-97495b9c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../37/lily-97495b9c.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="changing-time-signatures-inside-a-polymetric-section-using-scaledurations.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Changing time signatures inside a polymetric section using <code>\scaleDurations</code></h2>
<p>The <code>measureLength</code> property, together with
<code>measurePosition</code>, determines when a bar line is needed. However,
when using <code>\scaleDurations</code>, the scaling of durations makes it
difficult to change time signatures. In this case, <code>measureLength</code>
should be set manually, using the <code>ly:make-moment</code> callback. The
second argument must be the same as the second argument of
<code>\scaleDurations</code>.
</p><pre class="verbatim">\layout {
\context {
\Score
\remove "Timing_translator"
\remove "Default_bar_line_engraver"
}
\context {
\Staff
\consists "Timing_translator"
\consists "Default_bar_line_engraver"
}
}
<<
\new Staff {
\scaleDurations #'(8 . 5) {
\time 6/8
\set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 6 5)
b8 b b b b b
\time 2/4
\set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 4 5)
b4 b
}
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
\time 2/4
c2 d e f
}
>>
</pre><p>
<a href="../4c/lily-c6b5eb83.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../4c/lily-c6b5eb83.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="chant-or-psalms-notation.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Chant or psalms notation</h2>
<p>This form of notation is used for the chant of the Psalms, where verses
aren’t always the same length.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">stemOn = { \revert Staff.Stem #'transparent }
stemOff = { \override Staff.Stem #'transparent = ##t }
\score {
\new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" }
{
\key g \minor
\cadenzaOn
\stemOff a'\breve bes'4 g'4
\stemOn a'2 \bar "||"
\stemOff a'\breve g'4 a'4
\stemOn f'2 \bar "||"
\stemOff a'\breve^\markup { \italic flexe }
\stemOn g'2 \bar "||"
}
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../3d/lily-a3f497c2.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../3d/lily-a3f497c2.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="compound-time-signatures.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Compound time signatures</h2>
<p>Odd 20th century time signatures (such as "5/8") can often be played
as compound time signatures (e.g. "3/8 + 2/8"), which combine two or
more inequal metrics. LilyPond can make such music quite easy to read
and play, by explicitly printing the compound time signatures and
adapting the automatic beaming behavior. (Graphic measure grouping
indications can also be added; see the appropriate snippet in this
database.)
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">#(define ((compound-time one two num) grob)
(grob-interpret-markup grob
(markup #:override '(baseline-skip . 0) #:number
(#:line (
(#:column (one num))
#:vcenter "+"
(#:column (two num))))
)))
\relative c' {
\override Staff.TimeSignature #'stencil = #(compound-time "2" "3" "8")
\time 5/8
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 5 8) 1 4)
c8 d e fis gis
c8 fis, gis e d
c8 d e4 gis8
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../4a/lily-ff49dfc0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../4a/lily-ff49dfc0.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="conducting-signs,-measure-grouping-signs.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Conducting signs, measure grouping signs</h2>
<p>Options to group beats within a bar are available through the Scheme
function <code>set-time-signature</code>, which takes three arguments: the
number of beats, the beat length, and the internal grouping of beats in
the measure. If the <code>Measure_grouping_engraver</code> is included, the
function will also create <code>MeasureGrouping</code> signs. Such signs
ease reading rhythmically complex modern music. In the example, the
9/8 measure is subdivided in 2, 2, 2 and 3. This is passed to
<code>set-time-signature</code> as the third argument: <code>'(2 2 2 3)</code>:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\score {
\relative c'' {
#(set-time-signature 9 8 '(2 2 2 3))
#(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 9 8) 3 8)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 9 8) 1 4)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 9 8) 2 4)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end 1 8 9 8) 3 4)
g8 g d d g g a( bes g) |
#(set-time-signature 5 8 '(3 2))
a4. g4
}
\layout {
\context {
\Staff
\consists "Measure_grouping_engraver"
}
}
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../7e/lily-af099721.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../7e/lily-af099721.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="controlling-tuplet-bracket-visibility.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Controlling tuplet bracket visibility</h2>
<p>The default behavior of tuplet-bracket visibility is to print a bracket
unless there is a beam of the same length as the tuplet. To control the
visibility of tuplet brackets, set the property
<code>'bracket-visibility</code> to either <code>#t</code> (always print a
bracket), <code>#f</code> (never print a bracket) or <code>#'if-no-beam</code>
(only print a bracket if there is no beam).
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">music = \relative c'' {
\times 2/3 { c16[ d e } f8]
\times 2/3 { c8 d e }
\times 2/3 { c4 d e }
}
\new Voice {
\relative c' {
<< \music s4^"default" >>
\override TupletBracket #'bracket-visibility = #'if-no-beam
<< \music s4^"'if-no-beam" >>
\override TupletBracket #'bracket-visibility = ##t
<< \music s4^"#t" >>
\override TupletBracket #'bracket-visibility = ##f
<< \music s4^"#f" >>
}
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../6b/lily-96333d96.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../6b/lily-96333d96.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="engraving-ties-manually.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Engraving ties manually</h2>
<p>Ties may be engraved manually by changing the <code>tie-configuration</code>
property of the <code>TieColumn</code> object. The first number indicates the
distance from the center of the staff in staff-spaces, and the second
number indicates the direction (1 = up, -1 = down).
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c' {
<c e g>2 ~ <c e g>
\override TieColumn #'tie-configuration =
#'((0.0 . 1) (-2.0 . 1) (-4.0 . 1))
<c e g> ~ <c e g>
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../cc/lily-b05198be.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../cc/lily-b05198be.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one--times-command.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Entering several tuplets using only one \times command</h2>
<p>The property <code>tupletSpannerDuration</code> sets how long each of the
tuplets contained within the brackets after <code>\times</code> should last.
Many consecutive tuplets can then be placed within a single
<code>\times</code> expression, thus saving typing.
</p>
<p>In the example, two triplets are shown, while <code>\times</code> was
entered only once.
</p>
<p>For more information about <code>make-moment</code>, see "Time
administration".
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c' {
\time 2/4
\set tupletSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
\times 2/3 { c8 c c c c c }
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../96/lily-96fa48e0.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../96/lily-96fa48e0.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="flat-flags-and-beam-nibs.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Flat flags and beam nibs</h2>
<p> Flat flags on lone notes and beam nibs at the ends of beamed figures
are both possible with a combination of <code>stemLeftBeamCount</code>,
<code>stemRightBeamCount</code> and paired <code>[]</code> beam indicators.
</p>
<p>For right-pointing flat flags on lone notes, use paired <code>[]</code> beam
indicators and set <code>stemLeftBeamCount</code> to zero (see Example 1).
</p>
<p>For left-pointing flat flags, set <code>stemRightBeamCount</code> instead
(Example 2).
</p>
<p>For right-pointing nibs at the end of a run of beamed notes, set
<code>stemRightBeamCount</code> to a positive value. And for left-pointing
nibs at the start of a run of beamed notes, set
<code>stemLeftBeamCount</code> instead (Example 3).
</p>
<p>Sometimes it may make sense for a lone note surrounded by rests to
carry both a left- and right-pointing flat flag. Do this with paired
<code>[]</code> beam indicators alone (Example 4).
</p>
<p>(Note that <code>\set stemLeftBeamCount</code> is always equivalent to
<code>\once \set</code>. In other words, the beam count settings are not
"sticky", so the pair of flat flags attached to the lone
<code>c'16[]</code> in the last example have nothing to do with the
<code>\set</code> two notes prior.)
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\score {
<<
% Example 1
\new RhythmicStaff {
\set stemLeftBeamCount = #0
c16[]
r8.
}
% Example 2
\new RhythmicStaff {
r8.
\set stemRightBeamCount = #0
c16[]
}
% Example 3
\new RhythmicStaff {
c16 c
\set stemRightBeamCount = #2
c16 r r
\set stemLeftBeamCount = #2
c16 c c
}
% Example 4
\new RhythmicStaff {
c16 c
\set stemRightBeamCount = #2
c16 r
c16[]
r16
\set stemLeftBeamCount = #2
c16 c
}
>>
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../29/lily-6ef29dcc.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../29/lily-6ef29dcc.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="forcing-rehearsal-marks-to-start-from-a-given-letter-or-number.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Forcing rehearsal marks to start from a given letter or number</h2>
<p>This snippet demonstrates how to obtain automatic ordered rehearsal
marks, but from the letter or number desired.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c''{
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark #14
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
\break
\set Score.markFormatter = #format-mark-numbers
c1 \mark #1
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark #14
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
c1 \mark \default
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../1e/lily-13740ba3.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../1e/lily-13740ba3.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="grouping-beats.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Grouping beats</h2>
<p>Beaming patterns may be altered with the <code>beatGrouping</code> property:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\time 5/16
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 5 16) 5 16)
\set beatGrouping = #'(2 3)
c8^"(2+3)" c16 c8
\set beatGrouping = #'(3 2)
c8^"(3+2)" c16 c8
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../bc/lily-858e2ad6.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../bc/lily-858e2ad6.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="guitar-strum-rhythms.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Guitar strum rhythms</h2>
<p>For guitar music, it is possible to show strum rhythms, along
with melody notes, chord names, and fret diagrams.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly"
<<
\new ChordNames {
\chordmode {
c1 f g c
}
}
\new FretBoards {
\chordmode {
c1 f g c
}
}
\new Voice \with {
\consists "Pitch_squash_engraver"
} {
\relative c'' {
\improvisationOn
c4 c8 c c4 c8 c
f4 f8 f f4 f8 f
g4 g8 g g4 g8 g
c4 c8 c c4 c8 c
}
}
\new Voice = "melody" {
\relative c'' {
c2 e4 e4
f2. r4
g2. a4
e4 c2.
}
}
\new Lyrics {
\lyricsto "melody" {
This is my song.
I like to sing.
}
}
>>
</pre><p>
<a href="../35/lily-3776fff5.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../35/lily-3776fff5.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="heavily-customized-polymetric-time-signatures.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Heavily customized polymetric time signatures</h2>
<p>Though the polymetric time signature shown was not the most essential
item here, it has been included to show the beat of this piece (which
is the template of a real Balkan song!).
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">#(define plus (markup #:vcenter "+"))
#(define ((custom-time-signature one two three four five six
seven eight nine ten eleven num) grob)
(grob-interpret-markup grob
(markup #:override '(baseline-skip . 0) #:number
(#:line (
(#:column (one num)) plus
(#:column (two num)) plus
(#:column (three num)) plus
(#:column (four num)) plus
(#:column (five num)) plus
(#:column (six num)) plus
(#:column (seven num)) plus
(#:column (eight num)) plus
(#:column (nine num)) plus
(#:column (ten num)) plus
(#:column (eleven num))))
)))
melody = \relative c'' {
\set Staff.instrumentName = #"Bb Sop."
\key g \major
#(set-time-signature 25 8 '(3 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2))
\override Staff.TimeSignature #'stencil =
#(custom-time-signature "3" "2" "2" "3" "2" "2"
"2" "2" "3" "2" "2" "8")
c8 c c d4 c8 c b c b a4 g fis8 e d c b' c d e4-^ fis8 g \break
c,4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4
c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 \break
c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4
c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 \break
}
drum = \new DrumStaff \drummode {
\bar "|:" bd4.^\markup { "Drums" } sn4 bd \bar ":" sn4.
bd4 sn \bar ":" bd sn bd4. sn4 bd \bar ":|"
}
{
\melody
\drum
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../33/lily-61dbd582.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../33/lily-61dbd582.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="making-an-object-invisible-with-the-transparent-property.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Making an object invisible with the transparent property</h2>
<p>Setting the <code>'transparent</code> property will cause an object to be
printed in "invisible ink": the object is not printed, but all its
other behavior is retained. The object still takes up space, it takes
part in collisions, and slurs, ties and beams can be attached to it.
</p>
<p>This snippet demonstrates how to connect different voices using ties.
Normally, ties only connect two notes in the same voice. By
introducing a tie in a different voice, and blanking the first up-stem
in that voice, the tie appears to cross voices. To prevent the blanked stem’s
flag from interfering with tie positioning, the stem is extended.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\time 2/4
<<
{
\once \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
\once \override Stem #'length = #8
b8 ~ b\noBeam
\once \override Stem #'transparent = ##t
\once \override Stem #'length = #8
g8 ~ g\noBeam
}
\\
{
b8 g g e
}
>>
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../a7/lily-e897d41a.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../a7/lily-e897d41a.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="manually-controlling-beam-positions.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Manually controlling beam positions</h2>
<p>Beam positions may be controlled manually, by overriding the
<code>positions</code> setting of the <code>Beam</code> grob.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c' {
\time 2/4
% from upper staff-line (position 2) to center (position 0)
\override Beam #'positions = #'(2 . 0)
c8 c
% from center to one above center (position 1)
\override Beam #'positions = #'(0 . 1)
c8 c
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../79/lily-dacad895.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../79/lily-dacad895.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="merging-multi-measure-rests-in-a-polyphonic-part.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Merging multi-measure rests in a polyphonic part</h2>
<p>When using multi-measure rests in a polyphonic staff, the rests will be
placed differently depending on the voice they belong to. However they
can be printed on the same staff line, using the following setting.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">normalPos = \revert MultiMeasureRest #'staff-position
{
<<
{
c''1
R1
c''1
\normalPos
R1
}
\\
{
c'1
R1
c'1
\normalPos
R1
}
>>
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../08/lily-68e1eb83.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../08/lily-68e1eb83.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="modifying-tuplet-bracket-length.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Modifying tuplet bracket length</h2>
<p>Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the next
note. Default tuplet brackets end at the right edge of the final note
of the tuplet; full-length tuplet brackets extend farther to the right,
either to cover all the non-rhythmic notation up to the following note,
or to cover only the whitespace before the next item of notation, be
that a clef, time signature, key signature, or another note. The
example shows how to switch tuplets to full length mode and how to
modify what material they cover.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\new RhythmicStaff {
% Set tuplets to be extendable...
\set tupletFullLength = ##t
% ...to cover all items up to the next note
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##t
\time 2/4
\times 2/3 { c4 c c }
% ...or to cover just whitespace
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##f
\time 4/4
\times 4/5 { c4 c1 }
\time 3/4
c2.
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../49/lily-54733385.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../49/lily-54733385.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="multi--measure-rest-markup.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Multi-measure rest markup</h2>
<p>Markups attached to a multi-measure rest will be
centered above or below it. Long markups attached to multi-measure
rests do not cause the measure to expand. To expand a multi-measure
rest to fit the markup, use a spacer rest with an attached markup
before the multi-measure rest.
</p>
<p>Note that the spacer rest causes a bar line to be inserted. Text attached
to a spacer rest in this way is left-aligned to the position where
the note would be placed in the measure, but if the measure length is
determined by the length of the text, the text will appear to be
centered.
</p><pre class="verbatim">\relative c' {
\compressFullBarRests
\textLengthOn
s1*0^\markup { [MAJOR GENERAL] }
R1*19
s1*0_\markup { \italic { Cue: ... it is yours } }
s1*0^\markup { A }
R1*30^\markup { [MABEL] }
\textLengthOff
c4^\markup { CHORUS } d f c
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../04/lily-203f978c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../04/lily-203f978c.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="permitting-line-breaks-within-beamed-tuplets.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Permitting line breaks within beamed tuplets</h2>
<p>This artificial example shows how both manual and automatic line breaks
may be permitted to within a beamed tuplet. Note that such off-beat
tuplets have to be beamed manually.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\layout {
\context {
\Voice
% Permit line breaks within tuplets
\remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver"
% Allow beams to be broken at line breaks
\override Beam #'breakable = ##t
}
}
\relative c'' {
a8
\repeat unfold 5 { \times 2/3 { c[ b a] } }
% Insert a manual line break within a tuplet
\times 2/3 { c[ b \bar "" \break a] }
\repeat unfold 5 { \times 2/3 { c[ b a] } }
c8
}
</pre><p>
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<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../93/lily-475a7b5a.png"
alt="[image of music]">
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</p>
<a name="positioning-multi--measure-rests.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
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<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Positioning multi-measure rests</h2>
<p>Unlike ordinary rests, there is no predefined command
to change the staff position of a multi-measure
rest symbol of either form by attaching it to a note. However,
in polyphonic music multi-measure rests in odd-numbered and
even-numbered voices are vertically separated. The positioning
of multi-measure rests can be controlled as follows:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
% Multi-measure rests by default are set under the second line
R1
% They can be moved with an override
\override MultiMeasureRest #'staff-position = #-2
R1
% A value of 0 is the default position;
% the following trick moves the rest to the center line
\override MultiMeasureRest #'staff-position = #-0.01
R1
% Multi-measure rests in odd-numbered voices are under the top line
<< { R1 } \\ { a1 } >>
% Multi-measure rests in even-numbered voices are under the bottom line
<< { c1 } \\ { R1 } >>
% They remain separated even in empty measures
<< { R1 } \\ { R1 } >>
% This brings them together even though there are two voices
\compressFullBarRests
<<
\revert MultiMeasureRest #'staff-position
{ R1*3 }
\\
\revert MultiMeasureRest #'staff-position
{ R1*3 }
>>
}
</pre><p>
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<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../da/lily-602d8853.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="printing-metronome-and-rehearsal-marks-below-the-staff.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Printing metronome and rehearsal marks below the staff</h2>
<p>By default, metronome and rehearsal marks are printed above the staff.
To place them below the staff simply set the <code>direction</code> property
of <code>MetronomeMark</code> or <code>RehearsalMark</code> appropriately.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\layout { ragged-right = ##f }
{
% Metronome marks below the staff
\override Score.MetronomeMark #'direction = #DOWN
\tempo 8. = 120
c''1
% Rehearsal marks below the staff
\override Score.RehearsalMark #'direction = #DOWN
\mark \default
c''1
}
</pre><p>
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<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../b3/lily-cf262fe9.png"
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Printing music with different time signatures</h2>
<p>In the following snippet, two parts have a completely different time
signature, yet remain synchronized. The bar lines can no longer be
printed at the <code>Score</code> level; to allow independent bar lines in
each part, the <code>Default_barline_engraver</code> and
<code>Timing_translator</code> are moved from the <code>Score</code> context to the
<code>Staff</code> context.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\paper {
indent = #0
ragged-right = ##t
}
global = { \time 3/4 { s2.*3 } \bar "" \break { s2.*3 } }
\layout {
\context {
\Score
\remove "Timing_translator"
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
\remove "Default_bar_line_engraver"
\override SpacingSpanner #'uniform-stretching = ##t
\override SpacingSpanner #'strict-note-spacing = ##t
proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 64)
}
\context {
\Staff
\consists "Timing_translator"
\consists "Default_bar_line_engraver"
\consists "Time_signature_engraver"
}
\context {
\Voice
\remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver"
tupletFullLength = ##t
}
}
Bassklarinette = \new Staff <<
\global {
\bar "|"
\clef treble
\time 3/8
d''4.
\bar "|"
\time 3/4
r8 des''2( c''8)
\bar "|"
\time 7/8
r4. ees''2 ~
\bar "|"
\time 2/4
\tupletUp
\times 2/3 { ees''4 r4 d''4 ~ }
\bar "|"
\time 3/8
\tupletUp
\times 3/4 { d''4 r4 }
\bar "|"
\time 2/4
e''2
\bar "|"
\time 3/8
es''4.
\bar "|"
\time 3/4
r8 d''2 r8
\bar "|"
}
>>
Perkussion = \new StaffGroup <<
\new Staff <<
\global {
\bar "|"
\clef percussion
\time 3/4
r4 c'2 ~
\bar "|"
c'2.
\bar "|"
R2.
\bar "|"
r2 g'4 ~
\bar "|"
g'2. ~
\bar "|"
g'2.
}
>>
\new Staff <<
\global {
\bar "|"
\clef percussion
\time 3/4
R2.
\bar "|"
g'2. ~
\bar "|"
g'2.
\bar "|"
r4 g'2 ~
\bar "|"
g'2 r4
\bar "|"
g'2.
}
>>
>>
\score {
<<
\Bassklarinette
\Perkussion
>>
}
</pre><p>
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<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../50/lily-74ab8736.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="rest-styles.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Rest styles</h2>
<p>Rests may be used in various styles.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\layout {
indent = 0.0
\context {
\Staff
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
}
}
\new Staff \relative c {
\cadenzaOn
\override Staff.Rest #'style = #'mensural
r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { mensural }
r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128
\bar ""
\override Staff.Rest #'style = #'neomensural
r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { neomensural }
r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128
\bar ""
\override Staff.Rest #'style = #'classical
r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { classical }
r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128
\bar ""
\override Staff.Rest #'style = #'default
r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { default }
r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../96/lily-5dba928c.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../96/lily-5dba928c.png"
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</p>
<a name="reverting-default-beam-endings.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Reverting default beam endings</h2>
<p>To typeset beams grouped <code>3-4-3-2</code> in 12/8 it is necessary first
to override the default beam endings in 12/8, and then to set up the
new beaming endings:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\time 12/8
% Default beaming
a8 a a a a a a a a a a a
% Revert default values in scm/auto-beam.scm for 12/8 time
#(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 3 8)
#(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 3 4)
#(revert-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 9 8)
a8 a a a a a a a a a a a
% Set new values for beam endings
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 3 8)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 7 8)
#(override-auto-beam-setting '(end * * 12 8) 10 8)
a8 a a a a a a a a a a a
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../57/lily-b93680a1.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../57/lily-b93680a1.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="rhythmic-slashes.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Rhythmic slashes</h2>
<p>In "simple" lead-sheets, sometimes no actual notes are written,
instead only "rhythmic patterns" and chords above the measures are
notated giving the structure of a song. Such a feature is for example
useful while creating/transcribing the structure of a song and also
when sharing lead sheets with guitarists or jazz musicians. The
standard support for this using <code>\repeat percent</code> is unsuitable
here since the first beat has to be an ordinary note or rest. This
example shows two solutions to this problem, by redefining ordinary
rests to be printed as slashes. (If the duration of each beat is not a
quarter note, replace the <code>r4</code> in the definitions with a rest of
the appropriate duration).
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">% Macro to print single slash
rs = {
\once \override Rest #'stencil = #ly:percent-repeat-item-interface::beat-slash
\once \override Rest #'thickness = #0.48
\once \override Rest #'slope = #1.7
r4
}
% Function to print a specified number of slashes
comp = #(define-music-function (parser location count) ( integer?)
#{
\override Rest #'stencil = #ly:percent-repeat-item-interface::beat-slash
\override Rest #'thickness = #0.48
\override Rest #'slope = #1.7
\repeat unfold $count { r4 }
\revert Rest #'stencil
#}
)
\score {
\relative c' {
c4 d e f |
\rs \rs \rs \rs |
\comp #4 |
}
}
</pre><p>
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<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Skips in lyric mode (2)</h2>
<p>Although <code>s</code> skips cannot be used in <code>\lyricmode</code> (it is
taken to be a literal "s", not a space), double quotes (<code>""</code>)
or underscores (<code>_</code>) are available.So for example:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim"><<
\relative c'' { a4 b c d }
\new Lyrics \lyricmode { a4 "" _ gap }
>>
</pre><p>
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<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Skips in lyric mode</h2>
<p>The <code>s</code> syntax for skips is only available in note mode and chord
mode. In other situations, for example, when entering lyrics, using the
<code>\skip</code> command is recommended.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim"><<
\relative { a'1 a }
\new Lyrics \lyricmode { \skip 1 bla1 }
>>
</pre><p>
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<img align="middle"
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src="../c5/lily-7a460f77.png"
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<a name="specifying-context-with-beatgrouping.ly"></a>
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Specifying context with beatGrouping</h2>
<p>By specifying the context, the effect of <code>beatGrouping</code> can be
limited to the context specified, and the values which may have
been set in higher-level contexts can be overridden. The
<code>\set</code> commands must be placed <em>after</em> all <code>\time</code>
commands:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\score {
\new Staff <<
\time 7/8
\new Voice {
\relative c'' {
\set Staff.beatGrouping = #'(2 3 2)
a8 a a a a a a
}
}
\new Voice {
\relative c' {
\voiceTwo
\set beatGrouping = #'(1 3 3)
f8 f f f f f f
}
}
>>
}
</pre><p>
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Stemlets</h2>
<p>In some notational conventions beams are allowed to extend over rests.
Depending on preference, these beams may drop ’stemlets’ to help the
eye appreciate the rhythm better, and in some modern music the rest
itself is omitted and only the stemlet remains.
</p>
<p>This snippet shows a progression from traditional notation, to beams
over the rest, to stemlets over the rest, to stemlets alone. Stemlets
are generated by overriding the <code>'stemlet-length</code> property of
<code>Stem</code>, while rests are hidden by setting <code>'transparent =
##t</code>.
</p>
<p>Some <code>\markup</code> elements are included in the source to highlight
the different notations.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\paper { ragged-right = ##f }
{
c'16^\markup { traditional } d' r f'
g'16[^\markup { beams over rests } f' r d']
% N.B. use Score.Stem to set for the whole score.
\override Staff.Stem #'stemlet-length = #0.75
c'16[^\markup { stemlets over rests } d' r f']
g'16[^\markup { stemlets and no rests } f' \once \override Rest #'transparent = ##t r d']
}
</pre><p>
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<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../f5/lily-68ff7b1f.png"
alt="[image of music]">
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</p>
<a name="sub-dividing-beams.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Sub-dividing beams</h2>
<p>The beams of consecutive 16th (or shorter) notes are, by default, not
sub-divided. That is, the three (or more) beams stretch unbroken over
entire groups of notes. This behavior can be modified to sub-divide
the beams into sub-groups by setting the property
<code>subdivideBeams</code>. When set, multiple beams will be sub-divided at
intervals defined by the current value of <code>beatLength</code> by reducing
the multiple beams to just one beam between the sub-groups. Note that
<code>beatLength</code> defaults to one over the denominator of the current
time signature if not set explicitly. It must be set to a fraction
giving the duration of the beam sub-group using the <code>make-moment</code>
function, as shown here:
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
c32[ c c c c c c c]
\set subdivideBeams = ##t
c32[ c c c c c c c]
% Set beam sub-group length to an eighth note
\set beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 8)
c32[ c c c c c c c]
% Set beam sub-group length to a sixteenth note
\set beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
c32[ c c c c c c c]
}
</pre><p>
<a href="../9c/lily-e350c214.ly">
<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../9c/lily-e350c214.png"
alt="[image of music]">
</a>
</p>
<a name="three-sided-box.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Three-sided box</h2>
<p>This example shows how to add a markup command to get a three sided box
around some text (or other markup).
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">% New command to add a three sided box, with sides north, west and south
% Based on the box-stencil command defined in scm/stencil.scm
% Note that ";" is used to comment a line in Scheme
#(define-public (NWS-box-stencil stencil thickness padding)
"Add a box around STENCIL, producing a new stencil."
(let* ((x-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil 0) padding))
(y-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil 1) padding))
(y-rule (make-filled-box-stencil (cons 0 thickness) y-ext))
(x-rule (make-filled-box-stencil
(interval-widen x-ext thickness) (cons 0 thickness))))
; (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X 1 y-rule padding))
(set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X -1 y-rule padding))
(set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y 1 x-rule 0.0))
(set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y -1 x-rule 0.0))
stencil))
% The corresponding markup command, based on the \box command defined
% in scm/define-markup-commands.scm
#(define-markup-command (NWS-box layout props arg) (markup?)
"Draw a box round @var{arg}. Looks at @code{thickness},
@code{box-padding} and @code{font-size} properties to determine line
thickness and padding around the markup."
(let* ((th (chain-assoc-get 'thickness props 0.1))
(size (chain-assoc-get 'font-size props 0))
(pad (* (magstep size)
(chain-assoc-get 'box-padding props 0.2)))
(m (interpret-markup layout props arg)))
(NWS-box-stencil m th pad)))
% Test it:
\layout { ragged-right = ##f }
\relative c' {
c2^\markup { \NWS-box ABCD }
c2^\markup { \NWS-box \note #"4" #1.0 }
}
</pre><p>
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<img align="middle"
border="0"
src="../30/lily-cd49b784.png"
alt="[image of music]">
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</p>
<a name="using-beatlength-and-beatgrouping.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
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<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Using beatLength and beatGrouping</h2>
<p>The property <code>measureLength</code> determines where bar lines
should be inserted and, with <code>beatLength</code> and
<code>beatGrouping</code>, how automatic beams should be generated
for beam durations and time signatures for which no beam-ending
rules are defined. This example shows several ways of controlling
beaming by setting these properties. The explanations are shown
as comments in the code.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c'' {
\time 3/4
% The default in 3/4 time is to beam in three groups
% each of a quarter note length
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
\time 12/16
% No auto-beaming is defined for 12/16
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
\time 3/4
% Change time signature symbol, but retain underlying 3/4 beaming
\set Score.timeSignatureFraction = #'(12 . 16)
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
% The 3/4 time default grouping of (1 1 1) and beatLength of 1/8
% are not consistent with a measureLength of 3/4, so the beams
% are grouped at beatLength intervals
\set Score.beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 8)
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
% Specify beams in groups of (3 3 2 3) 1/16th notes
% 3+3+2+3=11, and 11*1/16<>3/4, so beatGrouping does not apply,
% and beams are grouped at beatLength (1/16) intervals
\set Score.beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
\set Score.beatGrouping = #'(3 3 2 3)
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
% Specify beams in groups of (3 4 2 3) 1/16th notes
% 3+4+2+3=12, and 12*1/16=3/4, so beatGrouping applies
\set Score.beatLength = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
\set Score.beatGrouping = #'(3 4 2 3)
a16 a a a a a a a a a a a
}
</pre><p>
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border="0"
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</p>
<a name="using-ties-with-arpeggios.ly"></a>
<hr size="6">
<a name="Rhythms"></a>
<table class="nav_table">
<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Expressive marks > </a>]</td></tr></table>
<h2 class="unnumberedsec">Using ties with arpeggios</h2>
<p>Ties are sometimes used to write out arpeggios. In this case, two tied
notes need not be consecutive. This can be achieved by setting the
<code>tieWaitForNote</code> property to <code>#t</code>. The same feature is also
useful, for example, to tie a tremolo to a chord, but in principle, it
can also be used for ordinary consecutive notes.
</p>
<pre class="verbatim">\relative c' {
\set tieWaitForNote = ##t
\grace { c16[ ~ e ~ g] ~ } <c, e g>2
\repeat tremolo 8 { c32 ~ c' ~ } <c c,>1
e8 ~ c ~ a ~ f ~ <e' c a f>2
\tieUp
c8 ~ a
\tieDown
\tieDotted
g8 ~ c g2
}
</pre><p>
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src="../ae/lily-8907ef29.png"
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<tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Beginning of this chapter or previous chapter"> << Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="3">[<a href="index.html#Top" title="Cover (top) of document" rel="start">Top</a>][<a href="index_toc.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][Index][<a href="index_abt.html#SEC_About" title="About (help)" rel="help"> ? </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="1">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next chapter"> Expressive marks >> </a>]</td></tr><tr><td valign="middle" align="left" colspan="2">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Previous section in reading order" accesskey="p" rel="previous"> < </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="center" colspan="1">[<a href="#Rhythms" title="Up section" accesskey="u" rel="up"> Up : Rhythms </a>]</td><td valign="middle" align="right" colspan="2">[<a href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks" title="Next section in reading order" accesskey="n" rel="next"> Expressive marks > </a>]</td></tr></table>
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<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Adding-drum-parts-1" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Adding drum parts</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Automatic-beam-subdivisions" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Automatic beam subdivisions</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Automatic-beams-two-per-two-in-4_002f4-or-2_002f2-time-signature" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Automatic beams two per two in 4/4 or 2/2 time signature</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Avoiding-collisions-with-chord-fingerings-1" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Avoiding collisions with chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Beam-endings-in-Score-context" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Beam endings in Score context</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Beam-grouping-in-7_002f8-time" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Beam grouping in 7/8 time</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Beams-across-line-breaks" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Beams across line breaks</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Changing-beam-knee-gap" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Changing beam knee gap</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Changing-form-of-multi_002dmeasure-rests-1" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Changing form of multi-measure rests</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Changing text and spanner styles for text dynamics</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Changing-the-time-signature-without-affecting-the-beaming" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Changing the time signature without affecting the beaming</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Changing-the-tuplet-number" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Changing the tuplet number</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Changing-time-signatures-inside-a-polymetric-section-using-_005cscaleDurations" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Changing time signatures inside a polymetric section using <code>\scaleDurations</code></a> </li>
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<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one-_005ctimes-command" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Entering several tuplets using only one \times command</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Flat-flags-and-beam-nibs" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Flat flags and beam nibs</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Forcing-rehearsal-marks-to-start-from-a-given-letter-or-number" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Forcing rehearsal marks to start from a given letter or number</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Grouping-beats" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Grouping beats</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Guitar-strum-rhythms" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Guitar strum rhythms</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Heavily-customized-polymetric-time-signatures" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Heavily customized polymetric time signatures</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Making-an-object-invisible-with-the-transparent-property-1" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Making an object invisible with the transparent property</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Manually-controlling-beam-positions" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Manually controlling beam positions</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Merging-multi_002dmeasure-rests-in-a-polyphonic-part" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Merging multi-measure rests in a polyphonic part</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Modifying-tuplet-bracket-length" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Modifying tuplet bracket length</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Multi_002dmeasure-rest-markup-1" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Multi-measure rest markup</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Permitting-line-breaks-within-beamed-tuplets" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Permitting line breaks within beamed tuplets</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Positioning-multi_002dmeasure-rests" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Positioning multi-measure rests</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Printing-metronome-and-rehearsal-marks-below-the-staff-2" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Printing metronome and rehearsal marks below the staff</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Printing-music-with-different-time-signatures" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Printing music with different time signatures</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Rest-styles-2" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Rest styles</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Reverting-default-beam-endings" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Reverting default beam endings</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Rhythmic-slashes" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Rhythmic slashes</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Skips-in-lyric-mode-_00282_0029" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Skips in lyric mode (2)</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Skips-in-lyric-mode" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Skips in lyric mode</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Specifying-context-with-beatGrouping" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Specifying context with beatGrouping</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Stemlets" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Stemlets</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Sub_002ddividing-beams" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Sub-dividing beams</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Three_002dsided-box" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Three-sided box</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Using-beatLength-and-beatGrouping" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Using beatLength and beatGrouping</a> </li>
<li class="toc_current"><a name="toc-Using-ties-with-arpeggios" href="Rhythms.html#Rhythms">Using ties with arpeggios</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Expressive-marks-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Expressive marks</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-beams_002c-slurs_002c-ties-etc_002e-when-using-tuplet-and-non_002dtuplet-rythms_002e" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rythms.</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adding-parentheses-around-an-expressive-mark-or-chordal-note" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Adding parentheses around an expressive mark or chordal note</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Adjusting the shape of falls and doits</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Breathing-signs" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Breathing signs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Broken-crescendo-hairpin" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Broken crescendo hairpin</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Caesura-_0028_0022railtracks_0022_0029-with-fermata-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Center-text-below-hairpin-dynamics" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Center text below hairpin dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-_005cflageolet-mark-size-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Changing \flageolet mark size</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Changing text and spanner styles for text dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-appearance-of-a-slur-from-solid-to-dotted-or-dashed-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-breath-mark-symbol" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Changing the breath mark symbol</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Combining-dynamics-with-markup-texts" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Combining dynamics with markup texts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Contemporary-glissando" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Contemporary glissando</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Controlling the vertical ordering of scripts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-a-delayed-turn-2" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating a delayed turn</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating arpeggios across notes in different voices</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-cross_002dstaff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating cross-staff arpeggios in a piano staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-cross_002dstaff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating cross-staff arpeggios in other contexts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-_0022real_0022-parenthesized-dynamics" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-simultaneous-rehearsal-marks" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating simultaneous rehearsal marks</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-slurs-across-voices-2" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating slurs across voices</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-text-spanners-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Creating text spanners</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Double-glissando" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Double glissando</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Hiding the extender line for text dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Horizontally-aligning-custom-dynamics-_0028e_002eg_002e-_0022sempre-pp_0022_002c-_0022piu-f_0022_002c-_0022subito-p_0022_0029" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Inserting-a-caesura" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Inserting a caesura</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Laissez-vibrer-ties-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Laissez vibrer ties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Line-arrows" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Line arrows</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Modifying default values for articulation shorthand notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-centered-dynamics-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Piano template with centered dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs-1" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Positioning text markups inside slurs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Printing hairpins using al niente notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-metronome-and-rehearsal-marks-below-the-staff" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Printing metronome and rehearsal marks below the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Setting hairpin behavior at bar lines</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Setting the minimum length of hairpins</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Snap_002dpizzicato-markup-_0028_0022Bartok-pizzicato_0022_0029" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Snap-pizzicato markup ("Bartok pizzicato")</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Using double slurs for legato chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertically-aligning-dynamics-across-multiple-notes" href="Expressive-marks.html#Expressive-marks">Vertically aligning dynamics across multiple notes</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Repeats-1" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Repeats</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Adding volta brackets to additional staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Isolated-percent-repeats" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Isolated percent repeats</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Measure-counter-1" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Measure counter</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percent-repeat-count-visibility-1" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Percent repeat count visibility</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percent-repeat-counter" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Percent repeat counter</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Positioning-segno-and-coda-_0028with-line-break_0029" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Positioning segno and coda (with line break)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece-1" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Printing a repeat sign at the beginning of a piece</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Shortening-volta-brackets" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Shortening volta brackets</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Volta-under-chords-2" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Volta under chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Volta-multi_002dstaff-1" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Volta multi-staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Volta-text-markup-using-repeatCommands" href="Repeats.html#Repeats">Volta text markup using <code>repeatCommands</code></a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Simultaneous-notes-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Simultaneous notes</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Additional-voices-to-avoid-collisions" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Additional voices to avoid collisions</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-a-single-note_0027s-size-in-a-chord-2" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Changing a single note’s size in a chord</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-partcombine-texts" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Changing partcombine texts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Clusters" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Clusters</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Combining-two-parts-on-the-same-staff-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Combining two parts on the same staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Displaying-complex-chords-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Displaying complex chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Double-glissando-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Double glissando</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Forcing-horizontal-shift-of-notes-1" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Forcing horizontal shift of notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Suppressing-warnings-for-clashing-note-columns" href="Simultaneous-notes.html#Simultaneous-notes">Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Staff-notation-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Staff notation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-ambitus-per-voice-2" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Adding ambitus per voice</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adding-an-extra-staff-at-a-line-break" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Adding an extra staff at a line break</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adding-an-extra-staff-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Adding an extra staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-number-of-lines-in-a-staff" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Changing the number of lines in a staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-staff-size-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Changing the staff size</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-tempo-without-a-metronome-mark" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Changing the tempo without a metronome mark</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-blank-staves-2" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Creating blank staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-metronome-marks-in-markup-mode" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Creating metronome marks in markup mode</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a-system-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Display bracket with only one staff in a system</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Incipit" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Incipit</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Inserting-score-fragments-above-a-staff_002c-as-markups" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Inserting score fragments above a staff, as markups</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Letter-tablature-formatting-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Letter tablature formatting</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Making some staff lines thicker than the others</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Measure-counter" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Measure counter</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Mensurstriche-layout-_0028bar-lines-between-the-staves_0029" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Mensurstriche layout (bar lines between the staves)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Modern-TAB-text-clef-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Modern TAB text clef</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Nesting-staves-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Nesting staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Non_002dtraditional-key-signatures-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Non-traditional key signatures</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-metronome-and-rehearsal-marks-below-the-staff-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Printing metronome and rehearsal marks below the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Quoting-another-voice-with-transposition-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Quoting another voice with transposition</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Quoting-another-voice" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Quoting another voice</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Removing-the-first-empty-line-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Removing the first empty line</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Tick-bar-lines" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Tick bar lines</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Time-signature-in-parentheses" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Time signature in parentheses</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-clef-properties-2" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Tweaking clef properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Use-square-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Use square bracket at the start of a staff group</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Volta-under-chords-1" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Volta under chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Volta-multi_002dstaff" href="Staff-notation.html#Staff-notation">Volta multi-staff</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Editorial-annotations-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Editorial annotations</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-fingerings-to-a-score-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Adding fingerings to a score</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Allowing-fingerings-to-be-printed-inside-the-staff-2" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Allowing fingerings to be printed inside the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Analysis-brackets-above-the-staff-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Analysis brackets above the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Applying-note-head-styles-depending-on-the-step-of-the-scale-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Applying note head styles depending on the step of the scale</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Avoiding-collisions-with-chord-fingerings-2" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Avoiding collisions with chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Blanking-staff-lines-using-the-_005cwhiteout-command" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Blanking staff lines using the \whiteout command</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-a-single-note_0027s-size-in-a-chord-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Changing a single note’s size in a chord</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-appearance-of-a-slur-from-solid-to-dotted-or-dashed" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Coloring-notes-depending-on-their-pitch" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Coloring notes depending on their pitch</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings-3" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Controlling the placement of chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-a-delayed-turn-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Creating a delayed turn</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-blank-staves-3" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Creating blank staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Default-direction-of-stems-on-the-center-line-of-the-staff" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Default direction of stems on the center line of the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Embedding-native-PostScript-in-a-_005cmarkup-block" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Embedding native PostScript in a \markup block</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Grid-lines_003a-changing-their-appearance" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Grid lines: changing their appearance</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Grid-lines_003a-emphasizing-rhythms-and-notes-synchronization" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Grid lines: emphasizing rhythms and notes synchronization</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Making some staff lines thicker than the others</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Marking-notes-of-spoken-parts-with-a-cross-on-the-stem-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Marking notes of spoken parts with a cross on the stem</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Measure-counter-2" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Measure counter</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Positioning text markups inside slurs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-PostScript-to-generate-special-note-head-shapes-1" href="Editorial-annotations.html#Editorial-annotations">Using PostScript to generate special note head shapes</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Text-1" href="Text.html#Text">Text</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adjusting-lyrics-vertical-spacing-2" href="Text.html#Text">Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Aligning-and-centering-instrument-names-1" href="Text.html#Text">Aligning and centering instrument names</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Aligning-marks-with-various-notation-objects" href="Text.html#Text">Aligning marks with various notation objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Blanking-staff-lines-using-the-_005cwhiteout-command-1" href="Text.html#Text">Blanking staff lines using the \whiteout command</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Center-text-below-hairpin-dynamics-1" href="Text.html#Text">Center text below hairpin dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-default-text-font-family-1" href="Text.html#Text">Changing the default text font family</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Combining-dynamics-with-markup-texts-1" href="Text.html#Text">Combining dynamics with markup texts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Combining-two-parts-on-the-same-staff" href="Text.html#Text">Combining two parts on the same staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-_0022real_0022-parenthesized-dynamics-1" href="Text.html#Text">Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-simultaneous-rehearsal-marks-1" href="Text.html#Text">Creating simultaneous rehearsal marks</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-text-spanners-2" href="Text.html#Text">Creating text spanners</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Demonstrating-all-headers-1" href="Text.html#Text">Demonstrating all headers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Embedding-native-PostScript-in-a-_005cmarkup-block-1" href="Text.html#Text">Embedding native PostScript in a \markup block</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Formatting-lyrics-syllables-1" href="Text.html#Text">Formatting lyrics syllables</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-put-ties-between-syllables-in-lyrics" href="Text.html#Text">How to put ties between syllables in lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Lyrics-alignment-1" href="Text.html#Text">Lyrics alignment</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Markup-lines" href="Text.html#Text">Markup lines</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Multi_002dmeasure-rest-markup" href="Text.html#Text">Multi-measure rest markup</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ottava-text" href="Text.html#Text">Ottava text</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Outputting-the-version-number" href="Text.html#Text">Outputting the version number</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-centered-lyrics-1" href="Text.html#Text">Piano template with centered lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-marks-at-the-end-of-a-line-or-a-score" href="Text.html#Text">Printing marks at the end of a line or a score</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-marks-on-every-staff" href="Text.html#Text">Printing marks on every staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Stand_002dalone-two_002dcolumn-markup" href="Text.html#Text">Stand-alone two-column markup</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Three_002dsided-box-1" href="Text.html#Text">Three-sided box</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-UTF_002d8" href="Text.html#Text">UTF-8</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-with-lyrics-aligned-below-and-above-the-staves-1" href="Text.html#Text">Vocal ensemble template with lyrics aligned below and above the staves</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-music-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Vocal music</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-ambitus-per-voice" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Adding ambitus per voice</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adjusting-lyrics-vertical-spacing" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ambitus-with-multiple-voices" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Ambitus with multiple voices</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ambitus" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Ambitus</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-stanza-fonts" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Changing stanza fonts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Chant-or-psalms-notation-3" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Chant or psalms notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Formatting-lyrics-syllables" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Formatting lyrics syllables</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-put-ties-between-syllables-in-lyrics-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">How to put ties between syllables in lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Lyrics-alignment" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Lyrics alignment</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Marking-notes-of-spoken-parts-with-a-cross-on-the-stem" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Marking notes of spoken parts with a cross on the stem</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-melody-and-lyrics-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Piano template with melody and lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes_002c-lyrics_002c-and-chords-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Single staff template with notes, lyrics, and chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes_002c-lyrics_002c-chords-and-frets" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes-and-lyrics" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Single staff template with notes and lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Skips-in-lyric-mode-_00282_0029-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Skips in lyric mode (2)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Skips-in-lyric-mode-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Skips in lyric mode</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertically-aligning-ossias-and-lyrics" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Vertically aligning ossias and lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertically-centered-common-lyrics" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Vertically centered common lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-with-automatic-piano-reduction-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Vocal ensemble template with automatic piano reduction</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-with-lyrics-aligned-below-and-above-the-staves-2" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Vocal ensemble template with lyrics aligned below and above the staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-1" href="Vocal-music.html#Vocal-music">Vocal ensemble template</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Chords-1" href="Chords.html#Chords">Chords</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-a-figured-bass-above-or-below-the-notes-2" href="Chords.html#Chords">Adding a figured bass above or below the notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adding-bar-lines-to-ChordNames-context" href="Chords.html#Chords">Adding bar lines to ChordNames context</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Avoiding-collisions-with-chord-fingerings-3" href="Chords.html#Chords">Avoiding collisions with chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-chord-separator" href="Chords.html#Chords">Changing chord separator</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-chord-names-to-German-or-semi_002dGerman-notation" href="Chords.html#Chords">Changing the chord names to German or semi-German notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-positions-of-figured-bass-alterations" href="Chords.html#Chords">Changing the positions of figured bass alterations</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Chord-name-exceptions" href="Chords.html#Chords">Chord name exceptions</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-chord-name-major7" href="Chords.html#Chords">chord name major7</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Clusters-1" href="Chords.html#Chords">Clusters</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings" href="Chords.html#Chords">Controlling the placement of chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Displaying-complex-chords" href="Chords.html#Chords">Displaying complex chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Manually-break-figured-bass-extenders-for-only-some-numbers" href="Chords.html#Chords">Manually break figured bass extenders for only some numbers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Showing-chords-at-changes" href="Chords.html#Chords">Showing chords at changes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Simple-lead-sheet" href="Chords.html#Chords">Simple lead sheet</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes_002c-lyrics_002c-and-chords" href="Chords.html#Chords">Single staff template with notes, lyrics, and chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes_002c-lyrics_002c-chords-and-frets-2" href="Chords.html#Chords">Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes-and-chords-1" href="Chords.html#Chords">Single staff template with notes and chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Volta-under-chords" href="Chords.html#Chords">Volta under chords</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Keyboards-1" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Keyboards</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Accordion_002ddiscant-symbols" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Accordion-discant symbols</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Clusters-2" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Clusters</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings-2" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Controlling the placement of chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-slurs-across-voices" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Creating slurs across voices</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fine_002dtuning-pedal-brackets-1" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Fine-tuning pedal brackets</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Indicating-cross_002dstaff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Indicating cross-staff chords with arpeggio bracket</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-template-3" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Jazz combo template</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Laissez-vibrer-ties-2" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Laissez vibrer ties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-_0028simple_0029" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Piano template (simple)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-centered-dynamics-2" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Piano template with centered dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-centered-lyrics-2" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Piano template with centered lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-melody-and-lyrics-2" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Piano template with melody and lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-with-automatic-piano-reduction-2" href="Keyboards.html#Keyboards">Vocal ensemble template with automatic piano reduction</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Percussion-1" href="Percussion.html#Percussion">Percussion</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-drum-parts" href="Percussion.html#Percussion">Adding drum parts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Heavily-customized-polymetric-time-signatures-1" href="Percussion.html#Percussion">Heavily customized polymetric time signatures</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-template-1" href="Percussion.html#Percussion">Jazz combo template</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percussion-beaters" href="Percussion.html#Percussion">Percussion beaters</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-music-with-different-time-signatures-1" href="Percussion.html#Percussion">Printing music with different time signatures</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Fretted-strings-1" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Fretted strings</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-fingerings-to-a-score" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Adding fingerings to a score</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adding-fingerings-to-tablatures" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Adding fingerings to tablatures</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Allowing-fingerings-to-be-printed-inside-the-staff-1" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Allowing fingerings to be printed inside the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-placement-of-chord-fingerings-1" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Controlling the placement of chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Customizing-fretboard-fret-diagrams" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Customizing fretboard fret diagrams</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Customizing-markup-fret-diagrams-1" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Customizing markup fret diagrams</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Defining-predefined-fretboards-for-other-instruments" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Defining predefined fretboards for other instruments</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Faking-a-hammer-in-tablatures" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Faking a hammer in tablatures</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fingerings_002c-string-indications_002c-and-right_002dhand-fingerings" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Fingerings, string indications, and right-hand fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Flamenco-notation" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Flamenco notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fret-diagrams-explained-and-developed" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Fret diagrams explained and developed</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Guitar-strum-rhythms-1" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Guitar strum rhythms</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-change-fret-diagram-position-1" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">How to change fret diagram position</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-template-2" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Jazz combo template</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Laissez-vibrer-ties" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Laissez vibrer ties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Letter-tablature-formatting" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Letter tablature formatting</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Modern-TAB-text-clef" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Modern TAB text clef</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Placement-of-right_002dhand-fingerings" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Placement of right-hand fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Polyphony-in-tablature" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Polyphony in tablature</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Stem-and-beam-behavior-in-tablature" href="Fretted-strings.html#Fretted-strings">Stem and beam behavior in tablature</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Unfretted-strings-1" href="Unfretted-strings.html#Unfretted-strings">Unfretted strings</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Changing-_005cflageolet-mark-size" href="Unfretted-strings.html#Unfretted-strings">Changing \flageolet mark size</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-slurs-across-voices-1" href="Unfretted-strings.html#Unfretted-strings">Creating slurs across voices</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Dotted-harmonics-1" href="Unfretted-strings.html#Unfretted-strings">Dotted harmonics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Snap_002dpizzicato-markup-_0028_0022Bartok-pizzicato_0022_0029-1" href="Unfretted-strings.html#Unfretted-strings">Snap-pizzicato markup ("Bartok pizzicato")</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-String-quartet-template-_0028simple_0029" href="Unfretted-strings.html#Unfretted-strings">String quartet template (simple)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-String-quartet-template-with-separate-parts" href="Unfretted-strings.html#Unfretted-strings">String quartet template with separate parts</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Winds-1" href="Winds.html#Winds">Winds</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Flute-slap-notation" href="Winds.html#Winds">Flute slap notation</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-1" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Ancient notation</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-a-figured-bass-above-or-below-the-notes-1" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Adding a figured bass above or below the notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-fonts" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Ancient fonts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-template-_002d_002d-modern-transcription-of-gregorian-music-1" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Ancient notation template – modern transcription of gregorian music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-template-_002d_002d-modern-transcription-of-mensural-music" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Ancient notation template – modern transcription of mensural music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-time-signatures" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Ancient time signatures</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Chant-or-psalms-notation-1" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Chant or psalms notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Custodes" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Custodes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Incipit-1" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Incipit</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Mensurstriche-layout-_0028bar-lines-between-the-staves_0029-2" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Mensurstriche layout (bar lines between the staves)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Rest-styles" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Rest styles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Transcription-of-Ancient-music-with-incipit-1" href="Ancient-notation.html#Ancient-notation">Transcription of Ancient music with incipit</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-World-music-1" href="World-music.html#World-music">World music</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Arabic-improvisation" href="World-music.html#World-music">Arabic improvisation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Makam-example" href="World-music.html#World-music">Makam example</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Contexts-and-engravers-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Contexts and engravers</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-a-figured-bass-above-or-below-the-notes" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Adding a figured bass above or below the notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adding-an-extra-staff-at-a-line-break-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Adding an extra staff at a line break</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Adding-an-extra-staff" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Adding an extra staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-MIDI-output-to-one-channel-per-voice" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Changing MIDI output to one channel per voice</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-time-signatures-inside-a-polymetric-section-using-_005cscaleDurations-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Changing time signatures inside a polymetric section using <code>\scaleDurations</code></a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Chant-or-psalms-notation" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Chant or psalms notation</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-blank-staves-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Creating blank staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Engravers-one_002dby_002done" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Engravers one-by-one</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Mensurstriche-layout-_0028bar-lines-between-the-staves_0029-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Mensurstriche layout (bar lines between the staves)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Nesting-staves" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Nesting staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Use-square-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group-1" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Use square bracket at the start of a staff group</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-with-lyrics-aligned-below-and-above-the-staves-3" href="Contexts-and-engravers.html#Contexts-and-engravers">Vocal ensemble template with lyrics aligned below and above the staves</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Tweaks-and-overrides-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Tweaks and overrides</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Analysis-brackets-above-the-staff" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Analysis brackets above the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Avoiding-collisions-with-chord-fingerings" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Avoiding collisions with chord fingerings</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Caesura-_0028_0022railtracks_0022_0029-with-fermata" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-a-single-note_0027s-size-in-a-chord" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Changing a single note’s size in a chord</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-form-of-multi_002dmeasure-rests" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Changing form of multi-measure rests</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-properties-for-individual-grobs" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Changing properties for individual grobs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics-2" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Changing text and spanner styles for text dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-default-text-font-family" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Changing the default text font family</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-staff-size-2" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Changing the staff size</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Controlling the vertical ordering of scripts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Controlling-tuplet-bracket-visibility" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Controlling tuplet bracket visibility</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-a-delayed-turn" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Creating a delayed turn</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-simultaneous-rehearsal-marks-2" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Creating simultaneous rehearsal marks</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-text-spanners" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Creating text spanners</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Custodes-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Custodes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Customizing-fretboard-fret-diagrams-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Customizing fretboard fret diagrams</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Customizing-markup-fret-diagrams" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Customizing markup fret diagrams</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a-system" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Display bracket with only one staff in a system</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Dotted-harmonics" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Dotted harmonics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Drawing-boxes-around-grobs" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Drawing boxes around grobs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Drawing-circles-around-various-objects" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Drawing circles around various objects</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fine_002dtuning-pedal-brackets" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Fine-tuning pedal brackets</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Forcing-horizontal-shift-of-notes" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Forcing horizontal shift of notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Fret-diagrams-explained-and-developed-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Fret diagrams explained and developed</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Horizontally-aligning-custom-dynamics-_0028e_002eg_002e-_0022sempre-pp_0022_002c-_0022piu-f_0022_002c-_0022subito-p_0022_0029-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-How-to-change-fret-diagram-position" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">How to change fret diagram position</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Inserting-a-caesura-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Inserting a caesura</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Making-an-object-invisible-with-the-transparent-property" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Making an object invisible with the transparent property</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Manually-controlling-beam-positions-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Manually controlling beam positions</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Mensurstriche-layout-_0028bar-lines-between-the-staves_0029-3" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Mensurstriche layout (bar lines between the staves)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Nesting-staves-2" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Nesting staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Percent-repeat-count-visibility" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Percent repeat count visibility</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Positioning-multi_002dmeasure-rests-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Positioning multi-measure rests</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs-2" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Positioning text markups inside slurs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Printing a repeat sign at the beginning of a piece</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Printing-metronome-and-rehearsal-marks-below-the-staff-3" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Printing metronome and rehearsal marks below the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Proportional-strict-notespacing-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Proportional strict notespacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Removing-the-first-empty-line" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Removing the first empty line</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Rest-styles-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Rest styles</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Rhythmic-slashes-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Rhythmic slashes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Suppressing-warnings-for-clashing-note-columns-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Time-signature-in-parentheses-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Time signature in parentheses</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Transcription-of-Ancient-music-with-incipit" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Transcription of Ancient music with incipit</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Tweaking-clef-properties" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Tweaking clef properties</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-PostScript-to-generate-special-note-head-shapes" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Using PostScript to generate special note head shapes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Using-the-_005ctweak-command-to-tweak-individual-grobs" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Using the <code>\tweak</code> command to tweak individual grobs</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Vertically aligned dynamics and textscripts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertically-aligning-ossias-and-lyrics-1" href="Tweaks-and-overrides.html#Tweaks-and-overrides">Vertically aligning ossias and lyrics</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Paper-and-layout-1" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Paper and layout</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Aligning-and-centering-instrument-names-2" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Aligning and centering instrument names</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Book-parts" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Book parts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Changing-the-staff-size" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Changing the staff size</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Clip-systems" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Clip systems</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Creating-blank-staves" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Creating blank staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Demonstrating-all-headers" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Demonstrating all headers</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Table-of-contents" href="Paper-and-layout.html#Paper-and-layout">Table of contents</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Titles-1" href="Titles.html#Titles">Titles</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adding-the-current-date-to-a-score" href="Titles.html#Titles">Adding the current date to a score</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Aligning-and-centering-instrument-names" href="Titles.html#Titles">Aligning and centering instrument names</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Demonstrating-all-headers-2" href="Titles.html#Titles">Demonstrating all headers</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Spacing-1" href="Spacing.html#Spacing">Spacing</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Adjusting-lyrics-vertical-spacing-1" href="Spacing.html#Spacing">Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Allowing-fingerings-to-be-printed-inside-the-staff" href="Spacing.html#Spacing">Allowing fingerings to be printed inside the staff</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Page-label" href="Spacing.html#Spacing">Page label</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Proportional-strict-notespacing" href="Spacing.html#Spacing">Proportional strict notespacing</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts" href="Spacing.html#Spacing">Vertically aligned dynamics and textscripts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vertically-aligning-ossias-and-lyrics-2" href="Spacing.html#Spacing">Vertically aligning ossias and lyrics</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-MIDI-1" href="MIDI.html#MIDI">MIDI</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Changing-MIDI-output-to-one-channel-per-voice-1" href="MIDI.html#MIDI">Changing MIDI output to one channel per voice</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Demo-MidiInstruments" href="MIDI.html#MIDI">Demo MidiInstruments</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a name="toc-Templates-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">Templates</a>
<ul class="toc">
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-template-_002d_002d-modern-transcription-of-gregorian-music" href="Templates.html#Templates">Ancient notation template – modern transcription of gregorian music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Ancient-notation-template-_002d_002d-modern-transcription-of-mensural-music-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">Ancient notation template – modern transcription of mensural music</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Jazz-combo-template" href="Templates.html#Templates">Jazz combo template</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-_0028simple_0029-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">Piano template (simple)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-centered-dynamics" href="Templates.html#Templates">Piano template with centered dynamics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-centered-lyrics" href="Templates.html#Templates">Piano template with centered lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Piano-template-with-melody-and-lyrics" href="Templates.html#Templates">Piano template with melody and lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Score-for-diatonic-accordion" href="Templates.html#Templates">Score for diatonic accordion</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes_002c-lyrics_002c-and-chords-2" href="Templates.html#Templates">Single staff template with notes, lyrics, and chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes_002c-lyrics_002c-chords-and-frets-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes-and-chords" href="Templates.html#Templates">Single staff template with notes and chords</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-notes-and-lyrics-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">Single staff template with notes and lyrics</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Single-staff-template-with-only-notes" href="Templates.html#Templates">Single staff template with only notes</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-String-quartet-template-_0028simple_0029-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">String quartet template (simple)</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-String-quartet-template-with-separate-parts-1" href="Templates.html#Templates">String quartet template with separate parts</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-with-automatic-piano-reduction" href="Templates.html#Templates">Vocal ensemble template with automatic piano reduction</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template-with-lyrics-aligned-below-and-above-the-staves" href="Templates.html#Templates">Vocal ensemble template with lyrics aligned below and above the staves</a> </li>
<li><a name="toc-Vocal-ensemble-template" href="Templates.html#Templates">Vocal ensemble template</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
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Mandriva
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2010.0
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i586
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media
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contrib-release
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by-pkgid
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ffe16b32b9f5eec0add70c0a6bc8cec8
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files
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